Abstract— The water quality was studied for selected samples from groundwater and network water-supply. The values of NH3, NO3-, pH, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, Pb, Cd, Fe3+ and Mn2+ were estimated. Ammonia values ranged between 0.07-0.7 ppm. Nitrate values ranged between 2.4 and 0.35 ppm. The TDS was between 645 ppm and 480 ppm. For Fe3+ and Mn2+ the values are below the limits of WHO except for well 9; and manganese in wells 6-10. Several wells showed values of Cd above the Saudi STD. The network water-supply in Tabuk city was investigated. The TDS values for these samples were between 500-600 ppm. The hardness values exceed the Saudi STD limit. When ammonia was tested, only one sample showed high value. Chloride level was below 158 ppm, but sulfate values for most samples were 128-222 ppm. For iron only one sample (well no. 9) was above the permissible limit.
Water supply and sewerage engineering laboratoryTaufique Hasan
The document discusses water quality testing performed on samples from the First Ladies Hall of Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet. Water samples were tested for various parameters under water supply engineering (drinking water) and sewerage engineering (sewage). For drinking water, tests found the pH, carbon dioxide, turbidity, alkalinity, iron, and manganese levels were all within acceptable limits for drinking water. For sewage, tests were conducted to determine total solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and chloride. The hardness of the water sample was also found to be within acceptable limits.
Laboratory manual of water supply and sewerage engineeringTaufique Hasan
This document provides the procedure for determining the total alkalinity of water through titration. It defines alkalinity as the capacity of water to neutralize acids and discusses the significance of alkalinity measurements in water and wastewater treatment. The procedure involves titrating a water sample with sulfuric acid to two end points using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators. The ml of acid used is then used to calculate the total, hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate alkalinity concentrations in the sample.
This document provides instructions for measuring chemical oxygen demand (COD) using the dichromate reactor digestion method. Key points include:
- The test measures COD concentrations from 0.7-40 mg/L (ULR range), 3-150 mg/L (LR range), 20-1500 mg/L (HR range), and 200-15,000 mg/L (HR Plus range).
- Samples are digested using COD reagent vials in a heated reactor to oxidize organic compounds. Absorbance of digested samples is then measured colorimetrically.
- Interferences from chloride are removed by mercuric sulfate in the reagent vials. Samples with high chloride must
Metrohm is the global market leader in titration and ion analysis equipment. They manufacture exclusively in Switzerland and provide comprehensive support services to water laboratories, including over 1300 free applications. Metrohm works with customers to develop customized solutions for water analysis to ensure compliance with various regulatory standards around parameters such as pH, conductivity, anions, cations and metals.
The document describes the results of tests conducted on a water sample collected from the lawn at PDPU campus to analyze pH, COD, and TSS. The pH was found to be 5.97. For COD analysis, the sample was digested and titrated, finding a COD of 67.2 mg/L. For TSS, the sample was filtered, dried, and weighed, but no result is reported.
Water quality laboratories and different water quality testing فہیمہ کاسی
This document discusses water quality laboratories and different types of water quality testing. It describes three levels of water quality laboratories - basic, intermediate, and advanced - which differ in location, staffing, equipment, and testing capabilities. The document also outlines various water quality tests, including physical, chemical, and microbiological tests. Physical tests measure properties like turbidity, pH, and electrical conductivity. Chemical tests analyze parameters such as chlorides, sulfates, and bicarbonates. Microbiological tests qualitatively and quantitatively analyze microbes like coliform bacteria.
Application of emulsion liquid membranes for removal of Cd ,Co,Ni and Pb from...IOSR Journals
The paper points to the presence of heavy elements such as cobalt, nickel, lead and cadmium ratios of small but very harmful to the environment as well as health harmful if used by people for agricultural purposes, etc. This is the heavy elements harmful if it exceeds the limit as it is then used as components of the value after the extract has found these elements mentioned sources such as Ismailia Canal - Manzala Lake and the Red Sea, has been used as comparison tap water ELM for the separation of these elements has been selected cobalt (III) dicarbolide Span surfactant 80/85 and the use of acid silicon tungestic stage stripping effect concentrations of the carrier and the amendment, has been selected Co(III) dicarbolide because metal organic compound with a larger surface area and the distinction between the structure of certain net structure.
Water supply and sewerage engineering laboratoryTaufique Hasan
The document discusses water quality testing performed on samples from the First Ladies Hall of Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet. Water samples were tested for various parameters under water supply engineering (drinking water) and sewerage engineering (sewage). For drinking water, tests found the pH, carbon dioxide, turbidity, alkalinity, iron, and manganese levels were all within acceptable limits for drinking water. For sewage, tests were conducted to determine total solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and chloride. The hardness of the water sample was also found to be within acceptable limits.
Laboratory manual of water supply and sewerage engineeringTaufique Hasan
This document provides the procedure for determining the total alkalinity of water through titration. It defines alkalinity as the capacity of water to neutralize acids and discusses the significance of alkalinity measurements in water and wastewater treatment. The procedure involves titrating a water sample with sulfuric acid to two end points using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators. The ml of acid used is then used to calculate the total, hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate alkalinity concentrations in the sample.
This document provides instructions for measuring chemical oxygen demand (COD) using the dichromate reactor digestion method. Key points include:
- The test measures COD concentrations from 0.7-40 mg/L (ULR range), 3-150 mg/L (LR range), 20-1500 mg/L (HR range), and 200-15,000 mg/L (HR Plus range).
- Samples are digested using COD reagent vials in a heated reactor to oxidize organic compounds. Absorbance of digested samples is then measured colorimetrically.
- Interferences from chloride are removed by mercuric sulfate in the reagent vials. Samples with high chloride must
Metrohm is the global market leader in titration and ion analysis equipment. They manufacture exclusively in Switzerland and provide comprehensive support services to water laboratories, including over 1300 free applications. Metrohm works with customers to develop customized solutions for water analysis to ensure compliance with various regulatory standards around parameters such as pH, conductivity, anions, cations and metals.
The document describes the results of tests conducted on a water sample collected from the lawn at PDPU campus to analyze pH, COD, and TSS. The pH was found to be 5.97. For COD analysis, the sample was digested and titrated, finding a COD of 67.2 mg/L. For TSS, the sample was filtered, dried, and weighed, but no result is reported.
Water quality laboratories and different water quality testing فہیمہ کاسی
This document discusses water quality laboratories and different types of water quality testing. It describes three levels of water quality laboratories - basic, intermediate, and advanced - which differ in location, staffing, equipment, and testing capabilities. The document also outlines various water quality tests, including physical, chemical, and microbiological tests. Physical tests measure properties like turbidity, pH, and electrical conductivity. Chemical tests analyze parameters such as chlorides, sulfates, and bicarbonates. Microbiological tests qualitatively and quantitatively analyze microbes like coliform bacteria.
Application of emulsion liquid membranes for removal of Cd ,Co,Ni and Pb from...IOSR Journals
The paper points to the presence of heavy elements such as cobalt, nickel, lead and cadmium ratios of small but very harmful to the environment as well as health harmful if used by people for agricultural purposes, etc. This is the heavy elements harmful if it exceeds the limit as it is then used as components of the value after the extract has found these elements mentioned sources such as Ismailia Canal - Manzala Lake and the Red Sea, has been used as comparison tap water ELM for the separation of these elements has been selected cobalt (III) dicarbolide Span surfactant 80/85 and the use of acid silicon tungestic stage stripping effect concentrations of the carrier and the amendment, has been selected Co(III) dicarbolide because metal organic compound with a larger surface area and the distinction between the structure of certain net structure.
This document describes a new method for extracting trace amounts of mercury from natural waters using silver and gold nanoparticles impregnated in nylon membrane filters. Water samples are treated to convert all mercury species to Hg2+ and then reduced to elemental Hg0. The mercury is then collected on the nanoparticle-coated membrane filters during filtration. Mercury levels are then determined by thermal desorption from the filters using a mercury analyzer. This new method achieves a lower limit of detection of 0.04 ng compared to the traditional cold vapor generation method, and avoids additional sample treatment and contamination risks. Mercury was also found to be stable on the filters for at least 5 months without loss.
