Complexes of some lanthanide picrates (Ln3+ = Pr3+, Nd3+ and Dy3+) with benzo-18-crown-6 and 221-cryptand were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, and UV-Visible. Spectrophotometric methods, thermal analysis (TGA & DTG), melting point, magnetic susceptibility and molar conductance. Also an in-vitro study on gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella and pseudomonas aeruginosa) was performed and the results were compared to those of the broad spectrum antibiotic Chloramphinicol. The benzo-18-crown-6 complexes have the general formula of [Ln.L.(Pic)2]Pic.nH2O , where; (Ln3+ = Pr3+, Nd3+, and Dy3+) , (L = Benzo-18-crown-6) , (Pic = Picrate anion) , (n = 1-2). In these complexes two picrate anions are coordinated to the metal ion through the phenolic oxygen and oxygen of the ortho nitro group, thus, the metal ions in these complexes have a coordination number of (10). The complexes of 221-cryptand have the general formula of [Ln.L.(Pic)]Pic2.nH2O where; (Ln3+ = Pr3+, Nd3+, and Dy3+), (L = 221-cryptand), (Pic = Picrate anion), (n = 1,2 or 7). In these complexes one picrate anion is coordinated to the metal ion, also through the phenolic oxygen and the oxygen from the ortho nitro group, thus the metal ions in the cryptand complexes have a coordination number of (9).
Complexation, Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic And Conductimetric Studies On ...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(phenylazo) coumarin (L1)and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(o-carboxyphenylazo) coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and the complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and studied by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass spectra and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn metal ions and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
Synthesis and Characterization of Schiff Base from Aromatic Amine and Aromati...ijtsrd
The synthesis of Schiff base From Aromatic Amine And Aromatic P Nitro benzaldehyde was performed by a novel method of stirring followed by the addition of p nitro benzaldehydeandm nitro aniline 0.02M . Characterization of the synthesized compounds, determination of purity and identity of the compounds using following spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques Solubility, Thin Layer Chromatographic studies, Ultra Violet studied rotational and vibrational studies FT IR studies. The compounds were investigated for their Antimicrobial activity by cup plate method. Compound1 nitro 4 1 imino,4 nitrophenyl benzene was found to be the most active according to pharmacological evaluation exhibited antimicrobial. Ms. Chetana D. Patil | Mr. Digamber N. Bhosale | Ms. Smita P. Bedis "Synthesis and Characterization of Schiff Base from Aromatic Amine and Aromatic P-Nitro Benzaldehyde" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26401.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/26401/synthesis-and-characterization-of-schiff-base-from-aromatic-amine-and-aromatic-p-nitro-benzaldehyde/ms-chetana-d-patil
Synthesis, Spectroscopic study & Biological Activity Of Some Organotin(Iv) De...IOSR Journals
Some di-and triorganotin(IV) derivatives of (2E)-N-methyl-(2
oxo1,2diphenylethylidne)hydrazinecarbothioamide synthesised by the reactions of the corresponding di and
triorganotin(IV) chlorides with the sodium salt of (2E)-N-methyl-(2-
oxo1,2diphenylethylidne)hydrazinecarbothioamide in different molar ratios. These derivatives have been
characterized by elemental analyses ,molecular weights, conductivity measurements and spectral(IR, 1H, 13C
and 119 Sn NMR) studies.
Complexation, Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic And Conductimetric Studies On ...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(phenylazo) coumarin (L1)and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(o-carboxyphenylazo) coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and the complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and studied by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass spectra and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn metal ions and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
Synthesis and Characterization of Schiff Base from Aromatic Amine and Aromati...ijtsrd
The synthesis of Schiff base From Aromatic Amine And Aromatic P Nitro benzaldehyde was performed by a novel method of stirring followed by the addition of p nitro benzaldehydeandm nitro aniline 0.02M . Characterization of the synthesized compounds, determination of purity and identity of the compounds using following spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques Solubility, Thin Layer Chromatographic studies, Ultra Violet studied rotational and vibrational studies FT IR studies. The compounds were investigated for their Antimicrobial activity by cup plate method. Compound1 nitro 4 1 imino,4 nitrophenyl benzene was found to be the most active according to pharmacological evaluation exhibited antimicrobial. Ms. Chetana D. Patil | Mr. Digamber N. Bhosale | Ms. Smita P. Bedis "Synthesis and Characterization of Schiff Base from Aromatic Amine and Aromatic P-Nitro Benzaldehyde" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26401.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/26401/synthesis-and-characterization-of-schiff-base-from-aromatic-amine-and-aromatic-p-nitro-benzaldehyde/ms-chetana-d-patil
Synthesis, Spectroscopic study & Biological Activity Of Some Organotin(Iv) De...IOSR Journals
Some di-and triorganotin(IV) derivatives of (2E)-N-methyl-(2
oxo1,2diphenylethylidne)hydrazinecarbothioamide synthesised by the reactions of the corresponding di and
triorganotin(IV) chlorides with the sodium salt of (2E)-N-methyl-(2-
oxo1,2diphenylethylidne)hydrazinecarbothioamide in different molar ratios. These derivatives have been
characterized by elemental analyses ,molecular weights, conductivity measurements and spectral(IR, 1H, 13C
and 119 Sn NMR) studies.
Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic and conductimetric studies on some 7-hydroxy...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(p-methylphenylazo)coumarin (L1) and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(p-methoxyphenylazo)coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and characterized by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn divalent metal ions with the investigated ligands 1:1 and 1:2 complexes and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
Structural elucidation, Identification, quantization of process related impur...IOSR Journals
Major process related unknown impurity associated with the synthesis of Hydralazine hydrochloride bulk drug was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and was subjected to high resolution accurate liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (HR/AM-LCMS) for identification. The proposed impurity was isolated from Hydralazine hydrochloride active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by preparative chromatographic method and was injected on HPLC for comparison of retention time with that of the unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride. The molecular ion peak of preparatively isolated impurity and that of unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride were compared for confirmation. The postulated structure was unambiguously confirmed with the help of HR/AM- LC MS/MS, NMR and FTIR data proposed to be 1-(2-phthalazin-1-ylhydrazino)phthalazine (Hazh Dimer). This impurity of Hydralazine hydrochloride is not been previously reported. A rapid Acquity H-class gradient method with runtime of 15.0min was developed for Quantitation on Unisphere Cyno column and validated for parameters such as accuracy, precision, linearity and range, robustness. The LOD and LOQ of method were 0081% and 0.0246% respectively.
New Schiff base ligand (E)-6-(2-(4-
(dimethylamino)benzylideneamino)-2-phenylacetamido)-3,3-
dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic
acid = (HL) Figure(1) was prepared via condensation of
Ampicillin and 4(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde in methanol
.Polydentate mixed ligand complexes were obtained from 1:1:2
molar ratio reactions with metal ions and HL, 2NA on reaction
with MCl2 .nH2O salt yields complexes corresponding to the
formulas [M(L)(NA)2Cl] ,where M =
Fe(II),Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),and Zn(II) and NA=nicotinamide.
The 1H-NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis and elemental analysis
were used for the characterization of the ligand. The complexes
were structurally studied through AAS, FT-IR, UV-Vis,
chloride contents, conductance, and magnetic susceptibility
measurements. All complexes are non-electrolytes in DMSO
solution. Octahedral geometries have been suggested for each
of the complexes. The Schiff base ligands function as
tridentates and the deprotonated enolic form is preferred for
coordination. In order to evaluate the effect of the bactericidal
activity, these synthesized complexes, in comparison to the un
complexed Schiff base has been screened against bacterial
species, Staphy
Synthesis and characterization of some metal complexes of 2- Phenyl-3,4-dihyd...IOSRJAC
2-Phenyl-3,4-dihydro-quinazolin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid (L1) metal complexes with Mn2+ , Co2+, Ni2+ Cu2+ , and Zn2+ ions were studied and the structure of the complexes were elucidated using elemental analyses, infrared (IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic moment and thermal analysis measurements. Besides the characterization of complexes by physicochemical technique, Biological activities of the synthesized complexes were examined against some microbial strains for evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities.
