This document summarizes a study that aimed to determine the optimal conditions for biotechnological enrichment of magnesite using Lactococcus sp. bacteria. The study tested different temperature (10-40°C), pH (5-9), particle size (200 mesh-5 mm), solid amount (2-10%), and bacterial concentration (1-5%) to determine which conditions maximize the bacteria's ability to dissolve calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in magnesite. The optimal conditions were found to be 30°C, pH 6.0, 2 mm particle size, 2% solid amount, and 1-5% bacterial concentration. Under these conditions, the bacteria reduced CaCO3 levels in magnesite from
Determination of vanadium, nickel, copper and iron as complexes of bis acetyl...Alexander Decker
This document describes a study that used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the concentrations of vanadium, nickel, copper, and iron in Nigerian crude oil samples. The researchers analyzed samples from 5 oil wells, both onshore and offshore. They found that nickel generally had the highest concentration, while copper had the lowest. Concentration levels ranged from 210-1620 ppb for nickel, 975-1125 ppb for iron, 225-1060 ppb for vanadium, and 54-138 ppb for copper. The results were consistent with previous studies on metals in Nigerian crude oils. The study provides data on heavy metal concentrations that can help assess the environmental and economic impacts of Nigerian crude
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Toxicity immobilization of refinery sludge containing heavy metals via vitrif...eSAT Journals
Abstract Heavy metals are known to be toxic to human and the environment. Despite the growing of petrochemical and refinery industries, the world is facing problems with the heavy metals contamination from the sludge by the industries. Many methods have been applied to address these issues from the refinery sludge. In this study, stabilization and solidification of refinery sludge containing heavy metals using vitrification method was utilized to solve this problem. The ashing temperature of 550oC was selected in preparing the ash of the dried sludge prior to the vitrification process at 1110oC to 1400oC. After vitrification, all samples were morphologically, thermally and toxically analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. The sludge contained high amount of iron and aluminum, followed by some amount of magnesium, gold, arsenic and zinc with some traces of nickel and lead. Results showed that at maximum vitrified temperature of 1400oC, no magnesium, nickel and lead were detected in the sludge and only some traces of other heavy metals with less than 1 ppm. The vitrification method exhibits excellent output in immobilizing the transition metals leading to a reduction in environmental pollution caused by petrochemical and refinery sludge containing heavy metals. Index Terms: Vitrification, Heavy metals contamination, Refinery sludge, Toxicity, Leaching analysis
Application of micromechanics on alkali activated materialsTran Nam
This document discusses applying micromechanical analysis to alkali-activated materials. It identifies the intrinsic Young's modulus of the N-A-S-H gel that forms in alkali-activated fly ash and metakaolin as approximately 18 GPa using nanoindentation testing. It then develops a two-scale homogenization model combined with percolation theory to upscale the intrinsic gel properties to the macroscale, reproducing experimental data. The model also demonstrates how the N-A-S-H gel stiffens with increased packing of solid gel particles during the alkali activation process.
This document summarizes research on the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of olive oil mill wastewater over zeolite-based catalysts. The researchers prepared a Cu/13X catalyst by ion exchange and tested its activity and stability for reducing phenolic compounds in wastewater. Characterization showed the ion exchange did not affect zeolite structure but a post-treatment calcination at 1273K decreased surface area and increased copper oxide particles. Testing showed the catalyst reduced total phenols in wastewater by over 80% and TOC by 20% with low copper leaching. The research aims to develop an effective treatment to reduce toxicity of olive oil wastewater before conventional biological processing.
0216-NEW Dissolution of Biosolid-Borne Metals of SoilsStephanie Lara
This study analyzed how different concentrations of organic acid mixtures extracted metals from biosolid-treated soils at varying pH levels. Metals extracted decreased with increasing pH. Cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc were more readily extracted compared to chromium and lead. Higher organic acid mixture concentrations extracted more metals, with the 0.1M concentration extracting the greatest amounts. The study found metals in biosolid-treated soils were extracted in correlation with organic acid mixtures, with extraction decreasing in the order of cadmium, copper, nickel, zinc, chromium, and lead.
Determination of vanadium, nickel, copper and iron as complexes of bis acetyl...Alexander Decker
This document describes a study that used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the concentrations of vanadium, nickel, copper, and iron in Nigerian crude oil samples. The researchers analyzed samples from 5 oil wells, both onshore and offshore. They found that nickel generally had the highest concentration, while copper had the lowest. Concentration levels ranged from 210-1620 ppb for nickel, 975-1125 ppb for iron, 225-1060 ppb for vanadium, and 54-138 ppb for copper. The results were consistent with previous studies on metals in Nigerian crude oils. The study provides data on heavy metal concentrations that can help assess the environmental and economic impacts of Nigerian crude
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Toxicity immobilization of refinery sludge containing heavy metals via vitrif...eSAT Journals
Abstract Heavy metals are known to be toxic to human and the environment. Despite the growing of petrochemical and refinery industries, the world is facing problems with the heavy metals contamination from the sludge by the industries. Many methods have been applied to address these issues from the refinery sludge. In this study, stabilization and solidification of refinery sludge containing heavy metals using vitrification method was utilized to solve this problem. The ashing temperature of 550oC was selected in preparing the ash of the dried sludge prior to the vitrification process at 1110oC to 1400oC. After vitrification, all samples were morphologically, thermally and toxically analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. The sludge contained high amount of iron and aluminum, followed by some amount of magnesium, gold, arsenic and zinc with some traces of nickel and lead. Results showed that at maximum vitrified temperature of 1400oC, no magnesium, nickel and lead were detected in the sludge and only some traces of other heavy metals with less than 1 ppm. The vitrification method exhibits excellent output in immobilizing the transition metals leading to a reduction in environmental pollution caused by petrochemical and refinery sludge containing heavy metals. Index Terms: Vitrification, Heavy metals contamination, Refinery sludge, Toxicity, Leaching analysis
Application of micromechanics on alkali activated materialsTran Nam
This document discusses applying micromechanical analysis to alkali-activated materials. It identifies the intrinsic Young's modulus of the N-A-S-H gel that forms in alkali-activated fly ash and metakaolin as approximately 18 GPa using nanoindentation testing. It then develops a two-scale homogenization model combined with percolation theory to upscale the intrinsic gel properties to the macroscale, reproducing experimental data. The model also demonstrates how the N-A-S-H gel stiffens with increased packing of solid gel particles during the alkali activation process.
This document summarizes research on the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of olive oil mill wastewater over zeolite-based catalysts. The researchers prepared a Cu/13X catalyst by ion exchange and tested its activity and stability for reducing phenolic compounds in wastewater. Characterization showed the ion exchange did not affect zeolite structure but a post-treatment calcination at 1273K decreased surface area and increased copper oxide particles. Testing showed the catalyst reduced total phenols in wastewater by over 80% and TOC by 20% with low copper leaching. The research aims to develop an effective treatment to reduce toxicity of olive oil wastewater before conventional biological processing.
0216-NEW Dissolution of Biosolid-Borne Metals of SoilsStephanie Lara
This study analyzed how different concentrations of organic acid mixtures extracted metals from biosolid-treated soils at varying pH levels. Metals extracted decreased with increasing pH. Cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc were more readily extracted compared to chromium and lead. Higher organic acid mixture concentrations extracted more metals, with the 0.1M concentration extracting the greatest amounts. The study found metals in biosolid-treated soils were extracted in correlation with organic acid mixtures, with extraction decreasing in the order of cadmium, copper, nickel, zinc, chromium, and lead.
Trace Elemental Characterization of Edible Oils with Graphite Furnace Atomic ...PerkinElmer, Inc.
This paper reports the development of a simple method for
the analysis of edible oil samples by using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GFAAS). Sample preparation has been done by using a microwave digestion system. Metals like Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, As, Cd, Pb, Se and Zn were analyzed using the developed method.