This presentation discusses the drinking water quality parameters, drinking water quality standards, water quality index and classification of water bodies and standards
Ensuring potable water for public consumption is a major Public Health Concern. This presentation sums up all the necessary and prioritized parameters conducted for water analysis.
This document discusses various organic and inorganic compounds found in water. It covers topics like biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and suspended solids. For BOD and COD, it explains the test procedures and calculations used to measure levels of each compound. It also discusses how temperature affects BOD reaction rates. Inorganic compounds are classified as metals or non-metals. The document provides details on measuring parameters that indicate levels of organic pollution in water samples.
This document describes a new method for analyzing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in air and water samples at the parts-per-billion level using gas chromatography with a photoionization detector (GC/PID). H2S in air samples can be collected using an impinger containing cadmium sulfate, which traps the H2S. The H2S is then released using hydrochloric acid and analyzed by GC/PID. Water samples are preserved with ascorbic acid and analyzed using static or dynamic headspace GC/PID. The method achieves detection limits of 40 parts-per-billion for air samples and 100 parts-per-billion for water samples. The document provides details on the sample
The document discusses the analysis of surface water quality in Tripura, India. 23 surface water samples were collected from various locations and analyzed for parameters like pH, turbidity, conductivity, calcium, magnesium, iron and more. The water quality index was determined using the concept of information entropy to check if the water was suitable for drinking. The principles, methods, equipment and procedures for determining various physico-chemical parameters of the water samples are also outlined.
The document summarizes an internship report on water quality analysis in different areas of Faisalabad, Pakistan. It discusses the importance of water quality analysis, parameters analyzed, methods used, and chain of custody procedures to ensure sample integrity. Key parameters analyzed include physical properties like taste, odor, color and turbidity, chemical properties like pH, hardness, metals and nutrients, and microbiological analysis of coliform bacteria. Standard methods are selected based on required precision, cost and water use. Proper sampling, preservation, labeling, sealing and documentation in a chain of custody form tracks samples from collection to analysis.
Factors affecting Gold Recovery from Secondary Ore_TatendaTatenda Chingosho
The document discusses factors that affect the recovery of gold from low-grade secondary ore using hydrometallurgical processes. It finds that gold recovery is highly dependent on cyanide concentration, leaching time, and pH level. The highest recoveries were obtained at a cyanide concentration of 0.056M, a pH of 11, and a leaching time of 48 hours. Particle size analysis showed that most of the gold was contained in finer particles. Varying these process parameters can optimize gold recovery from low-grade secondary ores.
Distillery Wastewater Decontamination by the Fenton Advanced Oxidation MethodIJRES Journal
This study evaluated the effect of Fenton advanced oxidation process on the treatment of an industrial wastewater (distillery). The comparison of the effects of Fe2+ loadings, H2O2 dosages (2%(v/v)and 4%(v/v)), reaction temperature and reaction time, established optimum efficiency in terms of BOD and COD reductions. The best operating conditions for the treatment of the distillery wastewater containing 43.85 mg/L BOD concentration and 274.28 mg/L COD concentration in the raw effluent was 2% H2O2 dosage at constant loadings of Fe2+ (1.5 g), 80 oC pretreatment temperature, and 1 h reaction time. At this optimized condition, the BOD content reduced to about 35 mg/L (about 21% removal) and COD content reduced to about 53 mg/L (about 81% removal). There was a complete removal of the initial colour present in the wastewater after the treatment process. The process proved the ability to effectively reduce the COD content which when high in industrial wastewaters can lead to serious impacts to the environment.
Water Quality In Mumbai Chlorinated Compounds In Potable WaterSourabh Kulkarni
This document discusses the analysis of chlorinated compounds in drinking water in Mumbai, India. The study used a spectrophotometer and the DPD method to test for free chlorine, total chlorine, monochloramines, and chlorine dioxide in water samples from various locations in Mumbai. The results were compared to standards from the Government of India, WHO, and USEPA. The DPD method involves preparing reagents, standards, and developing a calibration curve to accurately measure chlorinated compounds in water samples.
Estimation of Chlorine in Water Samples-ELECTROANALYSISIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the estimation of chlorine in water samples using electroanalytical and volumetric techniques. Water samples were collected from different depths and their chlorine content was analyzed using potentiometry and volumetry. Both methods were found to be simple and less time consuming, but electroanalytical techniques provided more accurate and reproducible results. Specifically, potentiometric titration using a chloride ion-selective electrode was able to detect the endpoint more precisely compared to direct titration using an indicator. Therefore, the study concludes that electroanalytical methods are better for analyzing chloride ions in water.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document provides procedures for determining various chemical and physical properties of materials like coolant, hydrochloric acid, and water. It describes 10 different analytical methods, listing the instruments, reagents, and procedures required for each test. The tests include determining pH, conductivity, total hardness, oil percentage, iron content, chloride content, SAP value, acid content, iron content in acid, and specific gravity. For each test, the document provides the calculation to obtain the concentration or value of the property being tested from the experimental results.
Method of sampling and analysis of 13 c dic in groundwatersMahbubul Hassan
This document describes a new method for analyzing the stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in groundwater samples. The method uses a gas evolution technique where water samples are injected into vials containing phosphoric acid, which causes the DIC to evolve as CO2 gas. The vials are then analyzed using an automated continuous-flow gas preparation system coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. This allows for fast (10 minute) analysis of DIC δ13C with high precision (0.1‰) and accuracy. The method is robust, requires minimal field handling, and is well-suited for large sample batches analyzed using an autosampler.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of a Micro-Respirometer to Measure the Short-Te...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a micro-respirometer to measure the short-term respiratory quotient (RQ) of wastewater samples. The researchers developed a low-cost respirometer using locally available materials to determine oxygen consumption rate, carbon dioxide evolution rate, and RQ of wastewater samples. They tested wastewater samples from various sources covering a range of chemical oxygen demand levels. Samples from a pharmaceutical industry showed the highest carbon dioxide evolution rate and RQ above one. A mixed wastewater sample showed the highest RQ for low-range samples. The respirometer allows wastewater treatment plant operators to assess influent wastewater characteristics to inform plant operation.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document summarizes Brett Kelley's senior project analyzing total phosphorous content using ICP-AES rather than the standard spectroscopic method. The project involved digesting pond samples using two different acid digestion procedures, filtering the samples, then analyzing them using ICP-AES to determine phosphorous and other elemental concentrations. The results obtained for phosphorous were compared to the standard method. The new method provided advantages of being faster, safer, and able to detect additional elements, though further comparison of costs, detection limits, and required skill was needed to determine if it should replace the standard method.
This document describes a procedure for determining the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of water samples. COD is a measure of the amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic matter in water. The procedure involves incubating a water sample with potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid, then titrating the excess dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulfate solution. The COD value is calculated based on the volume of ferrous ammonium sulfate used in the titration. The document provides details on the chemicals, apparatus, procedure, sample readings, and calculations for determining COD and interpreting the results.
This document describes an environmental engineering laboratory course on water and wastewater characterization. The course objectives are to familiarize students with procedures to quantify quality parameters of water and sewage. It lists 14 required experiments involving sampling methods, and determination of parameters like pH, turbidity, hardness, chlorides, dissolved oxygen, and BOD/COD. The document also provides the list of required equipment, references, and procedures for individual experiments.
This document describes an experiment to determine the acidity of a water sample. The experiment involves titrating the water sample with a standard sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution using two different acid-base indicators - methyl orange and phenolphthalein. The titration with methyl orange determines the mineral acidity as mg/L of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), while titration with phenolphthalein determines the total acidity, including carbonic acid, as mg/L of CaCO3. The procedure, observations, and calculations for determining the mineral and total acidity are provided.
This document describes a procedure for determining the acidity of water samples. It involves titrating an aliquot of the water sample with a sodium hydroxide solution of a known normality until the color change endpoint is reached using either phenolphthalein or methyl orange indicators. The volume of sodium hydroxide used is then used to calculate the total or mineral acidity levels present in the water sample expressed as mg/L of calcium carbonate equivalent. Precise sample handling, chemical preparation steps, a data sheet format, and calculation equations are provided to standardize the acidity determination.