The photo-oxidation of Rhodamime B was carried out
in the presence of H2O2/ Fe2+ ion using UV light. The effects of
dye concentration, pH, H2O2 dose and Fe2+ dose. These
parameters strongly influenced the degradation of the dye. As
expected, the increase of initial dye concentration decreased the
percentage decoloration. Likewise increasing H2O2, Fe2+
concentration also increased the dye decoloration up to a certain
limit after which it starts decreasing. The optimum operating
conditions of the method were found to be [Dye] = 10mg/l; [H2O2]
= 300mg/l; [Fe2+] = 250 mg/l at pH 2. Under these conditions, a
maximum of 92% decoloration of the dye was achieved. The
actual breakdown of the dye was confirmed using HPLC
analyses.
Spectroscopic and chemical techniques for structure elucidation of alkaloidsSidratal Muntaha
Spectroscopic and chemical techniques for structure elucidation of compounds. 2D-NMR, COSY, ADEQUATE, proton NMR, carbon 13 NMR and other spectral methods were used for structure elucidation of alkaloids.
Chelating ion exchange and antimicrobial studiesIJECSJournal
The Copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was synthesized by condensation of p-hydroxybenzoicacid and thiosemicarbazide with formaldehyde in the presence of 2M HCL as a catalyst at 126 ± 2 0C for 5 hrs. with molar proportion of reactants. The copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Visible 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. The chelating ion-exchange property of this polymer was studied for five metal ions viz. Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Pb (II) ions. The chelating ion-exchange study was carried out over a wide range of pH, shaking time and in mediaof various ionic strengths. The copolymer possesses antimicrobial activity for certain bacteria such as B. Subtilis, ,E.Coli, S. Typhi .
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Deciphering reaction mechanism with intermediate trappingDaniel Morton
This module provides an overview of a tool used to gain information on a reaction mechanism; reactive intermediate trapping.
A reactive intermediate is a short-lived, high-energy, highly reactive molecule. When generated in a chemical reaction, it will quickly convert into a more stable molecule. When their existence is indicated, reactive intermediates can help explain how a chemical reaction takes place.
Contributed by:
Shuangyu Ma & Yiling Bi (Undergraduate Students)
University of Utah
2014
Batch Thermodynamics and Kinetic Study for Removal of Cationic Dye from Aqueo...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Model using Iraqi limestone as an adsorbent has been investigated. The influences of equilibrium time, limestone dosage, limestone particle size, pH of solution, adsorption isotherms and temperature on adsorption performance have been experimentally verified by a batch method. The adsorbent used in this study exhibited a good adsorption potential at initial pH 10, temperatures 28ºC, particle size 75 μm, limestone dosage 0.1g for equilibrium time 140 min. The removal efficiency and distribution coefficient have also been determined for the adsorption system as a function of dosage of the adsorbent. The experimental results are described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Experimental results show that the kinetic model of pseudo-second order provided a good description of the whole experimental data more than the kinetic of the Lagergren-first order.
Impact of Frequency Offset on Interference between Zigbee and Wifi for Smart ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The Zigbee is a low cost communication technology used for low data rate communication system such as industrial automation etc. Because of its low complexity it is widely adopted for many applications. But the utilization of the same spectrum band by the WLAN system causes interference between both the systems. The proposed approach presents an analysis of this interference effect on Zigbee system when operated with WLAN sources at different distances and different power. It also analyzes the effect when a frequency offset is established between both systems. The simulation results shows that a small offset can provide sufficient improvement in the performance. Keywords: Smart Grids, Zigbee Network, Mesh Network, Wireless LAN (WLAN), BER
Magnetic Properties and Interactions of Nanostructured CoCrTa Thin FilmsIOSR Journals
Magnetic properties of CoCrTa alloy thin films were studied as function of the deposition pressure. Films deposited at low deposition pressure showed low coercivity and high loop squareness ratio. At relatively higher deposition pressurean increase in the samples’ coercivity, and decrease in both the magnetic loop squareness ratio, andthe strength of the exchange interaction amongst the grains of the films were recorded. The observations indicate the films to have properties quite suited for recording media application as well as magnetic memory devices.
Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic and conductimetric studies on some 7-hydroxy...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(p-methylphenylazo)coumarin (L1) and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(p-methoxyphenylazo)coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and characterized by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn divalent metal ions with the investigated ligands 1:1 and 1:2 complexes and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
Structural elucidation, Identification, quantization of process related impur...IOSR Journals
Major process related unknown impurity associated with the synthesis of Hydralazine hydrochloride bulk drug was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and was subjected to high resolution accurate liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (HR/AM-LCMS) for identification. The proposed impurity was isolated from Hydralazine hydrochloride active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by preparative chromatographic method and was injected on HPLC for comparison of retention time with that of the unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride. The molecular ion peak of preparatively isolated impurity and that of unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride were compared for confirmation. The postulated structure was unambiguously confirmed with the help of HR/AM- LC MS/MS, NMR and FTIR data proposed to be 1-(2-phthalazin-1-ylhydrazino)phthalazine (Hazh Dimer). This impurity of Hydralazine hydrochloride is not been previously reported. A rapid Acquity H-class gradient method with runtime of 15.0min was developed for Quantitation on Unisphere Cyno column and validated for parameters such as accuracy, precision, linearity and range, robustness. The LOD and LOQ of method were 0081% and 0.0246% respectively.
New Schiff base ligand (E)-6-(2-(4-
(dimethylamino)benzylideneamino)-2-phenylacetamido)-3,3-
dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic
acid = (HL) Figure(1) was prepared via condensation of
Ampicillin and 4(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde in methanol
.Polydentate mixed ligand complexes were obtained from 1:1:2
molar ratio reactions with metal ions and HL, 2NA on reaction
with MCl2 .nH2O salt yields complexes corresponding to the
formulas [M(L)(NA)2Cl] ,where M =
Fe(II),Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),and Zn(II) and NA=nicotinamide.
The 1H-NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis and elemental analysis
were used for the characterization of the ligand. The complexes
were structurally studied through AAS, FT-IR, UV-Vis,
chloride contents, conductance, and magnetic susceptibility
measurements. All complexes are non-electrolytes in DMSO
solution. Octahedral geometries have been suggested for each
of the complexes. The Schiff base ligands function as
tridentates and the deprotonated enolic form is preferred for
coordination. In order to evaluate the effect of the bactericidal
activity, these synthesized complexes, in comparison to the un
complexed Schiff base has been screened against bacterial
species, Staphy
Synthesis and characterization of some metal complexes of 2- Phenyl-3,4-dihyd...IOSRJAC
2-Phenyl-3,4-dihydro-quinazolin-4-yloxy)-acetic acid (L1) metal complexes with Mn2+ , Co2+, Ni2+ Cu2+ , and Zn2+ ions were studied and the structure of the complexes were elucidated using elemental analyses, infrared (IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic moment and thermal analysis measurements. Besides the characterization of complexes by physicochemical technique, Biological activities of the synthesized complexes were examined against some microbial strains for evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities.
The photo-oxidation of Rhodamime B was carried out
in the presence of H2O2/ Fe2+ ion using UV light. The effects of
dye concentration, pH, H2O2 dose and Fe2+ dose. These
parameters strongly influenced the degradation of the dye. As
expected, the increase of initial dye concentration decreased the
percentage decoloration. Likewise increasing H2O2, Fe2+
concentration also increased the dye decoloration up to a certain
limit after which it starts decreasing. The optimum operating
conditions of the method were found to be [Dye] = 10mg/l; [H2O2]
= 300mg/l; [Fe2+] = 250 mg/l at pH 2. Under these conditions, a
maximum of 92% decoloration of the dye was achieved. The
actual breakdown of the dye was confirmed using HPLC
analyses.
Spectroscopic and chemical techniques for structure elucidation of alkaloidsSidratal Muntaha
Spectroscopic and chemical techniques for structure elucidation of compounds. 2D-NMR, COSY, ADEQUATE, proton NMR, carbon 13 NMR and other spectral methods were used for structure elucidation of alkaloids.