Learn more about our solutions: http://bit.ly/1f7ZS7T
This study evaluated the biodegradability of the antioxidant diaryl-p-phenylene diamine (DAPD) using a modified inherent biodegradation test. DAPD is used in tires and rubber products. Previous studies found it was not readily biodegradable using standard tests. This study used radiolabeled DAPD (R-898) at low concentrations of 10-100 μg/L added to silica gel to enhance solubility, along with a surfactant. After 28 days, no parent compound remained. After 63 days, 37% had mineralized and 29% was incorporated into biomass, demonstrating biodegradation. The modifications enhanced the sensitivity of the test to show DAPD
IRJET - Factorial Optimization and Peri-Kinetics of Pharmaceutical Effluent C...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimization and kinetics of coag-flocculation of pharmaceutical industry effluent using Pleurotus tuberregium sclerotium tuber. Key findings include:
1) The optimal coag-flocculation conditions for maximum TDSS removal were determined to be pH 13, coagulant dosage of 0.3g/l, and settling time of 40 minutes, achieving 98.68% removal efficiency.
2) Kinetic models were developed and applied to experimental data to determine aggregation rate constant (K) and coagulation period (τ1/2), with maximum values of 2.491E-04 l/g.min and 7E-02 min respectively.
3
Alkaline Extraction of Cobia (Rachycentroncanadum) Proteins: Physicochemical ...IJERA Editor
Cobia (Rachycentroncanadum) is an important emerging species in Brazilian mariculture. The aim of the study was to obtain and characterize a protein isolate from cobia muscle using chemical extraction process by alkaline solubilization and isoelectric precipitation of proteins. The extraction yield was 98.17g/100g protein on a dry basis. The highest solubility and water holding capacity (WHC) of cobiaprotein isolate (CPI) was obtained at pH 11and 21.9mL of water per gram of protein. The electrophoretic profiles revealed masses characteristic of myofibrillar proteins (myosin and actin). The main peaks identified by qualitative spectroscopy analysis of the infrared spectrawere characteristic of peptide bonds such as amide I and amide II. The highest fusion and degradation points of CPI were 259.1°C and 378°C, respectively. The results showed that the CPI has great biotechnological value in various industrial areas that require a product of high protein value.
Laboratory investigation of insecticide O,O diethyl O-2 isopropyl 6- methyl pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate insecticide adsorption using olive stones activated by phosphoric acid was carried out. The influence of several factors governing insecticide adsorption such as dosage, temperature, pH and time in addition to specific surface area of the prepared carbon was investigated. The obtained results showed that the adsorption was found to increase with increasing temperature and pH and the activated carbon prepared from olive stones has higher surface area (>700 m2g-1). Also, the removal of insecticide increased with the lapse of time; an olive stone activated by phosphoric acid has 75.6 % insecticide removal efficiency in comparison with that of activated carbon. The experimental results have been fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm better fitted the experimental data since the average percent deviations were lower than with Freundlich isotherm. Moreover, activated carbon from olive stones is a suitable adsorbent and adsorption of 90% is possible in the high temperature, pH and adsorbent dosages.
Characterization of Structural and Surface Properties of Nanocrystalline TiO2...Shingo Watanabe (渡邊真悟)
This document characterizes the structural and surface properties of TiO2-CeO2 mixed oxides synthesized using a urea coprecipitation method. Key findings include:
1) The mixed oxides have unimodal nanoporous structures with pore sizes ranging from 3.7 to 5.3 nm and higher surface areas than single TiO2 and CeO2 oxides.
2) XRD and XPS analysis show the mixed oxides have nanocrystalline structures between 4.0-5.4 nm, with distorted lattice structures indicating reduction of Ti4+ and Ce4+ ions at the surface.
3) H2-TPR and NH3-TPD reveal the mixed oxides
This lab report details an experiment to study the efficient removal of turbidity, color, aluminum, and total suspended solids from river water by varying coagulant dosage, pH, settling time, and stirring speed of a flocculator. An optimum dosage of 0.1mL of polyaluminum chloride was selected with an optimum pH of 7.12, settling time of 1.5 hours, and stirring speed of 250 RPM. The experiment used a Lovibond flocculator and HACH spectrophotometer and colorimeter to test the water quality parameters. Experimental results for pH and coagulant dosage did not fully agree with literature values. Results for stirring speed and settling time agreed with theories from the literature review. Errors
This document summarizes a study that determined the concentrations of lead, cadmium, and chromium in spice samples from eastern Ethiopia using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Spice samples of fenugreek, black cumin, garlic, and ginger were collected and digested using microwave digestion with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Lead, cadmium, and chromium concentrations were then measured. The study found detectable levels of all three metals in the samples tested, with the highest lead level found in ginger and the only detectable cadmium found in fenugreek. Microwave digestion was determined to be the optimal sample preparation method compared to dry and wet digestion based on shorter time and smaller deviations in results.
Characterization of Rubber Seed Shell and Kernel (Hevea brasiliensis) as Raw ...CrimsonPublishersACSR
Characterization of Rubber Seed Shell and Kernel
(Hevea brasiliensis) as Raw Materials for Coliquefaction with Low Rank Coal by Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak*, Siti Nur Ain Mohd Hassan, Ali H Jawad and Khudzir Ismail in Annals of Chemical Science Research
Acidification kinetics of turnip and radish by critic and acetic acidsGraciela Clara Coccaro
This thesis examines the acidification kinetics of turnip and radish using citric acid and acetic acid. Experiments followed a central composite rotatable design with three process variables - temperature, acid concentration, and sample to solution ratio. Higher values of these variables resulted in shorter times to reach pH 4.5 and higher sample acidity levels. Response surface methodology was used to determine optimum processing conditions and corresponding acidity levels. Citric acid acidified turnip and radish more quickly than acetic acid. Acidification successfully reduced vegetable pH below 4.5, facilitating mild thermal processing.
Preparation of γ-Al2O3 and Prioritization of Affecting Factors on the Crystal...A Behzadmehr
In this work, boehmite sol was prepared by a previously applied and validated method; hydrolysis of aluminum chloride hexa-hydrate. In order to obtain precise results, the effect of pH after adding precipitating agent, aging time, peptizing temperature and ultrasonic vibration time on the crystallite size of final precipitate were investigated in a narrow range. The preparation conditions applied in the production step of nanocrystalline boehmite affected on the desired alumina phase. Experiments were set based on the statistical design of experiments (Taguchi method). Furthermore the influence of calcination on crystallization and phase transformation of the precipitate was investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) techniques. To evaluate the results, the obtained data were statistically analyzed. Considering the statisti cal analysis of experiments, the pH after adding precipitating agent is the major parameter affecting crystallite size. In contrast, aging time has the smallest effect on the crystallite size. In addition, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the samples revealed that the particle size of the powders was well distributed in the nano-size range. Taguchi prediction on the crystallite size was 2.096±0.139 nm (with confidence interval of 95%) which confirmed by a verification experiment (2.064 nm).
This study examined the bioregeneration of granular activated carbon (GAC) contaminated with hydrocarbon using Pseudomonas putida bacteria. The rate of bioregeneration was analyzed by varying the volume of bacteria from 10-40ml and the temperature from 25-45°C over 21 days. Increasing the bacteria volume and temperature both increased the rate of bioregeneration. The highest regeneration efficiency occurred with 40ml of bacteria at 40°C, as increasing temperature further to 45°C did not provide additional benefit. Characterization of the GAC before and after regeneration showed that its properties were largely preserved through the bioregeneration process.
KINETICS, EQUILIBRIUM AND THERMODYNAMICS STUDIES ON BIOSORPTION OF HEAVY META...Drm Kapoor
Batch studies were conducted to assess biosorption potential of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus dead biomass, operated under various pH (5, 6 and 7), temperature (20, 30 and 40ºC) and initial metal concentration (300, 600 and 900ppm) conditions. The maximum sorption by A. flavus being a better adsorbent showed to be 257mg/g for Cr (III) at 40C leading to 85.6% biosorption. Metal uptake was preeminent at pH 6 and decreased at pH 7. Results revealed amplifying uptake in biosorption with the increase in temperature and initial metal concentration. Kinetics and equilibrium studies were carried out in which pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm best represented the biosorption with regression coefficient values > 0.982 respectively. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (∆G, ∆H and ∆S) showed that the biosorption of each of the metal ions on A. flavus was spontaneous, feasible and endothermic. A. flavus was efficient for removal of toxic metals.