This document describes a new method for extracting trace amounts of mercury from natural waters using silver and gold nanoparticles impregnated in nylon membrane filters. Water samples are treated to convert all mercury species to Hg2+ and then reduced to elemental Hg0. The mercury is then collected on the nanoparticle-coated membrane filters during filtration. Mercury levels are then determined by thermal desorption from the filters using a mercury analyzer. This new method achieves a lower limit of detection of 0.04 ng compared to the traditional cold vapor generation method, and avoids additional sample treatment and contamination risks. Mercury was also found to be stable on the filters for at least 5 months without loss.
This presentation discusses the drinking water quality parameters, drinking water quality standards, water quality index and classification of water bodies and standards
Ensuring potable water for public consumption is a major Public Health Concern. This presentation sums up all the necessary and prioritized parameters conducted for water analysis.
This document discusses various organic and inorganic compounds found in water. It covers topics like biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and suspended solids. For BOD and COD, it explains the test procedures and calculations used to measure levels of each compound. It also discusses how temperature affects BOD reaction rates. Inorganic compounds are classified as metals or non-metals. The document provides details on measuring parameters that indicate levels of organic pollution in water samples.
This document describes a new method for analyzing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in air and water samples at the parts-per-billion level using gas chromatography with a photoionization detector (GC/PID). H2S in air samples can be collected using an impinger containing cadmium sulfate, which traps the H2S. The H2S is then released using hydrochloric acid and analyzed by GC/PID. Water samples are preserved with ascorbic acid and analyzed using static or dynamic headspace GC/PID. The method achieves detection limits of 40 parts-per-billion for air samples and 100 parts-per-billion for water samples. The document provides details on the sample
The document discusses the analysis of surface water quality in Tripura, India. 23 surface water samples were collected from various locations and analyzed for parameters like pH, turbidity, conductivity, calcium, magnesium, iron and more. The water quality index was determined using the concept of information entropy to check if the water was suitable for drinking. The principles, methods, equipment and procedures for determining various physico-chemical parameters of the water samples are also outlined.
The document summarizes an internship report on water quality analysis in different areas of Faisalabad, Pakistan. It discusses the importance of water quality analysis, parameters analyzed, methods used, and chain of custody procedures to ensure sample integrity. Key parameters analyzed include physical properties like taste, odor, color and turbidity, chemical properties like pH, hardness, metals and nutrients, and microbiological analysis of coliform bacteria. Standard methods are selected based on required precision, cost and water use. Proper sampling, preservation, labeling, sealing and documentation in a chain of custody form tracks samples from collection to analysis.
Factors affecting Gold Recovery from Secondary Ore_TatendaTatenda Chingosho
The document discusses factors that affect the recovery of gold from low-grade secondary ore using hydrometallurgical processes. It finds that gold recovery is highly dependent on cyanide concentration, leaching time, and pH level. The highest recoveries were obtained at a cyanide concentration of 0.056M, a pH of 11, and a leaching time of 48 hours. Particle size analysis showed that most of the gold was contained in finer particles. Varying these process parameters can optimize gold recovery from low-grade secondary ores.
Distillery Wastewater Decontamination by the Fenton Advanced Oxidation MethodIJRES Journal
This study evaluated the effect of Fenton advanced oxidation process on the treatment of an industrial wastewater (distillery). The comparison of the effects of Fe2+ loadings, H2O2 dosages (2%(v/v)and 4%(v/v)), reaction temperature and reaction time, established optimum efficiency in terms of BOD and COD reductions. The best operating conditions for the treatment of the distillery wastewater containing 43.85 mg/L BOD concentration and 274.28 mg/L COD concentration in the raw effluent was 2% H2O2 dosage at constant loadings of Fe2+ (1.5 g), 80 oC pretreatment temperature, and 1 h reaction time. At this optimized condition, the BOD content reduced to about 35 mg/L (about 21% removal) and COD content reduced to about 53 mg/L (about 81% removal). There was a complete removal of the initial colour present in the wastewater after the treatment process. The process proved the ability to effectively reduce the COD content which when high in industrial wastewaters can lead to serious impacts to the environment.
Water Quality In Mumbai Chlorinated Compounds In Potable WaterSourabh Kulkarni
This document discusses the analysis of chlorinated compounds in drinking water in Mumbai, India. The study used a spectrophotometer and the DPD method to test for free chlorine, total chlorine, monochloramines, and chlorine dioxide in water samples from various locations in Mumbai. The results were compared to standards from the Government of India, WHO, and USEPA. The DPD method involves preparing reagents, standards, and developing a calibration curve to accurately measure chlorinated compounds in water samples.
Estimation of Chlorine in Water Samples-ELECTROANALYSISIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the estimation of chlorine in water samples using electroanalytical and volumetric techniques. Water samples were collected from different depths and their chlorine content was analyzed using potentiometry and volumetry. Both methods were found to be simple and less time consuming, but electroanalytical techniques provided more accurate and reproducible results. Specifically, potentiometric titration using a chloride ion-selective electrode was able to detect the endpoint more precisely compared to direct titration using an indicator. Therefore, the study concludes that electroanalytical methods are better for analyzing chloride ions in water.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document provides procedures for determining various chemical and physical properties of materials like coolant, hydrochloric acid, and water. It describes 10 different analytical methods, listing the instruments, reagents, and procedures required for each test. The tests include determining pH, conductivity, total hardness, oil percentage, iron content, chloride content, SAP value, acid content, iron content in acid, and specific gravity. For each test, the document provides the calculation to obtain the concentration or value of the property being tested from the experimental results.
Method of sampling and analysis of 13 c dic in groundwatersMahbubul Hassan
This document describes a new method for analyzing the stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in groundwater samples. The method uses a gas evolution technique where water samples are injected into vials containing phosphoric acid, which causes the DIC to evolve as CO2 gas. The vials are then analyzed using an automated continuous-flow gas preparation system coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. This allows for fast (10 minute) analysis of DIC δ13C with high precision (0.1‰) and accuracy. The method is robust, requires minimal field handling, and is well-suited for large sample batches analyzed using an autosampler.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of a Micro-Respirometer to Measure the Short-Te...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a micro-respirometer to measure the short-term respiratory quotient (RQ) of wastewater samples. The researchers developed a low-cost respirometer using locally available materials to determine oxygen consumption rate, carbon dioxide evolution rate, and RQ of wastewater samples. They tested wastewater samples from various sources covering a range of chemical oxygen demand levels. Samples from a pharmaceutical industry showed the highest carbon dioxide evolution rate and RQ above one. A mixed wastewater sample showed the highest RQ for low-range samples. The respirometer allows wastewater treatment plant operators to assess influent wastewater characteristics to inform plant operation.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document summarizes Brett Kelley's senior project analyzing total phosphorous content using ICP-AES rather than the standard spectroscopic method. The project involved digesting pond samples using two different acid digestion procedures, filtering the samples, then analyzing them using ICP-AES to determine phosphorous and other elemental concentrations. The results obtained for phosphorous were compared to the standard method. The new method provided advantages of being faster, safer, and able to detect additional elements, though further comparison of costs, detection limits, and required skill was needed to determine if it should replace the standard method.
This document describes a procedure for determining the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of water samples. COD is a measure of the amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic matter in water. The procedure involves incubating a water sample with potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid, then titrating the excess dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulfate solution. The COD value is calculated based on the volume of ferrous ammonium sulfate used in the titration. The document provides details on the chemicals, apparatus, procedure, sample readings, and calculations for determining COD and interpreting the results.
This document describes an environmental engineering laboratory course on water and wastewater characterization. The course objectives are to familiarize students with procedures to quantify quality parameters of water and sewage. It lists 14 required experiments involving sampling methods, and determination of parameters like pH, turbidity, hardness, chlorides, dissolved oxygen, and BOD/COD. The document also provides the list of required equipment, references, and procedures for individual experiments.
This document describes an experiment to determine the acidity of a water sample. The experiment involves titrating the water sample with a standard sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution using two different acid-base indicators - methyl orange and phenolphthalein. The titration with methyl orange determines the mineral acidity as mg/L of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), while titration with phenolphthalein determines the total acidity, including carbonic acid, as mg/L of CaCO3. The procedure, observations, and calculations for determining the mineral and total acidity are provided.