Chelating ion exchange and antimicrobial studiesIJECSJournal
The Copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was synthesized by condensation of p-hydroxybenzoicacid and thiosemicarbazide with formaldehyde in the presence of 2M HCL as a catalyst at 126 ± 2 0C for 5 hrs. with molar proportion of reactants. The copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Visible 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. The chelating ion-exchange property of this polymer was studied for five metal ions viz. Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Pb (II) ions. The chelating ion-exchange study was carried out over a wide range of pH, shaking time and in mediaof various ionic strengths. The copolymer possesses antimicrobial activity for certain bacteria such as B. Subtilis, ,E.Coli, S. Typhi .
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Deciphering reaction mechanism with intermediate trappingDaniel Morton
This module provides an overview of a tool used to gain information on a reaction mechanism; reactive intermediate trapping.
A reactive intermediate is a short-lived, high-energy, highly reactive molecule. When generated in a chemical reaction, it will quickly convert into a more stable molecule. When their existence is indicated, reactive intermediates can help explain how a chemical reaction takes place.
Contributed by:
Shuangyu Ma & Yiling Bi (Undergraduate Students)
University of Utah
2014
Batch Thermodynamics and Kinetic Study for Removal of Cationic Dye from Aqueo...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Model using Iraqi limestone as an adsorbent has been investigated. The influences of equilibrium time, limestone dosage, limestone particle size, pH of solution, adsorption isotherms and temperature on adsorption performance have been experimentally verified by a batch method. The adsorbent used in this study exhibited a good adsorption potential at initial pH 10, temperatures 28ºC, particle size 75 μm, limestone dosage 0.1g for equilibrium time 140 min. The removal efficiency and distribution coefficient have also been determined for the adsorption system as a function of dosage of the adsorbent. The experimental results are described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Experimental results show that the kinetic model of pseudo-second order provided a good description of the whole experimental data more than the kinetic of the Lagergren-first order.
Impact of Frequency Offset on Interference between Zigbee and Wifi for Smart ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The Zigbee is a low cost communication technology used for low data rate communication system such as industrial automation etc. Because of its low complexity it is widely adopted for many applications. But the utilization of the same spectrum band by the WLAN system causes interference between both the systems. The proposed approach presents an analysis of this interference effect on Zigbee system when operated with WLAN sources at different distances and different power. It also analyzes the effect when a frequency offset is established between both systems. The simulation results shows that a small offset can provide sufficient improvement in the performance. Keywords: Smart Grids, Zigbee Network, Mesh Network, Wireless LAN (WLAN), BER
Magnetic Properties and Interactions of Nanostructured CoCrTa Thin FilmsIOSR Journals
Magnetic properties of CoCrTa alloy thin films were studied as function of the deposition pressure. Films deposited at low deposition pressure showed low coercivity and high loop squareness ratio. At relatively higher deposition pressurean increase in the samples’ coercivity, and decrease in both the magnetic loop squareness ratio, andthe strength of the exchange interaction amongst the grains of the films were recorded. The observations indicate the films to have properties quite suited for recording media application as well as magnetic memory devices.
Stable endemic malaria in a rainforest community of Southeastern NigeriaIOSR Journals
Malaria infections in a stable endemic malaria community of Abagana, a rainforest community in
southeastern Nigeria was studied between April and August 2012. Advocacy visits to the traditional ruler and
opinion leaders of the community and proper explanations of the project were used to obtain permission to
carry out the study. The community was mobilized through public announcements in the churches, schools,
markets and group meetings. Thick and thin blood films were used to concentrate, and identify malaria
parasites using oil immersion lense of bright field light microscope. Estimates of parasite intensity per person
was made on each positive slide by parasite count in the microscope fields. Participants were grouped into
sexes, age, education and occupation. A total of 141 participants made up of 59(41.84%) males and 82(58.16%)
females were involved in the study. Of the 141 participants, 76(53.90%) were positive with malaria parasites,
among whom 32(42.11%) were males and 44(57.89%) were females. Of the positive malaria cases, malaria
intensity among the participants were light 32(42.11%), moderate 35(46.05%) and heavy 9(11.84%) and was
spread across all the groups and villages. These results revealed holoendemicity of malaria in the community.
Intervention efforts including massive educational campaigns were suggested
Multi-Element Determination of Cu, Mn, and Se using Electrothermal Atomic Abs...IOSR Journals
Simultaneous multi-element graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (SIMAA 6000) is used to get a new multi-element determinations methodology for Cu, Mn, and Se. Firstly, the optimum conditions for single-element mode are determined (which include: pyrolysis and atomization temperatures). Secondly, the optimum conditions for multi-element mode are also determined. The conditions in the two modes have been compared in terms of the characteristic masses, detection limits and pyrolysis and atomization temperatures. The effect of the matrix on the determination has been studied using urine standard sample from Seronorm (LOT 0511545). The accuracy of the developing methods has been confirmed by analysis different biological reference materials. Simultaneous multi-element GF-AAS offers a rapid, low cost and sensitive method for the analysis of trace elements
Mathematical Modelling: A Comparatively Mathematical Study Model Base between...IOSR Journals
In this paper, we have studied on the topic of „Corruption‟. Also, I will try to find or study the effect of corruption on the Development of the country or any country of the world. Therefore, how find the solution of the problem of corruption will be destroyed completely from the society. We have observed that the Development of the country depends upon Corruption. That is, when the Corruption increases, Development decreases automatically of any country of the world. Therefore, I will try to find the formula on the problem of „Relation between the Corruption and Development of any field or any country of the world‟. Also, I have to highlight the concept of „Application of Mathematical modeling in the interesting problem “corruption” in every field of our country or world .Also, Applied Mathematics focuses on the formulation and study of Mathematical Models .Thus the activity of Applied Mathematics is vitally connected with Research in Pure Mathematics. So I will try to study on it and find, what is corruption and quantity of corruption and also find the growth of corruption and how it will decay? Now we convert this areal world problem to mathematics problem and find some formulae on it such as Mathematical Corruption Growth formula, Mathematical Constant corruption level formula and Mathematical decay of corruption formula.
Perishable Inventory Model Having Weibull Lifetime and Time Dependent DemandIOSR Journals
In this paper we develop and analyse an inventory model for deteriorating items with Weibull rate of decay and time dependent demand. Using the differential equations, the instantaneous state of inventory at time‘t’, the amount of deterioration etc. are derived. With suitable cost considerations the total cost function and profit rate function are also obtained by maximizing the profit rate function, the optimal ordering and pricing policies of the model are derived. The sensitivity of the model with respect to the parameters is discussed through numerical illustration. It is observed that the deteriorating parameters have a tremendous influence on the optimal selling price and ordering quantity.
The Protective Role Of High Dietary Protein On Arsenic Induced Hepatotoxicity...IOSR Journals
The objective of the present investigation was to study the protective role of High dietary protein on arsenic induced hepatotoxicity model in adult male albino rats. Hepatotoxicity in rats was caused by arsenic tri oxide at a dose of 3mg- /ml/kg body weight. Hepamerz, a drug used as standard hepatoprotective agent, was administered orally as standard hepatoprotective agent for 14 consecutive days prior to arsenic treatment at a dose of 10mg- /ml/kg body weight. This drug has many side effects. These side effects have prompted the scientific world for the search of alternative natural remedies of liver damage. The High dietary protein was administered orally to rats along with arsenic. The biochemical parameters were investigated. The results indicated that biochemical changes produced by arsenic were restored to almost normal by High protein diet. The High protein diet produced hepatoprotective effect through the modulation of antioxidant - mediated mechanism by altering serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels - against arsenic induced hepatotoxicity model in rats.
Fluorescence technique involves the optical detection and spectral analysis of light emitted by a substance undergoing a transition from an excited electronic state to a lower electronic state. The aim of this study is to assess the -amino levulinic acid (-ALA) uptake. Based on image processing technique, Matlab was used to analyze the fluorescence images resulted from activation of (-ALA) and follow its uptake along one week. Analyzing the RGB colours pixel profile from obtained results showed different profiles for malignant tissues, normal tissues, treated just after PDT and finally at one week post PDT. The treated tissues fluorescence profile showed changes from closer to malignant tissue profile till been closed to normal one.