This document describes a graduate project report on using cashew nut shells as an agricultural waste adsorbent for the removal of phenol from wastewater. The aim is to investigate the capability of cashew nut shells to remove phenol and study the effects of parameters like initial phenol concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time and temperature on adsorption. The project involves preparing and characterizing the adsorbent, optimizing operating conditions, and conducting kinetic and equilibrium studies to analyze adsorption data using isotherm models. The results show that cashew nut shells activated with sulfuric acid can effectively remove 57.18% of phenol from wastewater, close to the predicted removal of 61.006
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenesunitha81
This document describes a study investigating V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic V-MCM-41, Mn-MCM-41, and bimetallic V-Mn-MCM-41 molecular sieves were synthesized and characterized. Their activity was measured for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride. Among the catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V = 50 exhibited the highest activity and selectivity towards producing phthalic anhydride under the experimental conditions. The physico-chemical properties of the catalysts, including metal content, surface area,
In this research in order to produce blood sugar biosensor, an appropriate
membrane for glucose oxidase immobilization by using nanofibers created from
polymers of polyacrylic acid and starch are studied. They are biocompatible and
biodegradable respectively and were prepared by electro-spinning method for
nanofiber fabrication. Dimethylformamide and distilled water were used as solvent for
PAA and starch respectively to get a homogeneous solution. Because nanofibers made
of polyacrylic acid-starch face with enzymes, due to its extremely high hydrophilic
‘OH’ groups may lose their cohesion, crosslinking as chemical surface modification
and for better enzyme immobilization, non-thermal plasma surface modification using
atmospheric pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) were used. Crosslinking was
carried out by APTMS and Glutaraldehyde (GA). The effect of electro-spinning process
variables on morphology of nanofibers was examined by Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM). Nanofibers structure and chemical composition to demonstrate
the successful linking and immobilization of enzymes in the composite membrane was
obtained by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and improved thermal
stability of nanofibers in presence of enzyme and surface modifications was
determined by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA).
This study was focused on the effects of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) additive on process parameters and compost quality of Co-composting of filter cake and bagasse. Filter cake and bagasse were mixed and sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) from a heating power plant of sugar mill. Three compost mixes (M) were obtained: MA with 0%, MB with 10% and MC with 20 wt % of fuel ash. These three different mixes were composted in an experimental composter as three parallel experiments for 3 weeks each. The physical, chemical and biological parameters were monitoring during composting. Significantly, ash additives decreased the total organic carbon; measured by mineralization the breaking down of the organic matter was more rapid in the MC than in the MA, as well as increased the pH during composting. Interesting, the pH decreased was most important in MA and attend 5 for the first week of composting, and then it gradually increased to pH around 8 at the end of the process. The results indicated that ash inhibits the pH drop due to production of organic acids during composting. The acidity of the material was reported as affects the process during the initial phase of rising temperature and quality of the final product. The temperature reached up to 50-55oC during thermophilic phase, the greater temperature was obtained for MC. At the end of composting, the electrical conductivity increased in the MC, especially in MC, but don’t exceed limit (4 mS/cm) for prevent phytotoxicity of the compost. The SCBA additive was likely to speed up the composting process of bagasse with filter cake from 44 days to 33 days.
Chemical and Physical properties of Cassava Starch-Cm-Chitosan-Acrylic Acid Hydrogel prepared from radiation –induced crosslinking
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso
Center for Application of Isotopes and Radiation- National Nuclear Energy Agency
Jl. Lebak Bulus Raya No. 49, Jakarta-Selatan, Indonesia
Corresponding author; e-mail; gatot2811@yahoo.com ,
Fax: +62-21-.7513270, HP ; 08129419442
nternational Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Thiobacillus ferroxidans N-13 was explored for bioleaching copper from low-grade covellite ore. Shake flask experiments showed 82% copper extraction after 10 days at 37°C, pH 4.5, 200 rpm agitation, 0.5 g/L yeast extract, and 40% ore concentration. Bioreactor experiments extracted 88% copper in 8 days under the same conditions. T. ferroxidans N-13, isolated from saline soil, is a promising candidate for bioleaching copper from covellite using this pollution-free process.
This document summarizes a student's research project on treating whey wastewater from a dairy company using anaerobic, aerobic, and anoxic treatment systems. The student characterized the whey wastewater, conducted treatment in anaerobic, aerobic, and anoxic reactors, and analyzed various parameters such as COD, TOC, TN, and TP before and after each treatment. The highest COD, TOC, TN, and TP removals were achieved in the aerobic reactor, followed by anoxic and then anaerobic reactors. The student concluded that an anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic treatment combination provides better results for whey wastewater treatment compared to
This document summarizes a study that investigated the adsorption isotherm of Hg(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) ions onto unmodified and ester-modified Senilia senilus and Thais coronata biomass. Adsorption capacity was tested using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models. The study found that unmodified biomass was a better adsorbent for removing heavy metals. Adsorption increased with increasing initial metal ion concentration. Among the isotherm models, Freundlich isotherm best fit the equilibrium data with r2 values ranging from 0.9887 to 1.000. The biomass and adsorption method proved
Trace Elemental Characterization of Edible Oils with Graphite Furnace Atomic ...PerkinElmer, Inc.
This paper reports the development of a simple method for
the analysis of edible oil samples by using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GFAAS). Sample preparation has been done by using a microwave digestion system. Metals like Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, As, Cd, Pb, Se and Zn were analyzed using the developed method.
Learn more about our solutions: http://bit.ly/1f7ZS7T
This study evaluated the biodegradability of the antioxidant diaryl-p-phenylene diamine (DAPD) using a modified inherent biodegradation test. DAPD is used in tires and rubber products. Previous studies found it was not readily biodegradable using standard tests. This study used radiolabeled DAPD (R-898) at low concentrations of 10-100 μg/L added to silica gel to enhance solubility, along with a surfactant. After 28 days, no parent compound remained. After 63 days, 37% had mineralized and 29% was incorporated into biomass, demonstrating biodegradation. The modifications enhanced the sensitivity of the test to show DAPD
IRJET - Factorial Optimization and Peri-Kinetics of Pharmaceutical Effluent C...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimization and kinetics of coag-flocculation of pharmaceutical industry effluent using Pleurotus tuberregium sclerotium tuber. Key findings include:
1) The optimal coag-flocculation conditions for maximum TDSS removal were determined to be pH 13, coagulant dosage of 0.3g/l, and settling time of 40 minutes, achieving 98.68% removal efficiency.
2) Kinetic models were developed and applied to experimental data to determine aggregation rate constant (K) and coagulation period (τ1/2), with maximum values of 2.491E-04 l/g.min and 7E-02 min respectively.
3
Alkaline Extraction of Cobia (Rachycentroncanadum) Proteins: Physicochemical ...IJERA Editor
Cobia (Rachycentroncanadum) is an important emerging species in Brazilian mariculture. The aim of the study was to obtain and characterize a protein isolate from cobia muscle using chemical extraction process by alkaline solubilization and isoelectric precipitation of proteins. The extraction yield was 98.17g/100g protein on a dry basis. The highest solubility and water holding capacity (WHC) of cobiaprotein isolate (CPI) was obtained at pH 11and 21.9mL of water per gram of protein. The electrophoretic profiles revealed masses characteristic of myofibrillar proteins (myosin and actin). The main peaks identified by qualitative spectroscopy analysis of the infrared spectrawere characteristic of peptide bonds such as amide I and amide II. The highest fusion and degradation points of CPI were 259.1°C and 378°C, respectively. The results showed that the CPI has great biotechnological value in various industrial areas that require a product of high protein value.
Laboratory investigation of insecticide O,O diethyl O-2 isopropyl 6- methyl pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate insecticide adsorption using olive stones activated by phosphoric acid was carried out. The influence of several factors governing insecticide adsorption such as dosage, temperature, pH and time in addition to specific surface area of the prepared carbon was investigated. The obtained results showed that the adsorption was found to increase with increasing temperature and pH and the activated carbon prepared from olive stones has higher surface area (>700 m2g-1). Also, the removal of insecticide increased with the lapse of time; an olive stone activated by phosphoric acid has 75.6 % insecticide removal efficiency in comparison with that of activated carbon. The experimental results have been fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm better fitted the experimental data since the average percent deviations were lower than with Freundlich isotherm. Moreover, activated carbon from olive stones is a suitable adsorbent and adsorption of 90% is possible in the high temperature, pH and adsorbent dosages.
