1) The study examines addiction among medical professionals in India, finding high rates of alcohol, tranquilizer, and narcotic use among medical students and professionals.
2) Over 100 medical students at PGIMER in Chandigarh, India were surveyed about their drug use and experiences. 44% reported using narcotics or tranquilizers at least once.
3) Urine samples were collected and tested using thin layer chromatography to detect drugs. The most commonly detected drugs were morphine, codeine, and other narcotics.
This document discusses self-medication and the dangers of abusing prescription drugs. It contains the following key points:
1. Self-medication involves taking medications without a prescription due to various social, economic and cultural factors.
2. Dependence and addiction can occur when prescription drugs are overused, leading to negative health and social consequences.
3. A case report describes a patient who used cocaine to self-medicate migraines but later developed a full addiction, showing how self-medication can escalate into substance abuse.
P. Harish, a 22-year-old male coolie, was admitted to the psychiatry unit for drug dependence and polysubstance abuse. He had been talking irrelevantly, misbehaving, and experiencing sleep disturbances for a week. His treatment plan included antipsychotics like haloperidol, carbamazepine, and diazepam. Over 7 days of treatment, his condition improved and he was sleeping well and talking relevantly by days 5-6, though he became irritable on day 7. The goals of reducing symptoms and improving quality of life were achieved through counseling and medication.
This document discusses substance abuse and provides definitions and classifications of commonly abused substances. It describes substance-related disorders according to the DSM-IV and ICD-10 and covers definitions of key terms like drug, tolerance, withdrawal syndrome, medical use, and non-medical use. The major classes of abused substances discussed include opioids, depressants, tranquilizers, stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabis, inhalants, and cocaine. Signs and symptoms of abuse and withdrawal are outlined for different substance classes. Principles of treatment include detoxification, abstinence, family involvement, screening, and self-help groups.
This document discusses drug dependence and abuse. It defines drug abuse as the compulsive and harmful use of substances, and dependence as a compulsive need to use drugs to function normally and experience withdrawal without them. It explores reasons for drug use and the difference between abuse and dependence. Specific drugs discussed include nicotine, alcohol, and opioids. For each drug, modes of use, mechanisms of action in the body, effects, tolerance, dependence and treatment approaches are summarized.
This document provides an overview of addiction psychiatry including:
- The neurobiology of addiction and how chronic drug use decreases dopamine levels and impacts brain regions responsible for motivation, inhibition and determining importance.
- Dually diagnosed patients often have substance use disorders and psychiatric illnesses which complicate treatment. Integrated treatment is recommended.
- Motivational interviewing and relapse prevention therapy aim to help patients through the stages of change to maintain sobriety.
- Pharmacological interventions for various addictions including opioids, alcohol and cocaine are discussed though more research is still needed on effective medications.
- A case example involves assessing potential prescription opioid misuse or addiction in a chronic pain patient.
The document discusses various psychotropic medications used in psychiatry including:
1. Antipsychotics such as first-generation antipsychotics which are dopamine receptor antagonists and second-generation antipsychotics which are serotonin-dopamine antagonists or partial dopamine agonists.
2. Antidepressants which include MAOIs, TCAs, SSRIs, SNRIs, and others.
3. Mood stabilizers indicated for bipolar disorder.
4. Benzodiazepines which are commonly used as anxiolytics.
5. Anticholinergic drugs which are primarily used to treat medication-induced movement disorders.
The document discusses commonly abused substances like opioids, stimulants, depressants and their classification. It defines terms related to drug addiction like misuse, abuse, dependence, tolerance and withdrawal. The neuropharmacology of reward pathways activated by various drugs and the mechanisms of tolerance, dependence and withdrawal are explained.
This document discusses self-medication and the dangers of abusing prescription drugs. It contains the following key points:
1. Self-medication involves taking medications without a prescription due to various social, economic and cultural factors.
2. Dependence and addiction can occur when prescription drugs are overused, leading to negative health and social consequences.
3. A case report describes a patient who used cocaine to self-medicate migraines but later developed a full addiction, showing how self-medication can escalate into substance abuse.