Design and Implementation of Encoder for (15, k) Binary BCH Code Using VHDL a...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In this paper we have designed and implemented(15, k) a BCH Encoder on FPGA using VHDL for reliable data transfers in AWGN channel with multiple error correction control. The digital logic implementation of binary encoding of multiple error correcting BCH code (15, k) of length n=15 over GF (24) with irreducible primitive polynomial x4+x+1 is organized into shift register circuits. Using the cyclic codes, the reminder b(x) can be obtained in a linear (15-k) stage shift register with feedback connections corresponding to the coefficients of the generated polynomial. Three encoder are designed using VHDL to encode the single, double and triple error correcting BCH code (15, k) corresponding to the coefficient of generated polynomial. Information bit is transmitted in unchanged form up to k clock cycles and during this period parity bits are calculated in the LFSR then the parity bits are transmitted from k+1 to 15 clock cycles. Total 15-k numbers of parity bits with k information bits are transmitted in 15 code word. Here we have implemented (15, 5, 3), (15, 7, 2) and (15, 11, 1) BCH code encoder on Xilinx Spartan 3 FPGA using VHDL and the simulation & synthesis are done using Xilinx ISE 13.3. BCH encoders are conventionally implemented by linear feedback shift register architecture. Encoders of long BCH codes may suffer from the effect of large fan out, which may reduce the achievable clock speed. The data rate requirement of optical applications require parallel implementations of the BCH encoders. Also a comparative performance based on synthesis & simulation on FPGA is presented. Keywords: BCH, BCH Encoder, FPGA, VHDL, Error Correction, AWGN, LFSR cyclic redundancy checking, fan out .
Exact Solutions of Axially Symmetric Bianchi Type-I Cosmological Model in Lyr...IOSR Journals
In this paper we have obtained axially symmetric Bianchi type-I cosmological models for perfect
fluid distribution in the context of Lyra’s manifold. Exact solutions of the field equations are obtained by
assuming the expansion in the model is proportional to the shear . This leads to the condition
A Bn
where A and B are scale factors and n( 0) is a constant. Some kinematical and physical parameters of the
model have been discussed. The solutions are compatible with recent observations.
Potential Biodeteriogens of Indoor and Outdoor Surfaces (Coated With Gloss, E...IOSR Journals
Potential Biodeteriogens of indoor and outdoor surfaces (coated with gloss, emulsion and text coat paints) within the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria were investigated. Potential Biodeteriogens implicated in deterioration of painted surfaces were bacteria, fungi, microalgae and cyanobacteria. The total heterotrophic bacteria counts and total fungal counts for outdoor and indoor painted surfaces ranged from 2.8 x 106 to 9.00 x 106 cfu/g paint scrape, 1.56 x 104 to 6.6 x 104 cfu/g paint scrape; and 1.1 x 106 to 6.5 x 106 cfu/g paint scrapes, 1.31 x 104 to 9.8 x 104 cfu/g paint scrapes respectively. The result of THB and TF count expressed graphically showed surfaces with increasing order of microbial load: Gloss paints < Text coat paint < Emulsion paints. Predominant bacterial genera isolated from the surfaces include Bacillus (29.0%), Pseudomonas (22.6%), Proteus (19.4%), Serratia (16.1%), Citrobacter (6.5%), Enterobacter (3.2%) and Klebsiella (3.2%). Fungal genera isolated include: Alternaria, Aspergillus , Cladosporium , Fusarium ,Geotrichum , Gleosporium , Penicillum , Rhizopus , Saccharomyces and Stachybotrys . Fungi were the predominant biodeteriogens. Predominant microalgae isolated from the wet painted surfaces include Chorella , Characium , Closterium , Geminella , Oscillatoria , Totrogonnidium and Triceratium . Physicochemistry of various paint surfaces revealed the following: TOC (1.30 – 3.49%), Phosphate (0.39-8.82mg/100g), nitrate (4.64-187.58mg/100g), sulphate (99.78-285.00mg/100g), pH (8.55-9.59), oil and Grease (125.00-285.00mg/100g).Result showed that different consortia of biodeteriogens implicated in indoor and outdoor painted surfaces are dependent on the chemical compositions of the various paints, nature of the coating surfaces and physicochemical parameters influencing the microbial processes. Emulsion surfaces habour most potential biodeteriogens on their surfaces than the other surfaces. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the various potential biodeteriogens, categories of painted surfaces, indoor and outdoor surfaces.
Reduction of Side Lobes by Using Complementary Codes for Radar ApplicationIOSR Journals
The analysis of new types of Complementary direct sequence complex signals which have synthesized
with well – know code sequences like Barker, Walsh, Golay, and complementary codes. Build on the
autocorrelation function (ACF) and ambiguity function (AF) of signals, the numerical method estimates the
volume of side lobes separately for each signal. The results obtained show that the signals, which have a low
volume of side lobes, means of approximately zero in by using complementary codes with compare to different
codes
Simulation of the Linear Boltzmann Transport Equation in Modelling Of Photon ...IOSR Journals
A beam data modelling algorithm was developed by solving the linear Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE). The Linear Boltzmann Transport Equation (LBTE) is a form of the Boltzmann transport equation that assumes that radiation particles only interact with the matter as they are passing through matter and not with each other. This condition is only valid when there is no external magnetic field. The numerical method proposed by Lewis et al., [9] was used to solve the LBTE. A programming code was computed for the LBTE and run on CMS XiO treatment planning system to generate beam data, the generated beam data were compared to experimentally determined data. The calculated percentage depth dose (PDD) completely overlap the measured PDDs for the small field sizes while there is a shift in the PDD tail for large field size. However the shift is negligible. For the wedge PDDs, the shift between the measured PDDs and the calculated occurs at the Dmax region and it increases with increase in field size. The calculated wedge profiles have a slight shift at the shoulder compared to the measured ones and this decreases with increase in field size, unlike the PDDs. There is also a slight shift between calculated in-plane profiles and measured ones. There is a good agreement between the measured beam data and the calculated ones using the algorithm. This algorithm can be implemented as an in-house algorithm for beam data modelling and also as an independent quality assurance tool for checking the accuracy of clinical TPS algorithms with regards to beam data modelling during quality assurance and TPS commissioning tests.
A new Schiff base 4-chlorophenyl)methanimine
(6R,7R)-3-methyl-8-oxo-7-(2-phenylpropanamido)-5-thia-1-
azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate= (HL)= C23H20
ClN3O4S) has been synthesized from β-lactam antibiotic
(cephalexin mono hydrate(CephH)=(C16H19N3O5S.H2O) and 4-
chlorobenzaldehyde . Figure(1) Metal mixed ligand complexes
of the Schiff base were prepared from chloride salt of
Fe(II),Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),Zn(II) and Cd (II), in 50% (v/v)
ethanol –water medium (SacH ) .in aqueous ethanol(1:1)
containing and Saccharin(C7H5NO3S) = sodium hydroxide.
Several physical tools in particular; IR, CHN, 1H NMR, 13C
NMR for ligand and melting point molar conductance, magnetic
moment. and determination the percentage of the metal in the
complexes by flame(AAS). The ligands and there metal
complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activity against
four bacteria (gram + ve) and (gram -ve) {Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus}.
The proposed structure of the complexes using program, Chem
office 3D(2006). The general formula have been given for the
prepared mixed ligand complexes Na2[M(Sac)3(L)], M(II) = Fe
(II), Co(II) , Ni(II), Cu (II), Zn(II) , and Cd(II).
HL= C29H24 ClN3O4S, L= C29H23 ClN3O4S -.