Characterization of Structural and Surface Properties of Nanocrystalline TiO2...Shingo Watanabe (渡邊真悟)
This document characterizes the structural and surface properties of TiO2-CeO2 mixed oxides synthesized using a urea coprecipitation method. Key findings include:
1) The mixed oxides have unimodal nanoporous structures with pore sizes ranging from 3.7 to 5.3 nm and higher surface areas than single TiO2 and CeO2 oxides.
2) XRD and XPS analysis show the mixed oxides have nanocrystalline structures between 4.0-5.4 nm, with distorted lattice structures indicating reduction of Ti4+ and Ce4+ ions at the surface.
3) H2-TPR and NH3-TPD reveal the mixed oxides
This lab report details an experiment to study the efficient removal of turbidity, color, aluminum, and total suspended solids from river water by varying coagulant dosage, pH, settling time, and stirring speed of a flocculator. An optimum dosage of 0.1mL of polyaluminum chloride was selected with an optimum pH of 7.12, settling time of 1.5 hours, and stirring speed of 250 RPM. The experiment used a Lovibond flocculator and HACH spectrophotometer and colorimeter to test the water quality parameters. Experimental results for pH and coagulant dosage did not fully agree with literature values. Results for stirring speed and settling time agreed with theories from the literature review. Errors
This document summarizes a study that determined the concentrations of lead, cadmium, and chromium in spice samples from eastern Ethiopia using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Spice samples of fenugreek, black cumin, garlic, and ginger were collected and digested using microwave digestion with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Lead, cadmium, and chromium concentrations were then measured. The study found detectable levels of all three metals in the samples tested, with the highest lead level found in ginger and the only detectable cadmium found in fenugreek. Microwave digestion was determined to be the optimal sample preparation method compared to dry and wet digestion based on shorter time and smaller deviations in results.
Characterization of Rubber Seed Shell and Kernel (Hevea brasiliensis) as Raw ...CrimsonPublishersACSR
Characterization of Rubber Seed Shell and Kernel
(Hevea brasiliensis) as Raw Materials for Coliquefaction with Low Rank Coal by Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak*, Siti Nur Ain Mohd Hassan, Ali H Jawad and Khudzir Ismail in Annals of Chemical Science Research
Acidification kinetics of turnip and radish by critic and acetic acidsGraciela Clara Coccaro
This thesis examines the acidification kinetics of turnip and radish using citric acid and acetic acid. Experiments followed a central composite rotatable design with three process variables - temperature, acid concentration, and sample to solution ratio. Higher values of these variables resulted in shorter times to reach pH 4.5 and higher sample acidity levels. Response surface methodology was used to determine optimum processing conditions and corresponding acidity levels. Citric acid acidified turnip and radish more quickly than acetic acid. Acidification successfully reduced vegetable pH below 4.5, facilitating mild thermal processing.
Preparation of γ-Al2O3 and Prioritization of Affecting Factors on the Crystal...A Behzadmehr
In this work, boehmite sol was prepared by a previously applied and validated method; hydrolysis of aluminum chloride hexa-hydrate. In order to obtain precise results, the effect of pH after adding precipitating agent, aging time, peptizing temperature and ultrasonic vibration time on the crystallite size of final precipitate were investigated in a narrow range. The preparation conditions applied in the production step of nanocrystalline boehmite affected on the desired alumina phase. Experiments were set based on the statistical design of experiments (Taguchi method). Furthermore the influence of calcination on crystallization and phase transformation of the precipitate was investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) techniques. To evaluate the results, the obtained data were statistically analyzed. Considering the statisti cal analysis of experiments, the pH after adding precipitating agent is the major parameter affecting crystallite size. In contrast, aging time has the smallest effect on the crystallite size. In addition, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the samples revealed that the particle size of the powders was well distributed in the nano-size range. Taguchi prediction on the crystallite size was 2.096±0.139 nm (with confidence interval of 95%) which confirmed by a verification experiment (2.064 nm).
This study examined the bioregeneration of granular activated carbon (GAC) contaminated with hydrocarbon using Pseudomonas putida bacteria. The rate of bioregeneration was analyzed by varying the volume of bacteria from 10-40ml and the temperature from 25-45°C over 21 days. Increasing the bacteria volume and temperature both increased the rate of bioregeneration. The highest regeneration efficiency occurred with 40ml of bacteria at 40°C, as increasing temperature further to 45°C did not provide additional benefit. Characterization of the GAC before and after regeneration showed that its properties were largely preserved through the bioregeneration process.
KINETICS, EQUILIBRIUM AND THERMODYNAMICS STUDIES ON BIOSORPTION OF HEAVY META...Drm Kapoor
Batch studies were conducted to assess biosorption potential of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus dead biomass, operated under various pH (5, 6 and 7), temperature (20, 30 and 40ºC) and initial metal concentration (300, 600 and 900ppm) conditions. The maximum sorption by A. flavus being a better adsorbent showed to be 257mg/g for Cr (III) at 40C leading to 85.6% biosorption. Metal uptake was preeminent at pH 6 and decreased at pH 7. Results revealed amplifying uptake in biosorption with the increase in temperature and initial metal concentration. Kinetics and equilibrium studies were carried out in which pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm best represented the biosorption with regression coefficient values > 0.982 respectively. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (∆G, ∆H and ∆S) showed that the biosorption of each of the metal ions on A. flavus was spontaneous, feasible and endothermic. A. flavus was efficient for removal of toxic metals.
This document describes a graduate project report on using cashew nut shells as an agricultural waste adsorbent for the removal of phenol from wastewater. The aim is to investigate the capability of cashew nut shells to remove phenol and study the effects of parameters like initial phenol concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time and temperature on adsorption. The project involves preparing and characterizing the adsorbent, optimizing operating conditions, and conducting kinetic and equilibrium studies to analyze adsorption data using isotherm models. The results show that cashew nut shells activated with sulfuric acid can effectively remove 57.18% of phenol from wastewater, close to the predicted removal of 61.006
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenesunitha81
This document describes a study investigating V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic V-MCM-41, Mn-MCM-41, and bimetallic V-Mn-MCM-41 molecular sieves were synthesized and characterized. Their activity was measured for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride. Among the catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V = 50 exhibited the highest activity and selectivity towards producing phthalic anhydride under the experimental conditions. The physico-chemical properties of the catalysts, including metal content, surface area,
In this research in order to produce blood sugar biosensor, an appropriate
membrane for glucose oxidase immobilization by using nanofibers created from
polymers of polyacrylic acid and starch are studied. They are biocompatible and
biodegradable respectively and were prepared by electro-spinning method for
nanofiber fabrication. Dimethylformamide and distilled water were used as solvent for
PAA and starch respectively to get a homogeneous solution. Because nanofibers made
of polyacrylic acid-starch face with enzymes, due to its extremely high hydrophilic
‘OH’ groups may lose their cohesion, crosslinking as chemical surface modification
and for better enzyme immobilization, non-thermal plasma surface modification using
atmospheric pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) were used. Crosslinking was
carried out by APTMS and Glutaraldehyde (GA). The effect of electro-spinning process
variables on morphology of nanofibers was examined by Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM). Nanofibers structure and chemical composition to demonstrate
the successful linking and immobilization of enzymes in the composite membrane was
obtained by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and improved thermal
stability of nanofibers in presence of enzyme and surface modifications was
determined by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA).
This study was focused on the effects of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) additive on process parameters and compost quality of Co-composting of filter cake and bagasse. Filter cake and bagasse were mixed and sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) from a heating power plant of sugar mill. Three compost mixes (M) were obtained: MA with 0%, MB with 10% and MC with 20 wt % of fuel ash. These three different mixes were composted in an experimental composter as three parallel experiments for 3 weeks each. The physical, chemical and biological parameters were monitoring during composting. Significantly, ash additives decreased the total organic carbon; measured by mineralization the breaking down of the organic matter was more rapid in the MC than in the MA, as well as increased the pH during composting. Interesting, the pH decreased was most important in MA and attend 5 for the first week of composting, and then it gradually increased to pH around 8 at the end of the process. The results indicated that ash inhibits the pH drop due to production of organic acids during composting. The acidity of the material was reported as affects the process during the initial phase of rising temperature and quality of the final product. The temperature reached up to 50-55oC during thermophilic phase, the greater temperature was obtained for MC. At the end of composting, the electrical conductivity increased in the MC, especially in MC, but don’t exceed limit (4 mS/cm) for prevent phytotoxicity of the compost. The SCBA additive was likely to speed up the composting process of bagasse with filter cake from 44 days to 33 days.