This document describes a procedure for determining the acidity of water samples. It involves titrating an aliquot of the water sample with a sodium hydroxide solution of a known normality until the color change endpoint is reached using either phenolphthalein or methyl orange indicators. The volume of sodium hydroxide used is then used to calculate the total or mineral acidity levels present in the water sample expressed as mg/L of calcium carbonate equivalent. Precise sample handling, chemical preparation steps, a data sheet format, and calculation equations are provided to standardize the acidity determination.
evalution of drinking water ofcity mehrabpur and its surronding physical and ...m waseem noonari
This document discusses a study evaluating various physical and chemical parameters of drinking water in Mehrabpur City, Pakistan. The study aims to analyze water samples for parameters like pH, temperature, conductivity, chlorides, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, and concentrations of essential, trace, and toxic metals. Over 100 groundwater samples were collected from locations across Mehrabpur City and analyzed using sophisticated instruments. The results found that chloride concentrations varied across samples but some exceeded WHO standards. The study aims to assess water quality and potential contamination sources in Mehrabpur City.
Nutrient loads and heavy metals assessment along sosiani river, kenya.Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed nutrient loads and heavy metal levels along the Sosiani River in Kenya. Water, soil, and sediment samples were collected from 5 sites along the river and analyzed for nitrates, phosphates, and heavy metals. Nitrate and phosphate levels were found to be below recommended limits. However, concentrations of heavy metals like iron, lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper exceeded Kenyan standards, with zinc levels above WHO standards for drinking water. The study concluded that the river water is not safe for domestic use due to heavy metal contamination.
This document presents a study on the effects of potential leachate leakage from a biopharmaceutical waste landfill in Chikkathaguru, Bangalore, India. The study aims to examine the impact on physical and chemical properties of groundwater, determine the extent of contamination, and compare water quality to standards. Samples were taken from 8 groundwater locations and tested for various parameters. Results showed that most parameters exceeded permissible limits, including total hardness, TDS, chloride, phosphate and iron. The water was also acidic with a pH below standard limits. The study concludes the landfill is contaminating the surrounding groundwater.
This document describes a study that determined trace amounts of copper using UV-Vis spectrophotometry with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthal (PAN) as a spectrophotometric reagent. PAN reacts with copper in an acidic solution of pH 2.4-2.5 to form a pink chelate with an absorption maximum at 550 nm. The method was found to be sensitive, selective, and accurate for copper concentrations ranging from 0.1-2.5 μg/mL. The stoichiometry of the copper-PAN chelate is 1:2. Various experimental factors were optimized, including pH, time, temperature and PAN concentration. The method was successfully used
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of water chemistry on the dissolution of lead carbonate in drinking water distribution systems. Specifically, it investigated the effects of pH (7.0-9.5), temperature (5°C vs 20°C), and alkalinity (moderate vs low) on the dissolution of hydrocerussite and cerussite in batch experiments. The results showed that pH did not significantly impact dissolution from 7.0-9.5. Cold temperature (5°C) and moderate alkalinity decreased the solubility of lead species, which was unexpected. The purpose was to better understand how water chemistry affects the stability of lead corrosion scales and the release of lead into drinking water.
CE8512- WATER & WASTE WATER ANALYSIS LAB MANUVALLokesh Kalliz
This document provides the procedure for determining the acidity of water samples through titration. It begins with an introduction on the principle of acidity determination, which is measuring a sample's capacity to react with a strong base. The procedure involves titrating the sample with a standard sodium hydroxide solution using a phenolphthalein indicator until the solution turns pink. The volume of base required is then used to calculate the acidity level in terms of milligrams per liter of calcium carbonate. Precautions mentioned include using carbon dioxide-free reagents and indicators to ensure an accurate result. In summary, this document outlines the titrimetric method for quantitatively analyzing a water sample's acidity level.
This document provides procedures for conducting a 3-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD3-27) test at 27°C. It describes the necessary apparatus, which includes BOD bottles and an incubator maintained at 27±1°C. Reagents include phosphate buffer solution, magnesium sulfate solution, calcium chloride solution, ferric chloride solution, acid and alkali solutions for pH adjustment, and a fresh glucose-glutamic acid solution used as a carbon source for microorganisms. The procedure involves filling BOD bottles with diluted sample and incubating for 3 days, then measuring the dissolved oxygen concentration to determine the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms.
Determination of alkalinity of a given mixture of hydroxide and carbonate Mithil Fal Desai
This document provides instructions for determining the alkalinity of a mixture containing OH- and CO32- ions. Two titrations are performed - one using phenolphthalein indicator to find the endpoint for OH- neutralization, and another using methyl orange to find the total alkalinity endpoint. By comparing the two endpoint volumes, the amounts of CO32- and OH- in the original mixture can be calculated. Safety precautions and further reading materials are also listed.
The document analyzes trace metal levels in various alcoholic beverages commonly consumed in Agra, India using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Metal concentrations were found to vary between beverage types. The highest copper and iron levels were detected in brandy and whisky, likely due to the use of copper stills in production. All metal levels measured were below regulatory limits. The study aims to provide data on essential mineral intake from alcoholic beverages and ensure metal levels do not pose health risks.
0.0 EXPERIMENT ON DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGENTye Rausch
This document provides instructions for determining dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in water samples according to IS: 3025 (Part 38) standards. It discusses the environmental significance of DO and explains that DO is essential for aquatic life. The principle behind the titrimetric and electrometric methods for measuring DO is that oxygen dissolved in the sample oxidizes chemicals that can then be titrated or measured electrochemically to calculate the DO level. The document outlines the materials, sample handling procedures, and precautions needed to accurately perform the DO experiment.
This document describes a study on using different forms of polyaniline (PANI) - Emeraldine Base PANI (EB-PANI), Emeraldine Salt PANI (ES-PANI), and Leuco Emeraldine Base PANI (LEB-PANI) - as sensing materials for detecting dissolved oxygen levels in solutions. The PANI forms were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and their oxygen sensitivity was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry. The cyclic voltammetry measurements showed variations in current corresponding to different oxygen concentrations, indicating the potential of using PANI-coated electrodes as dissolved oxygen sensors. In particular, results showed LEB-PANI may be suitable for detecting low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in
The document describes a study that used flame photometry to analyze water samples from the Darna and Godavari Rivers in India to determine sodium and potassium ion concentrations, finding sodium levels of 26 ppm and 58 ppm and potassium levels of 8 ppm and 14 ppm in the two samples, with the goal of monitoring element levels and impacts on the local environment and food chain. Standard calibration curves were generated and used to determine ion concentrations in the river water samples based on emission intensities.
J. Electrochem. Soc.-2003-Frank-C244-50Aaron Frank
This document analyzes the decomposition of sulfopropyl sulfonate (SPS), an additive used in acid copper electroplating. Through various analytical techniques, the researchers determined that the primary decomposition product of SPS is a thiolsulfonate. While hydrogen peroxide can oxidize SPS to form this product, experiments showed oxygen reduction on copper forms water, not peroxide. The data suggests SPS stabilizes Cu(I) and this complex is the intermediate; oxygen then reacts with the SPS/Cu(I) complex to form the thiolsulfonate decomposition product and Cu(II). Understanding this decomposition mechanism could help extend the lifespan of copper plating baths.
A Study on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Tannery Effluent Collected ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that characterized the physicochemical properties of tannery effluent collected from Chennai, India. The effluent was found to be grey colored with an unpleasant odor and acidic pH. It had high levels of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, chlorides, and sulfates. These findings indicate the effluent had a high organic and inorganic load. The physicochemical parameters were determined according to standards set by the Bureau of Indian Standards. The study aimed to analyze the effluent characteristics and identify the pollutants present.
This document summarizes research on the catalytic hydrogenation of aqueous nitrate over iron/carbon (Fe/C) catalysts. Key points:
- Batch and continuous reactor experiments show that Fe/C catalysts can effectively reduce nitrate in water to nitrogen gas with high selectivity and activity. Up to 2.9 mmol/gmetal/min nitrate reduction rate was achieved in batch tests.
- Column studies demonstrate the catalyst can reduce nitrate levels below 5 ppm from an initial 100 ppm concentration, with a breakthrough capacity of over 530 bed volumes to reach 45 mg/L.