Synthesis and Characterization of Thermal Analysis of La (Ii) Macrocyclic Com...inventionjournals
The macrocyclic complex compounds of La(II) containing a ligand having tetraoxotetrahydrazin moity are synthesized by template condensation of malonodihydrazide (C3H8N4O2) with different aldehydes. The complexes are characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, UV-visible & IR spectroscopy, magnetic moment and conductance measurement and other physical properties.Antibacterial activity of the derived complex compounds, as well as already used standard compound kanamycin, was tested on fourteen pathogenic bacteria. Given results were then compared to the efficacy of the Antibacterial activity of standard compound kanamycin used for control of these pathogenic bacteria.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMAL ANALYSIS OF La (II) MACROCYCLIC COM...inventionjournals
The macrocyclic complex compounds of La(II) containing a ligand having tetraoxotetrahydrazin moity are synthesized by template condensation of malonodihydrazide (C3H8N4O2) with different aldehydes. The complexes are characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, UV-visible & IR spectroscopy, magnetic moment and conductance measurement and other physical properties.Antibacterial activity of the derived complex compounds, as well as already used standard compound kanamycin, was tested on fourteen pathogenic bacteria. Given results were then compared to the efficacy of the Antibacterial activity of standard compound kanamycin used for control of these pathogenic bacteria.
Synthesis, spectroscopic, magnetic properties and superoxide dismutase (SOD) ...IOSR Journals
Three new ternary copper(II) complexes formulated as [Cu(HIda)(bipy)] 1; [Cu(HIda)(phen)] 2; [Cu(HIda)(dmp)] 3; where HIda =N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2- iminodiacetic acid ; bipy = 2, 2’- bipyridine; phen = 1,10- phenanthroline; dmp = 2,9-dimethyl 1,10-phenanthroline, have been synthesized and characterized by partial elemental analysis, FAB-mass (m/z), EPR, UV-visible and CV measurements. The magnetic and spectroscopic data of all these complexes 1-3 indicate distorted octahedral geometry. The EPR spectra of these complexes in frozen DMSO solutions showed a single at g ca. 2. The trend in g-value (g||>g>2.0023) suggests that the unpaired electron on copper (II) has dx2–y2 character. The SOD activities of the complexes have been investigated. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of these complexes were also measured and discussed.
synthesis and characterization of hydrazone ligand and their metal complexesMUBASHIRA M
This slide mainly contain the synthesis, characterization of a few hydrazine based heterocyclic ligand such as hydralazone and phenyl hydralazone and also their metal complexes. so in this work, my aim is to synthesise the ligands; 2-thiophenecarboxylaldehydehydralazone and 2,3-butanedionephenylhydrazone. also to characterized the synthesised hydrazones by different physiochemical techniques.
Antibacterial Application of Novel Mixed-Ligand Dithiocarbamate Complexes of ...IOSR Journals
Nine stable mixed ligand dithiocarbamate complexes of Nickel (II) ion were prepared. The complexes were characterized with electronic spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, conductance measurement, melting point and percentage metal analysis. Resulting analytical data gave credence to the assignment of a tentative square planar geometry to all the complexes. The complexes were proposed to have a general formulae of [Ni(Sal)(Rdtc)], where Sal = salicylaldehyde; R = dibenzylamine(Bz2NH), methylphenylamine(MePhNH),pyrrolidineamine(pyrrolNH),piperidineamine(piperNH),morpholineamine(MorpNH), anilineamine(AnilNH), para-chloroanilineamine(p-ClAnilNH), toludineamine(TolNH) and anisidineamine(AnisNH); and dtc = dithiocarbamate anion. The metal complexes were screened against six different bacteria strain using Agar diffusion method. The antibacterial studies reveal that the metal complexes exhibit broad spectrum antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella oxytoca and Pseudomonas aureginosa with inhibitory range of 10.5.—20.0mm.
METALLO - BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AS POTENTIAL NOVEL ANTICANCER THERAPYijac123
Mono and bi-organometallic complexes of Cu(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), Zn(II) and Ag(I) complexes with
oxaloamide ligand has much potential as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The ligand allows the
thermodynamic and kinetic reactivity of the metal ion to be controlled and also provide a scaffold for
functionalization. Specific examples involving the design of metal complexes as anticancer agents are
discussed. These complexes have been synthesized and characterized by (1H-NMR, mass, IR, UV-VIS,
ESR) spectra, magnetic moments and conductance measurements, elemental and thermal analyses. Molar
conductances in DMF solution indicates that, the complexes are non-electrolytes. The ESR spectra of solid
Cu(II) complexes (2-5) show an axial type indicating a d(X2-y2) ground state with a significant covalent
bond character. However, Mn(II) complex(9), shows an isotropic type indicating an octahedral geometry.
Cytotoxic evolution IC50 of the ligand and its complexes have been carried out. Cu(II) Complexes show
enhanced activity in comparison to the parent ligand or standard drug. Copper is enriched in various
human cancer tissues and is a co-factor essential for tumor angiogenesis processes. However, the use of
copper binding ligand to target tumor, copper could provide a novel strategy for cancer selective
treatment.
Si-Imidazole-HSO4 Functionalized Magnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as an Efficient...Iranian Chemical Society
An efficient and simple method for the preparation of Si-Imidazole-HSO4 functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Si-Im-HSO4 MNPs) and used as an efficient and reusable magnetic catalysts for the regioselective ring opening of epoxides under green conditions in water. This catalyst was used for the ring opening of epoxide corresponding to the thiocyanohydrins and azidohydrines. Compared to the classical ring opening of epoxides, this new method consistently has the advantage of excellent yields, short reaction times, and methodological simplicity.
Spectral studies of 5-({4-amino-2-[(Z)-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) amino] pyrimidi...IOSR Journals
Some transition metal ions Complexes with 5-({4-amino-2-[(Z)-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) amino]
pyrimidin-5-yl} methyl)-2,3,4-trimethoxybenzene were prepared and characterized by elemental analyses,
Infrared , magnetic moment, electronic spectra , mass spectra, X-ray powder diffraction, molar conductance
and thermal analysis (TGA). The complexes have general formulae [ML2.2H2O] {where M = Mn (II), Co (II), Ni
(II), Cu (II), Zn (II), Pd (II) and Pt (II). The coordination behavior of the metal ions towards to the investigated
Schiff base takes place through –C=N,-NH2 and –OH groups. The obtained C, H and N elemental analysis data
showed the Metal: Ligand ratio is 1:2 [M: L] ratio. The molar conductance data reveal that all the metal
complexes are non-electrolytic in nature. From the magnetic moments the complexes are paramagnetic except
Zn metal ion complexes have octahedral geometry with coordination number eight. The thermal behavior of
these complexes shows that, the hydrated complexes have loses two water molecules and immediately followed
by decomposition of the anions and ligand molecules in the second and third stage. The Schiff bases and metal
complexes show good activity against some bacteria. The antimicrobial results indicate that, the metal
complexes have better antimicrobial activity as compared to the prepared Schiff base.
Mixed Ligand, Palladium(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes of Tertiary Diphosphin...Karwan Omer
Palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes containing the mixed ligands tertiary
diphosphinesdppm. dppp and dppf with Thioester ligand S-1H benzo[d] imidazole-2-yl benzothioate
(HSBIBT) have been prepared by the reaction of PdCl2 and PtCl2 with one equiv of tertiary
diphosphines ligands to form [Pd(k2-dppf)Cl2], [Pd(k2-dppp)Cl2] and [Pt(k2-dppmCl)Cl2] complexes
and then add the ligand HSBIBT to these complexes to form mixed ligand complexes. The prepared
complexes have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, magnetic
susceptibility, molar conductance, IR spectral data and UV-Visible. The results suggested that the
ligand HSBIBT bonded to the metal through N atom and square planner geometries were assigned
for the complexes.
Green Chemistry Catalysts for Transfer Hydrogenation Reactions: Synthesis, ch...Karam Idrees
The poster that I presented at the 253rd American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exposition in San Francisco,
CA. It highlights some of my research at Millersville University under the mentorship of Dr. Edward Rajaseelan.
Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial, anticancer and antidiabetic activ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Complexes of 2-(6-Methoxybenzo[d]thiazo...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The synthesis and characterization of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ), zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) bidentate 2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile ligand which was prepared from Benz aldehyde and 6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine in the presence of KCN and acidic medium. The complexes were synthesized by treating an ethanolic solution of the ligand with appropriate amount of metal salts [1:2] [M: L] ratio. The complexes were characterized by using metal and elemental chemical analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, FTIR , electronic spectral and mole ratio method. According to the obtained data the probable coordination geometries of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ) zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) in these complexes are octahedral. All complexes were found to be non-electrolyte in absolute ethanol, and the complexes were formulated as [ML2Cl2] XH2O. Keywords: 2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile, N2-donor, transition metals.
Similar to Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of New Complexes of Some Lanthanide Ions with Benzo 18-Crown-6 and 221-Cryptand (20)
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Lateral Ventricles.pdf very easy good diagrams comprehensive
Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of New Complexes of Some Lanthanide Ions with Benzo 18-Crown-6 and 221-Cryptand
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 6, Issue 4 (Nov. – Dec. 2013), PP 32-39
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page
Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of New
Complexes of Some Lanthanide Ions with Benzo 18-Crown-6 and
221-Cryptand
Basim I. Alabdaly1
, Mohammed H. A. Al-Almery1
, and Mustafa K. Albayaty1
1
(Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Baghdad University, Iraq)
Abstract: Complexes of some lanthanide picrates (Ln3+
= Pr3+
, Nd3+
and Dy3+
) with benzo-18-crown-6 and
221-cryptand were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, and UV-Visible.
Spectrophotometric methods, thermal analysis (TGA & DTG), melting point, magnetic susceptibility and molar
conductance. Also an in-vitro study on gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative bacteria
(Escherichia coli, Salmonella and pseudomonas aeruginosa) was performed and the results were compared to
those of the broad spectrum antibiotic Chloramphinicol. The benzo-18-crown-6 complexes have the general
formula of [Ln.L.(Pic)2]Pic.nH2O , where; (Ln3+
= Pr3+
, Nd3+
, and Dy3+
) , (L = Benzo-18-crown-6) , (Pic =
Picrate anion) , (n = 1-2). In these complexes two picrate anions are coordinated to the metal ion through the
phenolic oxygen and oxygen of the ortho nitro group, thus, the metal ions in these complexes have a
coordination number of (10). The complexes of 221-cryptand have the general formula of
[Ln.L.(Pic)]Pic2.nH2O where; (Ln3+
= Pr3+
, Nd3+
, and Dy3+
), (L = 221-cryptand), (Pic = Picrate anion), (n =
1,2 or 7). In these complexes one picrate anion is coordinated to the metal ion, also through the phenolic
oxygen and the oxygen from the ortho nitro group, thus the metal ions in the cryptand complexes have a
coordination number of (9).
Keywords: crown ethers, lanthanides, picrates, cryptand
I. Introduction
The coordination chemistry of lanthanides is important. And during the last decades, an increase in the
number of publications devoted to the rare earth coordination compounds has been observed[1-6], due to their
biological, biochemical, medical and many other applications such as an excellent diagnostic and prognostic
probe in clinical diagnostics[7], an anticancer material [2,8], lanthanide complexes based X-ray contrast
imaging and lanthanide chelates based contrast enhancing agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)[9] are
being excessively used in radiological analysis in our body systems [8], also as shift reagents for NMR
spectrometry [9-11], as well as, their potential applications in fundamental and applied science such as organic
synthesis, bioorganic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis[9,12–16]. Crown ethers are cyclic chemical
compounds that consist of a ring containing several ether groups. The most common crown ethers are oligomers
of ethylene oxide, the repeating unit is ethyleneoxy, i.e., –CH2CH2O–[17]. Since its discovery by Pedersen [18],
many variants of those structures have been reported, such as out–in bicyclic amines and cryptands by Simmons
and Park, Lehn and coworkers, lariat ethers, aza-crown ethers, calixarenes and calixcrowns, calixtubes[19]. All
these compounds are interesting because of their remarkable selectivity on metal cations, especially from alkali
and alkaline earth metals [20-24], which is a topic of fundamental interest in both coordination and biological
chemistry [25]. Complexation reactions of crown ethers and cryptands with 4f-element salts under anhydrous
conditions promote interaction of the metal ion with the crown ether in solution; however these complexes are
often very difficult to crystallize [3,4] but we have successfully prepared, characterized and tested the
crystallized complexes against gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia
coli, Salmonella and pseudomonas aeruginosa) in-vitro. They showed good, promising results when compared
to the well-known broad spectrum antibiotic Chloramphenicol, in fact chloramphenicol had no activity at all
against the gram negative pseudomonas aeruginosa while all the tested complexes showed good inhibitions.
However further in-vivo study is required. The biological activity of these complexes against these bacteria is
believed to arise from the crown ligand (The Chelate) effect on the metal ion. The most important property of
the chelating agents, in lanthanide chelate complex, is its ability to alter the behavior of lanthanide ion with
which it binds in biological systems, and the chelation markedly modifies the bio distribution and excretion
profile of the lanthanide ions. The chelating agents increase the proportion of their complex excreted from
complexes lanthanide ion from biological systems [2].
2. Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of New Complexes of Some Lanthanide
www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page
II. Materials And Methods
All the Starting materials were commercially available. The ligands (benzo 18-crown-6 and 221-
cryptand) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich Company, lanthanide oxides, picric acid and the solvents were
obtained from Merck Company and were used without further purification. The lanthanide content was
determined by EDTA titration using xylenol orange as an indicator. The carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen content
were determined using the Carlo Erba EA 1108 elemental analyzer. The IR spectra were recorded using KBr
pellets and an 8400 S – FTIR SHIMADZU spectrometer. The UV – Visible Spectra were recorded using an
1800 – UV SHIMADZU spectrometer. Conductivity measurements were carried out using a HI 9811 – 5
Portable HANNA pH/EC/TDS/o
C meters. Thermal analysis of the prepared complexes was performed using
SHIMADZU 60-H Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer. The melting points were measured using a GALLENKAMP
melting point apparatus. The magnetic properties were measured using a Johnson Matthey MSB MarkI
magnetic susceptibility balance.
Preparation of lanthanide picrate:
General procedure: (1 mmole) of lanthanide oxide was placed in a round bottomed flask, followed by the
addition of (40 ml) of (0.05 M) picric acid and refluxed at (85 0
C) until all the oxide was dissolved, the process
took few hours to more than 24 hours. The clear yellow solution was filtered while still hot then the filtrate was
concentrated on a heater at (40-50 0
C) to half of its volume after that the solution was left over night to be air
concentrated (if you want to accelerate the process then evaporate the solution on the heater very slowly and on
a low temperature, care must be taken since the metal salts of picric acid are highly explosive more than the acid
itself but the slower the rate of the concentration the better yield you get). After the concentration and the
evaporation of the solution yellow-dark yellow crystals were formed, all the crystals were collected and stored
in a desiccator. The colors of the salts were bright yellow-orange. The general equation for the preparation of
lanthanide picrates is shown below:
Ln2O3(s) + 6 (NO2)3C6H2OH(aq.) ∆ 2 LnPic3.xH2O
Where Ln
3+
= Pr
3+
, Nd
3+
and Dy
3+
Preparation of B18-crown-6 complexes:
General procedure: a solution of (1 mmole) of B18-crown-6 in (3 ml) of absolute ethanol was added to a
solution of (0.5 mmole) of lanthanide picrate in (3 ml) of absolute ethanol and refluxed at (60 0
C) for one hour,
then the solution was left overnight. The developed precipitate or crystals were collected and stored in a
desicator for 24 hours. In some cases a gummy like precipitate formed. The gummy precipitate was treated with
(40-60 0
C) petroleum ether for several times till a fine powder precipitate was formed. The obtained crystals
were yellow-orange.
Preparation of 221-cryptand complexes:
General procedure: a solution of (2 mmole) of 221-cryptand in (10 ml) of absolute ethanol was added to a
solution of (1 mmole) of lanthanide picrate in (10 ml) of absolute ethanol at room temperature. Immediate
precipitation occured along the addition, then the precipitate was filtered and washed with small proportions of
ethanol; finally the precipitate was placed in a desiccator and left for 24 hours for complete dryness. The colors
of the complexes were yellow-dark orange.