Chemical and Physical properties of Cassava Starch-Cm-Chitosan-Acrylic Acid Hydrogel prepared from radiation –induced crosslinking
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso
Center for Application of Isotopes and Radiation- National Nuclear Energy Agency
Jl. Lebak Bulus Raya No. 49, Jakarta-Selatan, Indonesia
Corresponding author; e-mail; gatot2811@yahoo.com ,
Fax: +62-21-.7513270, HP ; 08129419442
nternational Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Thiobacillus ferroxidans N-13 was explored for bioleaching copper from low-grade covellite ore. Shake flask experiments showed 82% copper extraction after 10 days at 37°C, pH 4.5, 200 rpm agitation, 0.5 g/L yeast extract, and 40% ore concentration. Bioreactor experiments extracted 88% copper in 8 days under the same conditions. T. ferroxidans N-13, isolated from saline soil, is a promising candidate for bioleaching copper from covellite using this pollution-free process.
This document summarizes a student's research project on treating whey wastewater from a dairy company using anaerobic, aerobic, and anoxic treatment systems. The student characterized the whey wastewater, conducted treatment in anaerobic, aerobic, and anoxic reactors, and analyzed various parameters such as COD, TOC, TN, and TP before and after each treatment. The highest COD, TOC, TN, and TP removals were achieved in the aerobic reactor, followed by anoxic and then anaerobic reactors. The student concluded that an anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic treatment combination provides better results for whey wastewater treatment compared to
This document summarizes a study that investigated the adsorption isotherm of Hg(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) ions onto unmodified and ester-modified Senilia senilus and Thais coronata biomass. Adsorption capacity was tested using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models. The study found that unmodified biomass was a better adsorbent for removing heavy metals. Adsorption increased with increasing initial metal ion concentration. Among the isotherm models, Freundlich isotherm best fit the equilibrium data with r2 values ranging from 0.9887 to 1.000. The biomass and adsorption method proved
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
This document summarizes a study investigating the adsorption capacity of activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shell for removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solution. The palm kernel shell was carbonized and activated to produce porous activated carbon. Testing showed the activated carbon had a surface area of 127 m2/g and micropore volume of 0.11 cm3/g. Adsorption experiments were conducted with methylene blue solutions and found that 94-80% of the dye was adsorbed within 10 minutes, with maximum adsorption reached at 50 minutes. Equilibrium adsorption data fit well to the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 3.22 mg/g predicted by the model
Microbial Communities Involved in Methane Production from Coal Treated by Pot...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
Microbial Communities Involved in Methane Production from Coal Treated by Potassium Permanganate by Zaixing Huang in Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
Equilibrium and Kinetics Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead Ions from Aqueous Sol...theijes
This document summarizes a study on the adsorption of cadmium and lead ions from aqueous solution using bamboo-based activated carbon. Key findings include:
1) Unwashed chemical activated bamboo carbon achieved 87.81% removal of cadmium at pH 5 and 96.45% removal of lead at pH 11.
2) Adsorption equilibrium was reached within 1 hour for cadmium and 2.5 hours for lead.
3) Adsorption isotherm data fitted the Freundlich, Temkin, and Hills isotherm models well, suggesting chemisorption as the adsorption mechanism.
4) Kinetic data correlated best with the pseudo-
This article is about salt chemical treatment and hot acid treatment of wells. In this case, research has covered different points of theoretical and methodological the hydrochloric acid treatment of the well. Finally, research has pinpointed on various views of outcomes and shortcomings at all. by Shukurov Abror Sharipovich 2020. Hydrochloric acid treatment of the well. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 9 (Sep. 2020), 77-79. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i9.592. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/592/566 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/592
This document summarizes a study that used response surface methodology to optimize the removal of Zn2+ ions from aqueous solution using a novel biochar-alginate composite adsorbent. The researchers developed a quadratic model to predict Zn2+ removal based on initial Zn2+ concentration, adsorbent dose, and temperature. Their analysis found that initial Zn2+ concentration and adsorbent dose had the largest effect on removal efficiency. The optimum conditions for maximum 85% removal were determined to be an initial Zn2+ concentration of 43.18 mg/L, adsorbent dose of 0.062 g, and temperature of 313.5 K.
Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Using Groundnut Shell Activated Carbon C...IOSRJAC
In this work, activated carbon prepared from groundnut shells (GSAC) by sulphuric acid treatment was coated with Fe3O4(GSAC- Fe3O4) and tested for its efficiency as an adsorbentfor the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution. The structural morphology and functional groups present were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Various sorption parameters such as effect of pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage were studied. The percentage removal of methylene blue increased with decrease in initial methylene blue concentration and increased with increase in contact time and dose of the adsorbent. Equilibrium data were analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic data were studied using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models.
Present study aims to investigate the efficiency of newly synthesized adsorbent polyvinyl
alcohol-alginate bound nano magnetite microspheres modified with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide [PVAANM/CTAB]
in removal of anionic dye ‘Alizarin Red S’ from aqueous medium. The effect of agitation time,
influence of pH, amount of adsorbent, initial dye concentration and temperature were systematically studied by
batch sorption system. Various isotherms and kinetic models have been fitted with experimental data to evaluate
mechanism of adsorption. Characterization of the so-prepared adsorbent was accomplished by FTIR, XRD,
SEM and TEM analysis. The experimental data fitted very well with Freundlich and Temkin isotherm model.
The sorption kinetics follows pseudo second order kinetic model. PVA-ANM/CTAB has been found an effective,
economic, eco-friendly and efficient adsorbent as it showed ≥ 98% removal at pH 8 and could be regenerated
by acetic acid and reused.
This research article investigates total chlorine-free bleaching of poplar kraft pulp using Oxone. The pulp samples underwent a two-stage Oxone bleaching sequence after an acid pretreatment stage. Various reaction parameters were optimized in each stage. The final achieved brightness was more than 78% and accelerated aging experiments showed greater brightness stability for the Oxone treated pulp. The results demonstrate the feasibility and environmental benefits of Oxone for total chlorine-free bleaching compared to other bleaching methods.
Magnetic Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH composite grafted with cobalt phthalocyanine as an ef...Pawan Kumar
Magnetically separable layered double hydroxide MgAl–LDH@Fe3O4 composite supported cobalt
phthalocyanine catalyst was synthesized and used for the aerobic oxidation of mercaptans to corresponding
disulfides under alkali free conditions. The catalyst exhibited excellent activity for the oxidation of
mercaptans using molecular oxygen as an oxidant which can be effectively recovered by using an external
magnetic field. In addition, the covalent immobilization of cobalt phthalocyanine to MgAl–LDH@Fe3O4
support prevents the leaching of the catalyst and improves its activity and stability
Removal of phosphate ion from water using chemically modified biomass of suga...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
1) CHEMAF's cobalt plant in the Democratic Republic of Congo was experiencing decreased cobalt carbonate grade and increased reagent consumption due to rising magnesium levels in the ore feed, as dolomite concentration increased.
2) Laboratory tests evaluated different precipitation pH levels and precipitants to improve cobalt grade and reduce costs. Dual precipitation using sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide improved filtration capacity by 30% and cobalt grade and drying capacity by 50%, while reducing reagent use by 22%.