P. Harish, a 22-year-old male coolie, was admitted to the psychiatry unit for drug dependence and polysubstance abuse. He had been talking irrelevantly, misbehaving, and experiencing sleep disturbances for a week. His treatment plan included antipsychotics like haloperidol, carbamazepine, and diazepam. Over 7 days of treatment, his condition improved and he was sleeping well and talking relevantly by days 5-6, though he became irritable on day 7. The goals of reducing symptoms and improving quality of life were achieved through counseling and medication.
This document discusses substance abuse and provides definitions and classifications of commonly abused substances. It describes substance-related disorders according to the DSM-IV and ICD-10 and covers definitions of key terms like drug, tolerance, withdrawal syndrome, medical use, and non-medical use. The major classes of abused substances discussed include opioids, depressants, tranquilizers, stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabis, inhalants, and cocaine. Signs and symptoms of abuse and withdrawal are outlined for different substance classes. Principles of treatment include detoxification, abstinence, family involvement, screening, and self-help groups.
This document discusses drug dependence and abuse. It defines drug abuse as the compulsive and harmful use of substances, and dependence as a compulsive need to use drugs to function normally and experience withdrawal without them. It explores reasons for drug use and the difference between abuse and dependence. Specific drugs discussed include nicotine, alcohol, and opioids. For each drug, modes of use, mechanisms of action in the body, effects, tolerance, dependence and treatment approaches are summarized.
This document provides an overview of addiction psychiatry including:
- The neurobiology of addiction and how chronic drug use decreases dopamine levels and impacts brain regions responsible for motivation, inhibition and determining importance.
- Dually diagnosed patients often have substance use disorders and psychiatric illnesses which complicate treatment. Integrated treatment is recommended.
- Motivational interviewing and relapse prevention therapy aim to help patients through the stages of change to maintain sobriety.
- Pharmacological interventions for various addictions including opioids, alcohol and cocaine are discussed though more research is still needed on effective medications.
- A case example involves assessing potential prescription opioid misuse or addiction in a chronic pain patient.
The document discusses various psychotropic medications used in psychiatry including:
1. Antipsychotics such as first-generation antipsychotics which are dopamine receptor antagonists and second-generation antipsychotics which are serotonin-dopamine antagonists or partial dopamine agonists.
2. Antidepressants which include MAOIs, TCAs, SSRIs, SNRIs, and others.
3. Mood stabilizers indicated for bipolar disorder.
4. Benzodiazepines which are commonly used as anxiolytics.
5. Anticholinergic drugs which are primarily used to treat medication-induced movement disorders.
The document discusses commonly abused substances like opioids, stimulants, depressants and their classification. It defines terms related to drug addiction like misuse, abuse, dependence, tolerance and withdrawal. The neuropharmacology of reward pathways activated by various drugs and the mechanisms of tolerance, dependence and withdrawal are explained.
This document discusses substance use, misuse, and dependence. It defines rational drug use and provides terminology related to drug use. Common substances that are misused like cannabis, cocaine, and heroin are listed along with their effects. Factors that can underlie misuse include perceived benefits and altering one's psychological state. Adverse impacts include health problems, social problems, and drug-related crime. The document also discusses concepts like tolerance, withdrawal, harm reduction, and the roles of pharmacists and pharmacotherapy in addressing drug dependence.
DBHDD launched the GEN Rx project in 2012 in 3 Georgia counties to reduce prescription drug misuse among 12-25 year olds. The goal was to address what the CDC classified as an epidemic of prescription drug abuse, as Rx drugs are abused more than other drugs combined by teens. The project aimed to educate about abuse vs misuse, risks of addiction, and short and long term effects through community involvement and points of contact provided.
This document provides information on substance-related disorders including substance abuse, dependence, withdrawal, and intoxication. It defines substance abuse and dependence based on DSM-IV criteria. It describes the epidemiology, categories, and effects of commonly abused substances like stimulants, depressants, opiates, hallucinogens, inhalants, and caffeine. For each substance or class, it summarizes intoxication, withdrawal, treatment approaches, and diagnostic evaluation.