III. Results
Physical and Chemical measurements:
The carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and metal content data alongside the melting points, colors,
conductivity values, and magnetic moments of the prepared complexes are shown in table (1).
IR spectra:
IR spectra of the lanthanide picrates: The data of the absorption frequencies of picric acid and lanthanide
picrates are listed in table (2). The most important band shift is the one that belongs to the ν (O-H) stretching
vibration which is shifted in the spectra of the salts by (367 – 397 cm-1
) towards higher wave numbers when
compared to the spectra of picric acid, this may be due to the breaking of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding
between the phenolic hydrogen and the oxygen from the adjacent nitro group, and the formation of an ion pair
between the Ln3+
ion and Pic-
[26, 36]. Some noticeable shifts in the bands of the symmetric and asymmetric
stretching vibrations of the nitro groups are observed in the spectra of the lanthanide salts when compared to the
3. Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of New Complexes of Some Lanthanide
www.iosrjournals.org 34 | Page
spectra of picric acid as it is shown in table (3), this also may indicate the breaking of the intramolecular
hydrogen bonding between the oxygen of the nitro group and the phenolic hydrogen [36-39, 41].
IR spectra of the complexes: The data of the absorption frequencies for the free ligands and their complexes
are shown in table (3). The most important band in the spectra of the complexes is that of the (C-O-C) stretching
vibration. Compared with the free ligand the ʋ (C-O-C) bands in the complexes of B18-crown-6 are shifted by
(99 cm-1
) for the first band and by (35 cm-1
) for the second band towards lower wave numbers with changes in
shape and intensity of the peaks, while the bands in the complexes of 221-crypantd are shifted by (29 - 35 cm-1
)
also towards lower wave numbers and are also accompanied with changes in shapes and intensities of the peaks.
These shifts and spectral changes give an indication of the interaction between the crown compound and the
metal ion and the magnitude of the shift defines the strength of the interaction which varies from one ligand to
another due to the size matching between the cavity of the ligand and the size of the metal ion alongside other
factors [27-31]. Some new bands appear in the spectra of the complexes which are absent in the spectra of the
free ligand at around (1537 – 1560 and 1325 – 1337 cm-1
) these bands belong to the asymmetric and symmetric
stretching vibrations of the nitro groups of the picrate anion, this confirms the formation of the complexes and
means that the picrate anions are incorporated in the skeleton of the complexes whether coordinated to the metal
ion or as a counter ion. Any shift in these bands when compared to the bands of their corresponding metal salts
indicates their coordination to the metal ion [37-39, 41]. Significant shifts are observed in the complexes when
compared to the spectra of the corresponding lanthanide salt as shown in table (3) indicating that some picrate
anions are coordinated to the metal ion which is confirmed by their conductance values. Another new band
appeared at (3092 – 3097 cm-1
) in the spectra of 221-cryptand complexes which is absent in the spectra of the
ligand and is assigned to the aromatic ν (C-H) stretching vibration of the aromatic ring of the picrate anion, and
another band appeared at (932 – 943 cm-1
) which belongs to the aromatic δ (C-H) bending vibration, the
appearance of these two bands mean that the picrate anions are somehow incorporated in the complex. The CH2
bending vibrations (Scissoring, wagging and rocking) experienced shifts in their bands when compared to the
free ligand, some shifts are high and obvious, some are simple and all these shifts are accompanied with changes
in shapes and intensities of the peaks. These spectral changes are may be due to the decrease in charge density
on the adjacent oxygen atom, which gives an indication of their bonding and interaction with the metal ion [30].
Another new band appeared at (1610 – 1614 cm-1
) in the spectra of 221-cryptand complexes, this band is
assigned to the ν (C=C) stretching vibration of the benzene ring of the picrate anions, this is absent in the spectra
of the free ligand [38, 39, 41].
UV – Visible Spectra:
The electronic spectra of picric acid and lanthanide salts were recorded in ethanol. Picric acid shows
two main absorption bands at (λ max 359 and 220 nm). These bands are shifted to lower wave lengths in the
corresponding salts. These spectral changes may indicate the formation of ion-pair between Ln3+
ion and Pic-
in
LnPic3 which is also confirmed by IR results. The electronic spectra of free ligands and their complexes were
recorded in DMSO. Table (4) shows the absorption data of picric acid, Ln salts, ligands and the complexes. All
ligands show two typical absorption bands as it is seen in table (4), one of these two bands is shifted to a higher
wave length specifically to (380 nm) in all the complexes while the other band is shifted to a lower wavelength
table (4). These spectral changes confirms that the complex is formed indicating that there is a change in the
environment and leads to the conclusion that Ln3+
is maybe incorporated in the ligand causing these spectral
changes. The picrate anion also have a pronounced effect on the formation of the complex and the nature of the
spectra and since the maximum absorption bands of the lanthanide picrate salts are shifted upon complexation to
other wave lengths that means the picrate anions one, or more are coordinated to the metal ions[32,33, 40].
Thermal analysis:
The Pr
3+
, Nd
3+
, and Dy
3+
complexes of B18-crown-6 showed almost similar thermal behavior and
results. All the three complexes went through three stages in their thermal decomposition; the first stage was the
dehydration step, followed by the second stage which was the decomposition of the anhydrous complex into
unidentified intermediates due to the explosive nature of the picrate compounds, and finally the third stage, the
formation of Ln oxides [26, 34, 35]. The dehydration process took place at a temperature range of (66 – 120 0
C).
The complex [Pr(B18-crown-6)(Pic)2]Pic.2H2O lost one water molecule when heated to (73.8 0
C) and lost
another water molecule when heated to (120.52 0
C), it is really hard to distinguish the coordinated water from
the uncoordinated water from the graphical data[30,31], the values of the weight loss found in the process (1.4%
and 2.03% ) are in good agreement with the calculated values (1.5% and 2.3% respectively). Both Nd
3+
and
Dy
3+
complexes lost one water molecule when heated to (66.35 and 76.51 0
C) respectively, the weight losses
found in the process (1.58% and 1.98% respectively) were in good agreement with the calculated values (1.55%
and 2.2% respectively). All the three complexes started to decompose at a temperature range of (260 – 315 0
C),
4. Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of New Complexes of Some Lanthanide
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an endothermic peak followed by an adjacent exothermic peak appeared at this range of temperature and
multiple explosions took place at the same temperature range due to the explosive nature of picrate compounds
forming unidentified intermediates [26]. After this temperature range other weight losses were recorded up to
(600 0
C), at this temperature Ln oxides were formed [26, 27] which were stable against heating up to more than
(800 0
C). The complexes of cryptand showed similar behavior, and the data are shown in table (5).
Molar conductance:
The molar conductance values of all the complexes were measured in DMSO at 25 0
C. The values
obtained lie in the range (50 – 80 Ohm-1
.cm2
.mol-1
), this indicates that all the complexes are electrolytes and
shows that in benzo-18-crown-6 complexes two picrate anions are coordinated to the metal ion leaving one
picrate anion uncoordinated as a counter ion, while in 221-cryptand complexes only one picrate anion is
coordinated to the metal ions [42].
Antibacterial assay:
All the prepared complexes were tested in-vitro against four types of pathogenic bacteria, one gram
positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and three gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella and pseudomonas
aeruginosa), and their results were compared to the results of the broad-spectrum antibiotic chloramphenicol.
They showed good promising results when compared to the commercial antibiotic, they showed clear inhibition
zones some larger than those of the antibiotic, some similar and others smaller. The notice worthy case was that
the antibiotic chloramphenicol showed no activity at all against the pathogenic bacteria pseudomonas aeruginosa
while all the prepared complexes showed very good results, another case was that the prepared complexes
showed greater activity against Staphylococcus aureus than the antibiotic. The inhibition zones measured in
millimeters are listed in table (6). Further in-vivo studies are required in order to estimate the side effects of
these complexes and to study their behavior inside the biological system.