3) Implementing precipitate seed recycle in the plant further increased magnesium rejection by 40%, cobalt grade from 20% to 25%, and reduced reagent consumption. Process changes successfully overcame challenges from high magnesium in
Abstract— Biofuel production from microalgae biomass appears as a promising long term alternative. Dunaliella tertiolecta is a microalgae with high tolerance to salinity, temperature, and light, making it relatively easy to grow. The aim of this study was to establish a pilot-scale culture to evaluate the biomass yield and bioethanol production. The cell culture of D. tertiolecta was started in 20 ml tubes and escalated to 20 L containers. The biomass yield was 0.153 g L-1 of dry basis (db) and its characterization showed protein (37% db) as major component followed by carbohydrates (35.6), lipids (13% db) and ash (6.5%). The carbohydrate fraction was composed of starch (27.1% db) and fiber (8.5 %) and its neutral sugar characterization yield glucose (91% molar). The main components of the lipid fraction were linolenic and palmitic acids. The biomass was subjected to an acid pre-treatment for the saccharification of complex carbohydrates, and the hydrolyzed biomass was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was possible to produce 0.615 ml g-1 of ethanol. In conclusion, D. tertiolecta has the potential for bioethanol production, making it a promising option for the biofuels future.
Aluminum doped sba 15 silica as acid catalyst for the methanolysis of sunflow...Solange Quintella
The document summarizes research on using aluminum-doped SBA-15 silica materials as solid acid catalysts for the methanolysis (biodiesel production) of sunflower oil. Different Si/Al molar ratios were tested after post-synthesis alumination of SBA-15 silica. The catalyst with a Si/Al ratio of 20 achieved 96% biodiesel yield using only 10% catalyst at 200°C over 4 hours and showed good stability and recyclability. The catalysts were able to simultaneously catalyze transesterification of triglycerides and esterification of free fatty acids, even with 9% free fatty acids present.
This study examined the effect of manganese citrate and manganese sulfate on the growth of the medicinal mushroom Trametes versicolor. It found that manganese citrate significantly increased the biomass of T. versicolor compared to manganese sulfate when added to a GPY medium. However, when added to a synthetic GAsn medium, manganese citrate and manganese sulfate had an equally low effect on biomass growth. Notably, manganese citrate resulted in lower glucose consumption from the GAsn medium compared to manganese sulfate. This demonstrates that manganese citrate and sulfate have different impacts on the fungus's ability to absorb nutrients from culture media depending on the medium composition.
Similar to Evaluation of the Optimum Conditions for Biotechnological Magnesite Enrichment (20)
The Role of Indigenous People Knowledge in the Biodiversity Conservation in ...Sryahwa Publications
The term biodiversity refers the number and variability of living organisms. It also incorporates human and cultural diversity. The Gursum indigenous people and their knowledge on the biodiversity conservation represent one of the oldest traditionally valuable systems in Ethiopia. Indigenous peoples and their socio cultural relationship with biological systems have largely been contributing to sustainable conservation of biodiversity.
The Social Daily Activity Correlation of Olive Baboon (Papio Anubis) in Gash...Sryahwa Publications
Baboons range throughout sub-Saharan Africa, across a multitude of habitat types making them the most widespread African primate genus and perhaps coincidentally, are one of the best studied
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Formation Patterns of Acridid Communities in Urban Landscapes of TurkmenistanSryahwa Publications
Acridid communities of urbanized landscapes in Turkmenistan are described for the first time. General peculiarities of formation of acridid communities in urban landscapes are studying for the desert zone. The structure of the communities is determined by soil conditions, types of plant cover and the level of anthropogenic impact on the different urban biotopes.
Global Warming and the Sudan: Variation of Air Temperature over Sudan and So...Sryahwa Publications
This document analyzes changes in air temperature over Sudan and South Sudan over the past 50 years using data from 19 meteorological stations. The key findings are:
- Mean air temperature increased by about 0.3°C between the periods 1961-1990 and 1981-2010. Maximum temperatures increased by 0.47°C on average and minimum temperatures increased by 0.27°C.
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Effects of Baryte Mining on Water Quality in Azara-Awe Local Government Area...Sryahwa Publications
This study seeks to ascertain the extent of baryte mining pollution on water quality in Azara-Awe Local Government Area of Nasarawa state of Nigeria. To achieve this goal, two surface water and fourteen underground water samples were obtained in the study area. Nitric acid (0.2%) was added to water samples to preserve it for laboratory test.
Assessment of Air Quality along Urbanization Gradient in Apo District of the...Sryahwa Publications
The study assessed air quality along urbanization gradient in Apo District of FCT of Nigeria. Experimental research was employed and it enabled air quality data (NO, NO2, SO2, O3, CO and PM10)
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Quality of Life (QoL) of Rural Dwellers in Nigeria: A Subjective Assessment ...Sryahwa Publications
Drawing on data collected from a survey of 156 randomly selected residents of Ikeji-Arakeji, this study evaluates rural quality of life (QoL) in Osun State, Southwest Nigeria. Findings showed that majority (52.6%) of the residents were living below poverty line. Results further revealed that residents were less satisfied with key quality of life indicators especially on availability of portable water, electricity, quality of recreational facility, cleanliness of the area and access to waste disposal facilities among others.
Assessment of Endophytic Fungal Flora Responsible for Plant Growth Promotion...Sryahwa Publications
The present paper discusses the highest colonization of fungal endophytes as Alternaria speciesin comparison with Colletotrichumspecies and Fusarium species in all three plants Pongamia pinnata, Securinega leucopyrus and Rhus mysorensis. These endophytic fungi protect these plants from various
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Mitochondrial Complex 1is Important for Plant Tolerance to Fungal Biotic StressSryahwa Publications
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ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Evaluation of the Optimum Conditions for Biotechnological Magnesite Enrichment
1. Annals of Ecology and Environmental Science
Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017, PP 88-93
Annals of Ecology and Environmental Science V1 ● I1 ● 2017 88
Evaluation of the Optimum Conditions for Biotechnological
Magnesite Enrichment
Derya Efe1
, Furkan Orhan2
, Medine Gulluce3
1
Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Espiye Vocational School, Giresun University,
TR28600, Giresun, Turkey
2
Central Research and Application Laboratory, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, TR04100, Agri,
Turkey
3
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, TURKEY
*Corresponding Author: Dr. Derya Efe, Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Espiye
Vocational School, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey.
INTRODUCTION
The deposits of ores have been formed at the
earth or on earth's surface through different
geological processes since the beginning of the
earth [1, 2]
. Turkey is a rich country in terms of
ore variety because of the geological processes
it has undergone. The ore variety of Turkey
include boron, chrome, iron, copper, manganase,
nickel, coal, magnesite, etc. Magnesite is the
one of the most important ores for economic
development of Turkey. Turkey is the second
highest magnesite producer in the world and has
205,740 million tons of magnesite reserves that
contain %41-48 MgO. Eskişehir, Kütahya,
Konya, Çankırı, Erzurum and Erzincan are the
provinces having high magnesite reserves in
Turkey [3, 4]
. Magnesite, the primary source for
magnesium and magnesium derivatives,
comprises of theoretically 47.6% MgO.
However, magnesite ore deposits contain many
undesirable impurities such as silisium, iron
and calcium. Among all these impurities,
expecially high amount of calcium in the form
of CaCO3 (≥3%) restrict usability and reduce
economic value of magnesite [5]
. For industrial
applications of magnesite including sinter
magnesite that has high flame resistance,
magnesite should contain less than 1% calcium
carbonate. Since, CaCO3 negatively affects the
processing of magnesite through the formation
of calcium oxide (CaO) named as „free form of
CaCO3‟. Due to water vapor absorbing property
of CaO, the stability of the flame resistant
material significantly decreases. Besides, in the
presence of CaCO3, the stability of flame-
resistant materials decreases while the
magnesite volume increases [5-7]
Up to day, there
have been many studies regarding the removal
of magnesite impurities and improving
magnesite quality by physical and chemical
methods. Physical methods such as crushing,
scrubbing, and magnetic separation have been
used to remove impurities from magnesite.
Although physical methods are still widely used,
these processes have some disadvantages such
as being very expensive, requiring well-designed
ABSTRACT
Magnesite formulated as MgCO3 is the primary source for magnesium and magnesium derivates. In
Turkey, many magnesite deposits cannot be worked out because of high CaCO3 content. Therefore, there
are many researchers have applied physical and chemical methods to improve the quality of magnesite.