- Characterization with XRD, SEM-EDAX and XPS confirms the presence of iron dispersed on the
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY AND LIMIT TESTSUJATA WANKHEDE
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY, INTRODUCTION TO LIMIT TESTS, LIMIT TEST OF IRON, CHLORIDE, SULPHATE, ARSENIC AND THERE DIAGRAMS WITHTHE PRINCIPAL AND PROCEDURE OF ALL THE LIMIT TEST WITH THEIR RESULTS
Similar to Chemical Studies on the Water Quality in Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia (20)
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Chemical Studies on the Water Quality in Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-3, March- 2016]
Page | 27
Chemical Studies on the Water Quality in Tabuk City, Saudi
Arabia
Mohsen M. Zareh1*
, Ali A. Keshk2
1,2
Department of Chemistry, Tabuk University, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
*
On leave from: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
Abstract— The water quality was studied for selected samples from groundwater and network water-supply. The values of
NH3, NO3
-
, pH, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, Pb, Cd, Fe3+
and Mn2+
were estimated. Ammonia values ranged between 0.07-0.7
ppm. Nitrate values ranged between 2.4 and 0.35 ppm. The TDS was between 645 ppm and 480 ppm. For Fe3+
and Mn2+
the
values are below the limits of WHO except for well 9; and manganese in wells 6-10. Several wells showed values of Cd
above the Saudi STD. The network water-supply in Tabuk city was investigated. The TDS values for these samples were
between 500-600 ppm. The hardness values exceed the Saudi STD limit. When ammonia was tested, only one sample showed
high value. Chloride level was below 158 ppm, but sulfate values for most samples were 128-222 ppm. For iron only one
sample (well no. 9) was above the permissible limit.
Keywords— water quality, Tabuk city, groundwater, network water-supply, heavy metal levels.
I. INTRODUCTION
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is considered as one of the most water scarce countries in the world. It depends on groundwater as
well as desalination water as source of water supply. According to the last published report of Ministry of water, it is clear
that aquifers shared with 46% of total water production in Saudi Arabia according to MOWE-report [1]. In Tabuk,
groundwater production reached 30 million m3
that year. Accordingly, it is of interest to evaluate the water quality in this
region. Very little studies which directed to evaluation of water quality in Tabuk region (either groundwater or network
water-supply) were recorded. The previous studies were concentrated on hydrology of Tabuk area as part of Saq aquifer by
Al-Ahmadi [2]. The author evaluated only the major ions, but nothing was mentioned about the different minerals. The
author recommended that the TDS value of aquifer water ranged between 630 and 420 ppm. This indicates that the
groundwater is refreshed. Sharaf and Hussein [3] evaluated the groundwater in Saq region in Saudi Arabia. They were
studying the water composition concerning chloride, sulfate, carbonate, and calcium. Al-Harby [4] put a simple management
model for irregularly located wells is presented by considering interference between adjacent wells at a certain risk level and
safe groundwater velocity which depends mainly on the hydraulic conductivity at individual well sites. Sen and Al-Somyien
[5] put a simple management criterion for confined Saq aquifer in Tabuk region.
In the present study, evaluation of water quality of groundwater and network-water supply will be introduced for the first
time according to the WHO [6] and Saudi STD [7]. In addition, the study included the evaluation of Pb and Cd levels for the
first time. The selected wells were located inside the city. Most of them were the source of water-network supply for the city
population. This study is considered as a role of the university towards community since there is no scientfic studies that
record the variation in water quality in this area.
II. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 Materials
Ethylendiamine tetra-acetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) (BDH Chemicals Co, England), Eriochrome Black-T (EBT ) powder
(Nice, India), ammonium chloride (Carlo Erba Reagent, France), ammonium hydroxide solution (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany),
sodium chloride (panreac Chemicals Co, Spain), sodium hydroxide microgranular pure P.A. (Poch Sa, Poland), murexide
(Surechem Products Ltd, England), methyl Orange (Blulux, India), sulphuric acid 96% (BDH, England), potassium chromate
(Merck, Germany), silver nitrate (BDH Chemicals Co, England), acetic acid (Carl Roth, Germany), sodium carbonate
(Panreac, Spain), barium chloride dihydrate (Merck, Germany), potassium nitrate (Aldrich Chemicals Co, USA), sodium
acetate (Carlo Erba Reagent, France), hydrochloric acid 37% (Carlo Erba Reagent, France), oxalic acid (Merck, Germany),
potassium permanganate (Winlab, UK), nitric acid 69.5% (Carlo Erba Reagent, France), phosphoric acid 85 % (Sigma-
Aldrich, Germany), sodium acetate trihydrate (Merck, Germany), Nessler reagent (Fluka, Germany), ammonium solution
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-3, March- 2016]
Page | 28
(Panreac, Spain), were used for performing the analytical methods. Deionized water was used for preparing different
reagents.
2.2 Apparatus
Conductivity-meter (Jenway, UK), pH-meter (Jenway, UK), Hotplate & Stirrer (Jenway, UK ), flow-injection
spectrophotopmeter (UV1800-Shimadzu, Japan ), Hotplate & Stirrer (LabTech Co.Ltd, Indonesia). Flame Atomic absorption
spectrometer (Buck 205).
2.3 Location of wells
The chosen wells are located in Tabuk city. Table 1, shows the location of each well.
TABLE1
LOCATION OF THE SELECTED WELLS INSIDE TABUK CITY, SAUDI ARABIA
LocationSample
Al-Khmseen street- Al-Mahragan-A.Well 1
King Abd Al-Aziz Street, Al-AkhwiaWell 2
King Abd Al-Allah Street- Al-Mahragan beside King Fahd HospitalWell 3
Al-Worood- back of Tabuk PrisonWell 4
Al-Manshia.Well 5
Madeeny Well, Kilo-1 Senaiah RoadWell 6
Prince Sultan Park, Al-SalhiaWell 7
Al-Attwy Farm, Kilo-2 Madinah RoadWell 8
Zaid Well, Kilo-2 Senaiah RoadWell 9
Al-Kahatany Kilo-2 Madinah RoadWell 10
Mohmed bin Matrooh St.nwMahragan-A
Zeid AlKheir St.nwManshia
King Khlid St.nwBeside Fahd-hospital
Mohmed bin Omar Altonisy St.nwAkhwia
Ali bi Ali Taleb St.nwSalhia
Al Segen St.nwWrood
Faculty of Science, University Campus, Diba Roadnw-college-1
III. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
3.1 Determination of pH:
Transfer 50ml of the sample solution into the cell. Immerse the electrodes in the solution. Calibrate the pH-meter using
buffers with pH 4 and 7. Check the pH with buffer 9. Then, measure the pH of the sample. Rinse several times before
changing between the measured samples or buffers. Record the pH-reading as displayed. Repeat the reading three times then
take the average.
3.2 Determination of TDS
Calibrate the conductometer by measuring STD KCl solution (0.01M) has a conductivity of 1412 µS at 25ºC. Transfer 50 ml
of the sample solution into the cell. Immerse the electrodes in the solution. Record the reading in display.
3.3 Determination of total alkalinity
Place 50 ml of sample in a 250 ml flask, add 2 ml of methyl orange pH indicator. Titrate against 0.02 N H2SO4 until the color
change from yellow to pink. Read the burette and record the volume reading of H2SO4 according to STD-methods [8].
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-3, March- 2016]
Page | 29
3.4 Determination of total hardness
Place 50 ml of sample in a 250 ml flask, add 2 ml of ammonium buffer solution and add a speck of Eriochrome Black T
indicator. Titrate against 0.01 M EDTA until the color change from wine red to blue. Read the burette and record the volume
of EDTA as shown by STD-methods [8] and Barnard et al [9].
3.5 Determination of chloride
Place 50 ml of sample in a 250 ml flask add 1 ml of potassium chromate indicator. Titrate a against 0.028 N silver nitrate
until the color change from yellow to pinkish yellow. Record the volume of silver nitrate. Repeat three times; calculate the
average reading as in STD-methods [8] and Kolthoff [10].
3.6 Determination of iron
Take 50 ml of sample add 2 ml HCl and add 1 ml NH2OH-HCl. Boil the sample until it become 15-20 ml then cool. Transfer
the solution to a volumetric flask. Add 10 ml ammonium acetate and 4 ml 1.10.phenanthroline to the exit solution and
complete to 50 ml with distilled water. Wait 10 min until the color appears. Measure the sample in the apparatus by using
Spectrophotometer as mentioned by STD-methods [8]; Ryan and Botham [11].