IV. Discussion
All benzo-18-crown-6 complexes have the suggested formula [Ln.L.(Pic)2]Pic.nH2O, while all 221-
cryptand complexes have the general suggested formula [Ln.L.(Pic)]Pic2.nH2O where; (Ln
3+
= Pr
3+
, Nd
3+
,
Dy
3+
), (L = B18-crown-6 or 221-cryptand), (Pic = picrate anion), (n = 1, 2 or 7), which is confirmed by their
elemental and thermal analysis. The molar conductance values of the complexes lie in a range which confirms
that there are two picrate anions coordinated to the Ln3+
ion in benzo-18-crown-6 complexes, and one picrate
anion coordinated to the metal ions in 221-cryptand complexes which is also confirmed by their IR spectra
through the shift in both symmetric and asymmetric (NO2) stretching vibrations, and also confirmed by their UV
– Visible Spectra. The spectral changes and the shifts in the (C-O-C) stretching vibration indicates that the Ln3+
ion lies inside the cavity of B18-crown-6 and is encapsulated by 221-cryptand, these shifts also indicate the
strong interaction between the Ln3+
ions and the ligands, this is due to the size matching between the radius of
the ion and the size of the cavity of the ligand, (1.34 – 1.43 A◦
) for B18-crown-6 and (1.013, 0.995, 0.912 A◦
) for
Pr3+
, Nd3+
and Dy3+
respectively. Two picrate anions are coordinated to the metal ion through their phenolic
oxygen and the oxygen of the nitro group, to give rise to the coordination number of (10) in B18-crown-6
complexes, and one picrate anion is coordinated to the metal ions in 221-cryptand to give rise to the
coordination number (9). These coordination numbers are not uncommon since lanthanides offer the possibility
of a wide range of coordination numbers (up to 12), although coordination numbers (8) and (9) are the favorable
but other coordination numbers exist too. The UV – Visible Spectra of the prepared complexes confirmed their
formation through the simple shifts and changes of intensities of their peaks since it is known that the f orbitals
are deeply buried inside the atom and are well shielded from the environment so upon complexation with
ligands, only minimal changes are observed in the electronic absorption and emission spectra, such as small
displacements in the peak positions, and changes in the relative intensities of some of the emission peaks. All
the prepared complexes are of explosive nature at a temperature higher than (260 ◦
C) as it is indicated by their
thermal analysis which is the nature of all picrate compounds and a common behavior in most nitro compounds.
All the prepared complexes were tested in-vitro against four types of pathogenic bacteria, one gram positive
(Staphylococcus aureus) and three gram negative (E. Coli, Salmonella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and the
results were compared to that of the broad spectrum antibiotic Chloramphenicol. The results were very good in
comparison to the antibiotic and they were the best against pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is resistant to most of the well-known antibiotics, and chloramphenicol showed no activity at all against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa while all the prepared complexes showed very good results, their inhibition zones
measured in millimeters are listed in table (6). One of the expected mechanisms for the action of these
complexes on the tested bacteria is believed to be related to the metal-chelation or the effect of the chelate (the
ligand) on the metal ion. The most important property of the chelating agents (ligands), in lanthanide chelate
5. Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of New Complexes of Some Lanthanide
www.iosrjournals.org 36 | Page
complex, is its ability to alter the behavior of lanthanide ion with which it binds in biological systems, and the
chelation markedly modifies the bio distribution and excretion profile of the lanthanide ions.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful for all those who helped and supported us during our work in the department. And I
present my special thanks and gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Basim I. Al-Abdaly and Dr. Mohammed H. A.
Al-Almery for their guidance, efforts, knowledge and support.
Table (1): Elemental analysis, colors, melting points, magnetic moments and the conductivity values of the
Metal salts and their corresponding complexes
Table (2): The absorption frequencies of picric acid and lanthanide picrates
Compound ʋ (O-H) cm-1
ʋ (N-O) cm-1
δ (C-H) cm-1
ʋ (C-O) cm-1
Picric acid 3105 1527
1342
941
919
1088
Pr(Pic)3.6H2O 3502 1541
1360
921
908
1085
Nd(Pic)3.6H2O 3472 1541
1362
943
926
1083
Dy(Pic)3.3H2O 3495 1525
1340
919 1087
Table (3): The absorption frequencies of ligands and complexes
Compound
ʋ (C-
H)
aromat
ic
cm-1
ʋ(C-H)
CH2
group
cm-1
ʋ(N-O)
cm-1
δSci.
CH2
group
cm-1
δ
wag.
CH2
group
cm-1
δroc
CH2
group
cm-1
ʋ (C-O-
C)
cm-1
δ(C-H)
aromati
c cm-1
ʋ
(C=C)
Stretch
cm-1
B18-crown-6 3053 2929 ….. 1454 1355
1255
850 1221
1117
….. 1627
[PrB18C6
(Pic)2]Pic.2H2O
3098 2877 1543
1327
1495 1362
1273
847 1122
1082
922
953
1634
[NdB18C6
(Pic)2]Pic.H2O
3102 2874 1539
1327
1425 1364
1273
847 1122
1082
926 1612
[DyB18C6
(Pic)2]Pic.H2O
3110 2872 1537
1325
1425 1364
1277
849 1124
1082
926
947
1630
221-cryptand ….. 2873 ….. 1471
1446
1355
1292
829 1099
1029
….. …..
Formula
M.wt.(gm/mole)
C%
Cal.
(found)
H%
Cal.
(found)
N%
Cal.
(found)
M%
Cal.
(found)
Color M.P. 0
C Magneti
c
moment
BM
Ω1
cm2
.mol-1
)
Pr(Pic)3.6H2O
933.2866
23.165
(23.055
)
1.944
(1.823)
13.507
(13.452)
15.098
(14.897)
yellow 98 – 100 4.4 …..
Nd(Pic)3.6H2O
936.6189
23.082
(22.938
)
1.937
(1.902)
13.459
(13.323)
15.400
(15.304)
Deep
yellow
59 – 62 5.9 …..
Dy(Pic)3.3H2O
900.8333
23.999
(23.713
)
1.343
(1.137)
13.994
(13.802)
18.039
(17.754)
Bright
yellow
65 – 68 11.1 …..
[Pr(B18C6)(Pic)2]Pic.2H2
O
1173.583
34.796
(34.250
)
2.920
(2.830)
10.741
(10.410)
12.007
(11.850)
yellow 60 – 62 5.4 50
[Nd(B18C6)(Pic)2]Pic.H2
O
1158.9001
35.237
(35.052
)
2.783
(2.620)
10.878
(10.680)
12.446
(12.146)
orange 75 – 80 8.9 50
[Dy(B18C6)(Pic)2]Pic.H2
O
1177.1601
34.650
(34.450
)
2.740
(2.630)
10.709
(10.520)
13.804
(13.680)
Dark
yellow
80 – 84 11.2 50
[Pr(221)(Pic)]Pic2.H2O
1175.645
34.735
(34.087
)
3.429
(3.850)
13.105
(12.614)
11.986
(11.542)
Dark
orange
110 – 112 5.8 80
[Nd(221)(Pic)]Pic2.7H2O
1287.0685
31.728
(31.541
)
4.072
(3.821)
11.971
(11.432)
11.207
(11.013)
orange 110 – 114 7.1 60
[Dy(221)(Pic)]Pic2.2H2O
1215.2525
33.603
(33.090
)
3.483
(3.247)
12.678
(12.349)
13.372
(13.127)
orange 104 – 108 11.6 70
7. Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of New Complexes of Some Lanthanide
www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page
[NdB18C6 (Pic)2]Pic.H2O 16.5 17.5 18.0 20.0
[DyB18C6 (Pic)2]Pic.H2O 12.0 19.0 17.5 18.5
[Pr (221) (Pic)]Pic2.H2O 12.0 18.0 16.0 16.5
[Nd (221) (Pic)]Pic2.7H2O 18.0 20.5 18.5 19.0
[Dy (221) (Pic)]Pic2.2H2O 13.5 17.0 15.5 16.5
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