While physical methods are expensive and chemical methods reduce the biological diversity and pollute
soil and groundwater, the focus has now been shifted on alternative methods such as biotechnological
procedures. For the first time, it was revealed that magnesite enrichment can be carried out biotechnologically
by using a nonpathogenic lactic acid bacteria called as Lactococcus sp.(LC) strain. However, the optimum
conditions for LC dissolving CaCO3 in magnesite were not determined before. In this research, the optimum
conditions for biotechnological magnesite enrichment by LC have been determined with classical methods.
To perform optimization experiments, a set of temperature (10-40°C), pH (5-9), particle size (200 mesh-5
mm), solid amount (2-10%), bacterial concentration (1-5%) (~108 cfu/mL) have been tested.
Keywords: Biotechnological enrichment, Magnesite, Optimization, Lactococcus sp.
2. Evaluation of the Optimum Conditions for Biotechnological Magnesite Enrichment
89 Annals of Ecology and Environmental Science V1 ● I1 ● 2017
systems and being insufficient when applied
alone [8]
.
Improving magnesite quality by leaching
magnesite with organic or inorganic acids can
be defined as „chemical leaching‟. Chemical
methods are more effective than physical
methods. However, organic and inorganic acids
used in leaching processes threaten the
environment health through pollution of
groundwater and soil [9-13]
. Considering the
disadvantages of physical and chemical processes,
there is a necessity for a new environment
friendly, practical and economic process to
remove CaCO3. For the purpose of magnesite
enrichment, Yanmis et al. [7]
have studied the
application of bacteria. In their study, they found
that Actinomycetes sp., isolated from a cave,
significantly lowered the amount of CaCO3 in
magnesite, but did not affect the amount of
MgCO3 significantly. Then, it has been reported
that CaCO3 dissolving Lactococcus spp. can
remove the clogging of the drip irrigation
system pipes [12]
. The report of Eroglu et al.2012
has provide the insight to investigate the
possibility of magnesite enrichment by this
Lactococcus (LC) strain [13]
.
According to our study, in the 5-day batch
culture, LC reduced the concentration of CaCO3
of the raw magnesite ore from 2.94 to 1.31%
thus, 55.44% enrichment of raw magnesite ore
was achieved. Besides, in the 25-day continuous
culture, the concentration of CaCO3 of the raw
magnesite ore was reduced from 2.94 to 0.57
thus, 80.61% enrichment of raw magnesite ore
was achieved. In this study, the optimization
experiments for biotechnologically magnesite
enrichment using LC have been determined with
classical methods. For this, a set of temperature
(10-40°C), pH (5-9), particle size (200 mesh-5
mm), solid amount (2-10%), bacterial concentration
(1-5%) (~108 cfu/mL) have been tested.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
Preparation of Magnesite Samples
The magnesite mineral samples were provided
by Turk Mag-Mining Corp in Askale/Erzurum,
Turkey. Magnesite samples were crushed,
ground, and then sieved by using American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard.
The chemical analyses of the samples were
accomplished by using gravimetric and volumetric
methods [14]
. The analytical result of chemical
analyses of magnesite is given in Table 1.
Table1. The Results of Chemical Analyses of
Magnesite
CaCO3 (%) 2.94
MgCO3 (%) 44.49
LOI (Loss on ignition) (%) 49.11
Acclimation of the Microorganism
The bacterial strain identified as Lactococcus sp.
was supplied from Yeditepe University
Collection (YUC) [9]
. To confirm dissolution
potential for CaCO3 of the bacterial isolate,
Yeast Dextrose CaCO3 (YDC) agar was used
(12 g/L yeast extract, 20 g/L dextrose, 5 g/L
CaCO3 and 15 g/L agar) (Eroglu et al., 2012;
Gulluce et al., 2013). LC was streaked onto
YDC and after ten days of incubation at 25 °C,
the clear zone around the colonies was
observed. The clear zone around the colonies
demonstrated that LC had dissolution ability for
CaCO3.
Then, the acclimatization process of the LC was
performed in 150 mL of the Yeast Dextrose
(YD) broth medium (with magnesite ore (12 g/L
yeast extract and 20 g/L dextrose) containing
0.2% (w/v) magnesite ore). The bacteria
incubated in the described medium at 25C and
150 rpm for 5 days (Yanmis et. al., [13]
. Then, 1
mL of the bacteria (108
cfu/mL) from the
acclimation process was inoculated in 250 mL
Erlenmeyer containing 150 mL of YD broth
medium to determine the optimal enrichment
conditions.
Determination of the Optimum Enrichment
Conditions
After acclimation process, 1 mL of the bacteria
(108
cfu/mL) was inoculated in 250 mL
Erlenmeyer containing 150 mL of YD broth
medium to determine the optimal temperature,
pH, particle size, solid amount and concentration
of bacteria. The reaction contents were stirred at
a certain speed for 21 days (504 hours).
Dissolution behavior of bacteria for magnesite
samples was tested under reaction conditions as
follows: temperature from 10 to 40°C, pH from
5 to 9, particle size from 200 mesh to 5 mm,
solid amount from 2% to 10%, bacteria amount
from %1 to %5 of bacteria with concentration
108
cfu/mL. Each of the performed experiment
was established according to the optimum
conditions determined from our previous
experimental setup. The experiments of this study
have been carried out in three replicates.
3. Evaluation of the Optimum Conditions for Biotechnological Magnesite Enrichment
Annals of Ecology and Environmental Science V1 ● I1 ●2017 90
RESULTS
According to the experiments of determine
optimum leaching temperature, the best results
were obtained at 30°C, the results obtained at 20
and 25°C were closed to the results obtained at
optimum temperature (Table 2).
While determining the leaching kinetics, another
important parameter to be studied is the pH of
the medium. The optimal pH range for the
growth of LC was 5.0-9.0, thus, these pH values
were applied for the effect of pH on dissolution
of the CaCO3. The optimal pH for CaCO3
dissolution was determined as pH 6.0 containing
1.16% of solid magnesite. At the same time, the
solid magnesite experiments showed that the
results of pH 7.0, were closed to the result
obtained at optimal pH (pH 6.0). It was
observed that pH 8.0 and 9.0 had adverse effect
on enrichment process (Table 3).
To determine the effect of different particle size
for magnesite enrichment, the experiments were
performed for nine particle sizes (200, 140, 60,
35 and 18 mesh and 1, 2, 3 and 5 mm).
According to the results obtained, the CaCO3
ratio in solid phase was determined as %1.02
which almost was the desired ratio for 2 mm
magnesite sample. Besides, we achieved ideal
values of CaCO3 ratio as %0.68 and %0.81 for
the particle sizes between 200 mesh and 1 mm,
respectively (Table 4).
Table2. The effect of different temperature on CaO and MgO ion concentration in liquid and CaCO3 and
MgCO3 ratio in solid
Type of medium Temperature 10 20 25 30 40
Liquid
Control CaO (%) 0.48 0.52 0.50 0.54 0.52
LC CaO (%) 3.02 4.66 5.28 5.45 3.27
Control MgO (%) 5.57 5.27 5.31 5.54 5.44
LC MgO (%) 15.12 19.32 21.50 21.80 16.53
Solid
Control CaCO3 (%) 2.53 2.52 2.51 2.56 2.54
LC CaCO3 (%) 2.06 1.32 1.12 1.02 1.98
Control MgCO3 (%) 44.77 44.78 44.91 44.97 44.95
LC MgCO3 (%) 43.76 41.85 41.06 41.25 43.12
Table3. The effect of different pH on CaO and MgO ion concentration in liquid and on CaCO3 and MgCO3
ratio in solid
Type of medium pH 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Liquid
Control CaO (%) 0.61 0.58 0.52 0.43 0.31
LC CaO (%) 3.99 5.35 4.25 4.15 3.47
Control MgO (%) 5.28 5.49 5.36 4.08 2.66
LC MgO (%) 20.16 21.93 20.95 20.06 18.85
Solid
Control CaCO3 (%) 2.38 2.48 2.51 2.65 2.70
LC CaCO3 (%) 1.94 1.16 1.48 1.89 2.00
Control MgCO3 (%) 44.20 45.10 44.88 46.43 48.12
LC MgCO3 (%) 43.16 40.58 41.28 47.89 49.16
Table4. The effect of different particle size on the CaO and MgO ion concentration in liquid and on CaCO3 and
MgCO3 ratio in solid
Particle size
Millimeter (mm) Mesh
Medium Type Groups Ions (%) 5 3 2 1 18 35 60 140 200
Liquid
Control CaO 0.32 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.35
LC CaO 1.06 1.15 1.41 1.05 1.15 1.32 1.28 1.55 1.25
Control MgO 2.20 2.40 2.20 2.20 2.30 2.30 2.10 2.40 2.40
LC MgO 23.42 23.04 21.42 22.18 23.68 25.46 26.18 26.42 26.28
Solid
Control CaCO3 2.45 2.42 2.29 2.39 2.19 2.48 2.38 2.24 2.51
LC CaCO3 1.65 1.22 1.15 0.95 0.85 0.87 0.86 0.74 0.76
Control MgCO3 46.84 46.84 46.84 46.84 46.84 46.84 46.84 46.84 46.84
LC MgCO3 44.24 43.95 42.45 41.98 40.16 41.22 40.06 39.85 40.05
The effect of different solid ratio (2, 3, 5, 7,5,
10% ) were given in Table 5. According to the
results obtained in determining the effect of
different magnesite solid ratio, the best results
4. Evaluation of the Optimum Conditions for Biotechnological Magnesite Enrichment
91 Annals of Ecology and Environmental Science V1 ● I1 ● 2017
were taken with 2% of magnesite which resulted
in % 1.30 CaCO3. On the other hand, 5% of
magnesite ratio resulted in % 1.13 CaCO3 which
was very close to the optimal magnesite ration
(2%) (Table 5).