3.7 Determination of manganese
Place 100 ml of sample in a 250 ml flask, then add 5 ml of special reagent. Add 1 drop of peroxide H2O2 and 1 gm of
persulphate. Boil for one minute and let it stand one minute after boiling then cool. Measure the sample in the apparatus by
using spectrophotometer as mentioned in STD-methods [8] and by Nydahl [12]. Standard Mn solution (1ml = 0.1mg/Mn) by
dissolve 3.287g of potassium permanganate in 100ml of distilled water. Acidify with sulfuric acid and heat to boiling. Slowly
add a dilute solution of oxalic acid until the color is just discharged. Cool and dilute to 1 litre. Prepare series (0.2, 0.4, 0.6,
0.8, 1 and 1.5 ml) of visual standard manganous sulfate into 250ml Erlenmeyer flasks and adding 50ml of distilled water.
3.8 Determination of ammonia as N
STD NH4Cl solution was prepared by dissolving 3.141g of the solid salt into 1 liter. Put 10 ml of this solution to 1 liter flask
and dilute to the mark (1 ml of this solution contains 0.01mg NH3). Prepare series of visual standards contains (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
and 6 ml of NH4Cl and dilute to 50ml. Add 2.0 ml Nessler reagent to either the sample or the standard and mix thoroughly.
Let treated samples and standards stand for 10-15 min, and measure at wavelength 420 nm according to STD-methods [8].
3.9 Determination of nitrate as N
KNO3 solution was prepared by dissolving 0.7218 g solid salt into 1 liter. This solution corresponds to (1 ml contains 0.1 mg
N-NO3. Then intermediate solution is prepared by diluting 100 ml of this solution to 1liter, the obtained solution is equivalent
to (1ml contains 0.01 mg). Then, several dilutions were made to prepare series of standard nitrate solutions for preparing
calibration curve. This is achieved by diluting 1, 2, 4, and 7 ml to 50ml by distilled water. Add 1 ml of 1N HCl to each STD
solution, read the absorbance at 220nm as in STD-methods [8]. Repeat the same procedure for 50 ml of water samples.
3.10 Determination of sulfate by turbidimetric method
The procedure depends on STD-methods [8]. Transfer 100 ml of sample in a 250 ml flask adds 20 ml of buffer solution. Mix
with magnetic stirrer at a constant speed, while stirring add spoonful of barium chloride crystals and begin timing
immediately. Stir for 60 second, pour sample into turbid meter sample cell and leave it for 5 min. outside the turbidimeter,
And after that measure the sample. Estimate the sulfate concentration of the sample by comparing the turbidity reading with
calibration curve. To prepare a calibration curve by measuring the turbidity of known standards in 5 or 10 mg/L increments
from 0 to 40 mg/L sulfate. Check the reliability of the calibration curve by running standard with every 3 or 4 samples.
Standard sulfate solution (1ml = 0.1mg SO4
2-
).
3.11 Analysis of sodium, cadmium, and lead
All of them were analyzed by flame AAS using the corresponding lamp for each element and according to the instrument
manual [13] and STD-methods [8].
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-3, March- 2016]
Page | 30
IV. RESULTS
4.1 Analysis of groundwater in Tabuk City:
Ten wells were assigned inside Tabuk city. Most of them provide Tabuk with water for domestic uses rather than drinking.
Their major parameters were analyzed. This includes pH, TDS, conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, chlorides, and sulfates.
The parameters indicating contamination were assigned too (NH3 and NO3). Finally, iron and manganese as important
cations were analyzed for all samples.
The pH values for the ten wells were ranged between 6.56 for well 2 to 7.91 for well 9. The TDS values were not exceed
645ppm, which was registered for well number 7. In the other hand, well number 4 exhibit the lowest TDS level. Well 8 was
characterized by highest alkalinity among all of the studied wells. By observing the recorded values for the hardness, it can
be reported that they were above 240 ppm for most wells. Only well 8 showed the lowest hardness value (230 ppm). Also,
the highest value (288 ppm) of hardness was for well 10. Table 2 shows a summary of the obtained results.
TABLE 2
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF GROUNDWATER IN TABUK CITY, SAUDI ARABIA
Sample Color pH TDS, ppm Conductivity, µS Alkalinity, ppm Hardness, ppm
Well (1) Nil 6.61 563.2 563 750 250
Well (2) Nil 6.56 590.7 590.7 650 258
Well (3) Nil 6.71 557.4 557.4 750 250
Well (4) Nil 6.9 480 480.6 730 250
Well (5) Nil 6.98 591.4 924 740 250
Well (6) Nil 7.15 557.4 871 720 258
Well (7) Nil 6.98 645.1 1008 750 250
Well (8) Nil 7.72 565.8 884 1240 230
Well (9) yellow 7.91 563.2 880 750 248
Well (10) Nil 6.98 604.8 945 790 288
Due to the special condition of Tabuk city, it is important to study the contamination parameters (ammonia and nitrates).
Table 3, shows the results for each well. In addition, chlorides and sulfates represent major anions for groundwater, thus
evaluation of their levels was performed. It was found that the values of chloride varied between 39 and 170 ppm. Sulfates
values of the tested samples were of lowest for wells 4 and 1, while it was largest for wells 9 and 10.
TABLE 3
VALUES OF NITRATES, AMMONIA, CHLORIDES AND SULFATES OF GROUNDWATER IN TABUK CITY, SAUDI
ARABIA.
Sample NO3
-
, ppm NH3, ppm Cl-
, ppm SO4
--
, ppm
Well (1) 2.4 0.27 134.9 133.7
Well (2) 2.4 0.23 163.5 161.6
Well (3) 2.4 0.44 142 169
Well (4) 1.9 0.70 106.5 118.1
Well (5) 2.2 0.21 149.1 148.5
Well (6) 2.3 0.07 138.5 150.7
Well (7) 2.4 0.20 170 185
Well (8) 0.35 0.081 39 183.3
Well (9) 2.2 0.49 134.9 253.3
Well (10) 1.8 0.23 71 331.1
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-3, March- 2016]
Page | 31
Iron and manganese are metallic elements present in many types of rock. Concentrations of iron and manganese in
groundwater are often higher than those measured in surface waters. The Aesthetic Objective (AO) for iron in drinking water
is less than or equal to 0.3 milligrams per litre (mg/L) while the Aesthetic Objective for manganese in drinking water is less
than or equal to 0.05 mg/L. The taste and smell of manganese or iron at concentrations above the drinking water guidelines
may be noted by some water users. In well-water, iron concentrations below 0.3 mg/litre were characterized as unnoticeable.
Staining of laundry and plumbing may occur at concentrations above 0.3 mg/litre [14,15]. Iron also promotes undesirable
bacterial growth iron bacteria within a waterworks and distribution system, resulting in the deposition of a slimy coating on
the piping.
Due to that the importance of evaluating the levels of iron, manganese, calcium and magnesium; all of the tested samples
were analyzed to calculate the levels of these elements. The values of iron and manganese were ranged between 0.022 to
0.081 ppm, and 0.077 to 0.11 ppm; respectively. The values of calcium are the smallest (138 ppm) for well 4, and the highest
(172 ppm) for well 3. Magnesium levels are different from well to another. Some were above 100 ppm , like wells 2, 5, 7, 8,
and 10. Others were below 100 ppm like wells 1, 4, 6, and 9. Table (4) shows the obtained results.
TABLE 4
VALUES OF IRON AND MANGANESE OF GROUNDWATER IN TABUK CITY, SAUDI ARABIA.
Sample Fe3+
Mn2+
Ca2+
Mg2+
Well (1) 0.05 0.077 152 98
Well (2) 0.06 0.079 154 104
Well (3) 0.022 0.079 172 78
Well (4) 0.022 0.079 138 92
Well (5) 0.081 0.097 156 105
Well (6) 0.0058 0.11 156 92
Well (7) 0.059 0.11 172 112
Well (8) 0.12 0.11 166 174
Well (9) 0.37 0.11 160 88
Well (10) 0.028 0.11 162 126
Table 5, shows the obtained results for analysis of Pb, Cd and Na for the the groundwater samples under study. The samples
of all the wells are free from Pb. In case of Cd, the recorded values range was 0-0.474 ppm. Finally, sodium level range was
200-300 ppm for wells no 2-3. Only well 1 exhibited value of Na 42.96 ppm.