The effect of bacterial density on magnesite
enrichment was another investigated parameter.
A variety of bacterial culture ratio (1, 2, 3 and
5%) in a cell density of 108
cfu/mL was
inoculated into the related media and no effect
was observed.
Table5. The effect of different solid ratio on CaO and MgO ion concentration in liquid and on CaCO3 and
MgCO3 ratio in solid
Solid ratio (%)
Type of medium 2 3 5 7.5 10
Liquid
Control CaO (%) 0.48 0.52 0.50 0.54 0.58
LC CaO (%) 1.51 1.58 1.62 1.74 1.79
Control MgO (%) 5.27 5.33 5.31 5.54 5.44
LC MgO (%) 26.20 27.31 27.95 26.48 26.53
Solid
Control CaCO3 (%) 2.53 2.52 2.58 2.56 2.54
LC CaCO3 (%) 1.13 1.15 1.30 1.78 1.94
Control MgCO3 (%) 44.77 44.78 44.91 44.97 44.95
LC MgCO3 (%) 39.16 39.25 38.50 40.56 40.00
DISCUSSION
The experiments for the determination of
optimum leaching temperature were performed
at different temperature (10, 20, 25, 30 and 40ºC).
Generally, the leaching at high temperature
significantly increases the yield of processes. On
the other hand, leaching experiments at high
temperature result in undesired materials and
increase the cost of the processes. In the
previous literature regarding the magnesite
leaching, the optimum temperature has been
determined as 70°C [15, 16]
. In our study, it was
revealed that LC could survive at a wide range
of temperature (10-40°C). The optimum growth
temperature for LC was determined as 28°C
(data not shown). Even though the best results
were obtained at 30°C, the results obtained at 20
and 25°C were closed to the results obtained at
optimum temperature. According to the results
obtained, it was revealed that the bacteria can
survive at 10 and 40°C, but these temperatures
were not suitable for the leaching process (Table
2). So we can conclude that the temperature
determined for LC to leach the magnesite ore
was very favorable for biotechnological
applications in term of process cost.
The optimal pH range for the growth of LC was
5.0-9.0, thus, these pH values were applied for
the effect of pH on dissolution of the CaCO3.
The optimal pH for CaCO3 dissolution was
determined as pH 6.0 containing 1.16% of solid
magnesite. At the same time, the solid
magnesite experiments showed that the results
of pH 7.0, were closed to the result obtained at
optimal pH (pH 6.0). It was observed that pH
8.0 and 9.0 had adverse effect on enrichment
process as these pH values induce CaCO3
precipitating. It is thought that the application of
LC in bioleaching process will not produce acidic
wastes that can threaten the environmental health.
The optimal pH values in the previous magnesite
leaching studies were very acidic (pH 2.0-3.0)
[17-19]
. At this point, the optimal leaching pH of
our study seems to be very suitable for
environmental health. As known, magnesite
mine has the ability to increase the pH of
medium because of broken down carbonate
compounds. For this reason, inorganic and
organic acids have to be continuously added
during the magnesite leaching process. The
acids used in magnesite leaching process cannot
be re-used and are quite expensive. In this case,
the acids (inorganic or organic acids) used in the
magnesite leaching process bring extra costs [17,
20]
. Besides, the wastes with low pH value will
decrease the pH of water and land ecosystems
and damage the nature seriously. In the long
term, this scene will threaten all the life of
ecosystems[20]
. The bacteria used in our study is
a microorganism already isolated from nature,
thus, the application of this bacteria will not
cause any damage as it was proven to be safe in
our previous study [13]
.
According to the results obtained from
experiments to determine optimal particle size,
the CaCO3 ratio in solid phase was determined
as %1.02 which almost was the desired ratio for
2 mm magnesite sample. Besides, we achieved
ideal values of CaCO3 ratio as %0.68 and %0.81
for the particle sizes between 200 mesh and 1
mm, respectively (Table 4). Considering the
cost of magnesite enrichment process, 2 mm
magnesite sample size will be suitable in order
5. Evaluation of the Optimum Conditions for Biotechnological Magnesite Enrichment
Annals of Ecology and Environmental Science V1 ● I1 ●2017 92
to reduce the relevant cost. In previous studies it
has been shown that the magnesite samples in
smaller particle size dissolved faster. At this
point, our results were supported by the literature
[17, 18, 21]
.
The best results were taken with 2% of
magnesite which resulted in % 1.30 CaCO3
through the experiments of the effect of different
magnesite solid ratio. On the other hand, 5% of
magnesite ratio resulted in % 1.13 CaCO3 which
was very close to the optimal magnesite ration
(2%). According to the results of the previous
studies regarding magnesite leaching kinetics,
the leaching efficiency has increased when the
amount of the magnesite in the leaching medium
was reduced. In this regard, our results about the
effect of different solid ratio on leaching
efficiency were supported by previous researches
[18, 19]
.
The effect of bacterial density on magnesite
enrichment was another investigated parameter.
A variety of bacterial culture ratio (1, 2, 3 and
5%) in a cell density of 108
cfu/mL was
inoculated into the related media and no effect
was observed.
It is know that the mining industrial organizations
produce several million tons of solid inorganic
waste materials. It should be taken into account
that these waste materials cannot be re-cycled
and are estimated to gradually increase.
Therefore, new technologies about reuse wastes
or reduce of waste amount should be developed
for sustainable and cost-effective processing of
natural resources. This issue has been
highlighted in the 6th European Environmental
Impact Plan (EAP). The main strategy of the
EAP was to provide „the sustainable use of natural
resources without harming the environment. The
strategy of EAP has been strongly supported by
European Technology Platform concerning the
sustainable use of mineral resources. To control
the implementation of strategy aimed to provide
the safety of natural resources which is very
important for the European economy development,
"recycling" is strongly recommended [22]
.
In this regard, this study provides an alternative
in re-cycling magnesite wastes containing high
amount of CaCO3. To best of our knowledge,
there is no study regarding the optimization of
the biotechnological magnesite enrichment. If
this enrichment method can improved, it may
prevent a possible magnesite crisis in the future
and be an environment-friendly method. We
believe that the results of this study will be of
interest for both mining industry and researchers.
CONCLUSION
This is the first study determining the optimal
conditions for the enrichment of low quality
magnesite ore with bacterial applications. The
optimal conditions were determined as 140
mesh for particle size, 2% for solid ratio, 30 ºC
for reaction temperature, 6.0 for reaction pH.
The density of bacteria has no effect on
dissolution of carbonates. According to our
results, if the application of LC can be
developed for industrial processes, it will be
useful to reduce the cost of such processes and
protect the nature.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was supported by grants (2011/114)
from the Research Funds appropriated to
Ataturk University.
There is no conflict of interest.
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