TABLE 5
VALUES OF SODIUM, CADMIUM, AND LEAD IN GROUNDWATER FOR TABUK CITY, SAUDI ARABIA
Sample Pb2+
, ppm Cd2+
, ppm Na+
, ppm
Well (1) 0.002640 0 42.96
Well (2) 0 0.033 262.96
Well (3) 0 0.380 280.74
Well (4) 0 0.419 282.59
Well (5) 0.000190 0.020 311.48
Well (6) 0.000490 0.475 366.67
Well (7) 0 0 291.11
Well (8) 0 0 283.33
Well (9) 0 0.0077 349.26
Well (10) 0 0 238.89
Saudi STD 0.01 0.003 100
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-3, March- 2016]
Page | 32
4.2 Analysis of water quality network-water supply of Tabuk City:
The major parameters were determined for assigning water quality in Tabuk network water-supply. It was found that the pH-
value of all parts of the network did not exceed the 7.6. In addition, the TDS for the tested water-network samples showed
values ranged between 494.08 and 638.72 ppm. The TDS-value for area no 3 showed the lowest value among the tested
samples. The alkalinity value range between 666.4 and 733.04 ppm. The value of hardness recorded for the all samples was
above 200 ppm. The smallest value was recorded for sample well-3 (230 ppm), while the highest value was 294 ppm for
sample well-5. Table 6 shows the results of analysis of major physical parameters of network-water supply.
TABLE 6
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF NETWORK-WATER SUPPLY IN TABUK CITY, SAUDI ARABIA
No Sample Color pH TDS, ppm Alkalinity,
ppm
Hardness,
ppm
1 nwMah-A Nil 7.17 565.76 714 262
2 nwMansh Nil 7.25 547.84 666.4 238
3 nwFahd Hosp. site Nil 7.27 494.08 714 230
4 nwAkhwia Nil 7.55 601.6 666.4 264
5 nwSalh Nil 7.19 638.72 685.44 294
6 nwWrood Nil 7.8 552.96 733.04 260
7 nw-College site Nil 7.6 614.4 714 248
Chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates represent the major anions among water parameters. The water-network samples were
analyzed for the mentioned anions. It was found that the values of chlorides ranged between 104.73 and 157.98 ppm. Sample
well-3 had the lowest level, while sample well-5 had the highest level of chloride. The level of sulfate was found for samples
(wells-1,3,6) below 200 ppm, while it was above 200 ppm for samples (wells 2,4,5 and 7).
It was found that the ammonia level for samples (wells 2, 5 and 7) were below 0.2 ppm, while other samples (wells 1, 4 and
6) exceeds 0.2 ppm. Table 7, shows the obtained results.
TABLE 7
VALUES OF NITRATES, AMMONIA, CHLORIDES AND SULFATES OF WATER-NETWORK IN TABUK CITY, SAUDI
ARABIA.
Sample No. Sample NO3
-
, ppm NH3, ppm Cl-
, ppm SO4
--
, ppm
1 nwMah-A 2.411 0.206 133.13 141.23
2 nwMansh 1.884 0.159 118.93 203.50
3 nwFahd Hosp. site 1.892 0.308 104.73 128.05
4 nwAkhwia 2.313 0.233 154.43 204.86
5 nwSalh 2.402 0.199 157.98 222.14
6 nwWrood 2.060 0.295 122.48 139.41
7 nw-College site 2.16 0.098 133.13 591.23
Table 8, shows the values of iron in the tested samples showed large variety between 0.02 and 0.557 ppm.
7. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-3, March- 2016]
Page | 33
TABLE 8
VALUES IRON AND MANGANESE OF NETWORK-WATER IN TABUK CITY, SAUDI ARABIA.
Sample No. Sample Fe3+
1 nwMah-A 0.036
2 nwMansh 0.557
3 nwFahd Hosp. site 0.036
4 nwAkhwia 0.075
5 nwSalh 0.012
6 nwWrood 0.020
7 nwCollege site 0.038
V. DISCUSSION
5.1 Analysis of groundwater in Tabuk City:
The water quality studies are based on evaluating the water parameters relative to the WHO regulations. Standard methods
[8] were applied throughout this work. It can be recorded that, none of the previous work studied the water quality in Tabuk
city in a comprehensive way. Drinking water must be colorless, odorless and transparent with acceptable taste.
The pH of water is a measure of the acid–base equilibrium and in most natural waters, is controlled by the carbon dioxide–
bicarbonate–carbonate equilibrium system. The pH of an aqueous sample is usually measured electrometrically with a glass
electrode. The pH-value of the tested wells was in the permissible limit 6.5-8.5. Only wells 1, 2 and 3 showed values those
are very close to the lower limits 6.6 to 6.7. This means that the water of these wells is considered acidic.
Total dissolved solids (TDS) is the term used to describe the inorganic salts and small amounts of organic matter present in
water. The values of TDS reflect the quality of water. The world health organization [16] classified the palatability of
drinking water according to the total solids levels as the following:
Excellent, where the TDS concentrations is (<300mg/l); good, where the TDS concentration is (300-600mg/l); fair, where the
TDS concentration is (600-900mg/l); poor, where the TDS concentration is (900-1200mg/l); unacceptable, where the TDS
concentration is (>1200mg/l).
The classification of water in Tabuk city can be introduced according to the above guidelines. The obtained TDS values of
different wells were found above 500 ppm except well 4. According to the mentioned classification, most of the wells
provide good to fair water quality. Well 7 exceed the 600 ppm value. Figure 1, shows the obtained results related to the
WHO-guidelines. In this field, well 4 is the only well with values lower than the STD value. The values of the TDS are close
to each other, indicating the similar water quality.
TDS
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Well
(1)
Well
(2)
Well
(3)
Well
(4)
Well
(5)
Well
(6)
Well
(7)
Well
(8)
Well
(9)
Well
(10)
WHO,
Saudi
STD
Well number
TDS,ppm
FIG. 1: CORRELATION OF TDS VALUES TO THE STD VALUE FOR GROUNDWATER IN TABUK CITY.
8. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-3, March- 2016]
Page | 34
The presence of ammonia is an important indicator of fecal pollution according to International Organization for
Standardization [17]. Most of wells contain ammonia levels below the permissible level (0.5 ppm) except well 4 (0.7 ppm).
This is due to contamination from sewage water. Two wells (3 and 9) showed values (0.44 and 0.49 ppm) and approached
the limit (0.5 ppm). Although other wells show smaller ammonia values, it is an indication for the contamination from
sewage water inside the city. Figure 2, showed the relation between all wells and WHO regulation.
NH3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Well
(1)
Well
(2)
Well
(3)
Well
(4)
Well
(5)
Well
(6)
Well
(7)
Well
(8)
Well
(9)
Well
(10)
WHO,
Saudi
STD
well number
NH3, ppm
FIG 2: CORRELATION OF AMMONIA VALUES TO THE STD VALUE FOR GROUNDWATER IN TABUK CITY.
According to Greenwood and Earnshaw [18], sulfates occur naturally in numerous minerals, including barite (BaSO4),
epsomite (MgSO4·7H2O) and gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). Two wells (9 and 10) showed values (253 and 331 ppm) of sulfate
exceeds the WHO permissible values (250 ppm). Other wells are in the safe limits of sulfate. The considerable amounts of
sulfate agree with the type of geological layers of the aquifer which is almost sedimentary type. Figure 3 correlates the
sulfate values for all wells to WHO limit.
SO4
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Well
(1)
Well
(2)
Well
(3)
Well
(4)
Well
(5)
Well
(6)
Well
(7)
Well
(8)
Well
(9)
Well
(10)
WHO,
Saudi
STD
well number
ppm
FIG 3: CORRELATION OF SULFATE VALUES TO THE STD VALUE FOR GROUNDWATER IN TABUK CITY.
Hardness is most commonly expressed as milligrams of calcium carbonate equivalent per liter. McGowan [19] classified
water according to CaCO3 content. When calcium carbonate at concentrations below 60 mg/l, it is generally considered as
soft; 60–120 mg/l, moderately hard; 120–180 mg/l, hard; and more than 180 mg/l, very hard. Although hardness is caused by
cations, it may also be discussed in terms of carbonate (temporary) and non-carbonate (permanent) hardness. Here, most of
the wells are considered very hard water, since they have hardness more than 200 ppm. The hardness is aroused from either
magnesium or calcium soluble salts (Ca and Mg levels are shown in table 4). They are mostly sulfates, chlorides and
bicarbonates. This agreed with the high levels of sulfates and chlorides found in most well samples. Figure 4 correlates the
hardness values.
9. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-3, March- 2016]
Page | 35
Total Hardness
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Well
(1)
Well
(2)
Well
(3)
Well
(4)
Well
(5)
Well
(6)
Well
(7)
Well
(8)
Well
(9)
Well
(10)
WHO,
Saudi
STD
well number
Total
Hardness,
ppm
FIG 4: CORRELATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS VALUES TO THE STD VALUE FOR GROUNDWATER IN TABUK
CITY.
Manganese occurs naturally in many surface water, groundwater sources and in soils that may erode into these waters. The
level of manganese in the Saudi STD is different from the WHO. The permissible limit in Saudi STD is 0.1 ppm, while in
WHO it is 0.5 ppm. Here, we will consider the Saudi limits. In this study, the values of manganese are very close to the limit.
The range of the manganese values is between 0.07 to 0.11 ppm. Wells 6 to 10 showed value of manganese equal to 0.11
ppm. Table 4, showed the obtained results.
Iron and manganese usually are accompanying each other in water. Anaerobic groundwaters may contain iron (II) at
concentrations up to several milligrams per liter without discoloration or turbidity in the water when directly pumped from a
well. Taste is not usually noticeable at iron concentrations [20] below 0.3 mg/liter as WHO and Saudi STD recommended.
Although turbidity and color may develop in piped systems at iron-levels above 0.05–0.1 mg/liter. In this study, iron was not
exceeding the permissible limit for most of the test wells in Tabuk city except well 9 (0.37 ppm). The other wells showed
very little iron values (0.022 to 0.08 ppm). Well 8 recoded an iron level out of this range 0.12 ppm. Table 4 gives the results
of the iron analysis.
Some elements were analyzed only by AAS. Sodium, lead, and cadmium were chosen to perform this study. After comparing
the obtained results with the Saudi STD (0.01ppm), it is found that almost the all wells have values of Pb lower values. This
means that the wells are lead-free. In case of Cd, wells no 2,3,4,6, and 9 recorded values out of the Saudi STD limit (3
ppb)[7]. Other wells are in the safe range. For sodium, it was found that the wells 2-10 had levels above the Saudi STD (100
ppm). Only well no 1, showed the smallest value (42.96 ppm).
5.2 Analysis of water quality network-water supply of Tabuk City:
The water supply in Tabuk city mainly depends on groundwater. As shown in the first part the quality of this water was
evaluated. To complete the interpretation, evaluation of the network-water supply should be evaluated too. This will allow
the correlation between the water source and the final product water.
The TDS values of network-water supply inside Tabuk city were determined as it represents the major parameter in
evaluation of the water quality. According to the Saudi STD most of the samples exceed the limit of drinking water quality
(500 ppm). Sample well-3 is the only one that fits the mentioned limit, since it was 494.08 ppm. Other samples had TDS
values range between 547.8-638.7 ppm, which is out of the permissible limit (Figure 5). Although these are accepted for
domestic uses, they are not accepted for drinking.
The obtained values for water-network supply can be explained if we recall the groundwater results (figure 1). It was shown
that the TDS values were also above 500 ppm and exceed 600 ppm by a small value.
10. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-3, March- 2016]
Page | 36
TDS, ppm
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
nw
M
ah-A
nw
M
ansh
beside
hospFahd
nw
A
khw
ia
nw
S
alh
nw
W
rod
nw
-collge
saudiS
TD
sample
ppm
FIG 5: CORRELATION OF TDS VALUES TO THE STD VALUE FOR NETWORK-WATER IN TABUK CITY.
The hardness of all the tested samples exceeds 200 ppm (figure 6). This proves that the hardness values are out of the Saudi
STD value. Figure 6 shows the obtained results. This agreed with the previously found values for ground water of Tabuk city
(figure 4). So, it can be reported that no actual treatment for the water-network supply to overcome this property.
ppmCaCO3-Hardness
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
nwM
ah-A
nwM
ansh
beside
hospFahd
nwAkhw
ia
nwSalh
nwW
rod
nw-collge
saudiSTD
sample
ppm
FIG 6: CORRELATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS VALUES TO THE STD VALUE FOR NETWORK-WATER IN TABUK
CITY.
The sulfate values of the different samples of water-network supply were determined. It was found that only sample no 7
showed a value (591.2 ppm) more than the permissible limit according to the Saudi-STD (250 ppm). This site is the sample
located in faculty of Science inside the Tabuk University campus.
Iron values were calculated for seven samples of water-network supply. Only well-2 showed high level of iron (0.557 ppm),
which exceeds the permissible limit (0.3 ppm for Saudi-STD. So, no serious deviation from the Saudi-STD concerning the
iron level.
VI. CONCLUSION
Quality studies is important for human need. It is associated with health and human safty. These studies is considered as a
role of the university towards community, since there is no scientfic studies that record the variation in water quality in this
area. Evaluation of major water-parameters in Tabuk city, Saudi Arabia was successfully intoduced. The relation between
between groundwater quality and the network-water supply quality was predicted. Evaluation of Pb and Cd levels for the first
11. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-3, March- 2016]
Page | 37
time in these area was pridected. No lead was recorded above limits, while Cd limits of most wells exceeds the Saudi STD
limits. Other heavy metals need more studies to evaluate the water quality in Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge financial support for this work, from the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR),
University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, under grant no. S-0188-1434.
REFERENCES
[1] Report of Ministry of Water and Electricity (MOWE), Saudi Arabia, 2007. http://www.mowe.gov.sa/files/forms/Annual-Report-1432-
p1.pdf.
[2] M. E. Al-Ahmadi, JKAU: Earth Sci. 2009, 20, 51.
[3] Sharaf, M.A.; Hussein, M.T. Hydrolog. Sci.-J. des Sci. Hydrolog. 1996, 41, 683.
[4] K.M. Al-Harabi, the Egyptian J. Remote Sens. and Space Sci. 2010, 13, 37.
[5] Z.Sen; M.S. Al-Somyien, Water Res. Manag. 1991, 5, 161.
[6] WHO-Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, Volume2, 1996, Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information, Second Edition.
[7] Saudi Standards for Bottled Drinking-water, 2000, 409
[8] Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21st
edition, 2005.
[9] A.J.Barnard; W.C.Jr.Broad; H.Flaschka, Analyst 1957, 45:86, 46:46.
[10] I.M.Kolthoff; V.A.Stenger, Volumetric Analysis, 2nd ed. Vol.2. Interscience Publishers, New York, N.Y, 1947; pp. 334-335.
[11] J.A.Ryan; G.H.Botham, Anal. Chem. 1949, 21, 1521.
[12] F.Nydahl, Anal. Chem. Acta 1949, 3, 144.
[13] Buck Scientific 205 Atomic Absorption, Spectrophotometer Operator's Manual, May 2006.
[14] International Organization for Standardization. Water quality—determination of iron, (ISO 6332,1988), Geneva, 1988.
[15] Department of National Health and Welfare (Canada). Nutrition recommendations. The report of the Scientific Review Committee.
Ottawa, 1990.
[16] World Health Organization, Environmental health criteria, Fluorine and Fluoride world health organization, Geneva, 1978.
[17] International Organization for Standardization. Water quality, Geneva, 1984, 1986, (ISO5664:1984; ISO6778:1984; ISO7150-
1:1984; ISO7150-2:1986).
[18] N.N.Greenwood; A.Earnshaw, Chemistry of the elements, 1984, Oxford Pergamon Press.
[19] W.McGowan, Water processing: residential, commercial, light-industrial, 2000, 3rd ed. Lisle, IL, Water Quality Association.
[20] International Organization for Standardization. Water quality, 1988, (ISO 6332:1988), Geneva.