Drug dependence and abuse can involve substances that are used to modify physiological systems or explore pathological states. There are three main categories: substance intoxication causes unwanted effects, substance abuse involves excessive drug use inconsistently with medical practice, and substance dependence is a cluster of behavioral and cognitive phenomena due to maladaptive patterns including tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. Common withdrawal symptoms occur when blood concentrations decline after maintaining high levels, and vary based on the drug class. The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substance Act of 1985 prohibits production, possession, sale, purchase, transport, storage, consumption and amended in 2014 to relieve restrictions on important drugs like morphine.
This document provides an overview of principles of de-addiction programs. It begins with definitions of key terms like use, abuse, addiction, and dependence. It then outlines general principles of drug addiction treatment programs, noting that addiction is a treatable disease affecting brain and behavior, and that effective treatment addresses multiple individual needs. Finally, it describes different categories of treatment programs including detoxification, long-term residential treatment, outpatient counseling, group counseling, and criminal justice-involved programs. The overall message is that drug addiction treatment requires a multifaceted approach tailored to individual needs.
Substance use and abuse is commonly caused by ignorance or underestimating drugs' effects, especially addiction. Young people often start using drugs out of curiosity or to relieve stress. Drug education is important for prevention. Key factors influencing substance use include lack of parental supervision, peer pressure, feelings of pleasure, and relief from stress. Drugs are classified as substances that affect the body or mind and are intended for diagnosis, cure, treatment or prevention of disease. Prohibited drugs include opiates and hallucinogens, while regulated drugs are sedatives. Common classes of substances discussed are stimulants, depressants, inhalants, narcotics, and hallucinogens.
Prescription drug abuse has increased significantly in India due to overprescription of drugs like benzodiazepines without proper warnings, unlawful over-the-counter selling of prescription drugs, and legislation that lumps all drugs together. Commonly abused prescription drugs include opioids, CNS depressants, stimulants, and steroids. Doctors are uniquely positioned to screen for prescription drug abuse during routine exams and help patients receive treatment, which may involve behavioral therapies and medication to manage withdrawal symptoms and prevent relapse. Prevention requires vigilance about false prescriptions, educating pharmacists, and considering alternative means of dispensing potentially abusable drugs.
Drug addiction involves compulsively seeking to use a substance regardless of negative consequences. Certain drugs like narcotics and cocaine are more likely to cause physical dependence. Breaking an addiction is difficult but treatment including counseling and support groups can help support long-term recovery.
A PPT of Addiction Counseling by Dr Komal Verma.
Addiction counselors help patients overcome dependence on drugs, alcohol, and destructive behaviors like gambling. Counselors intervene when patients are often at their lowest points in their struggles with addiction. A certified drug and alcohol counselor may also work with the families of addicts to assist the healing process. These professionals may work in outpatient facilities, inpatient rehabilitation centers, halfway houses, or hospitals.
The document discusses drug abuse and addiction. It provides information on different types of drugs like cannabis, narcotics, CNS depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens. It describes drug use patterns in Pakistan and surveys on drug abuse from the 1980s to 1990s. It also discusses the neurological basis of addiction, sociological factors contributing to drug abuse, effects of addiction, and approaches to treatment and rehabilitation of addicts. Government legislation and efforts to control drug abuse through surveys and policy plans are also summarized.
Substance abuse refers to the maladaptive use of substances like alcohol, drugs, and chemicals. It can lead to addiction and dependence where the body develops a tolerance and needs more to achieve the same effects. Substance abuse disorders include alcohol dependence, opioid use, cannabis use, cocaine use, and abuse of volatile solvents. The causes of substance abuse are biological like genetics, psychological factors such as low self-esteem, and social influences including peer pressure. Treatment involves medical management of withdrawal symptoms, detoxification, and maintenance therapy as well as prevention efforts.
- Drugs vary in their capacity to produce pleasant feelings and reinforcement, which increases the likelihood of repeated use and abuse. The effects of drugs are influenced by agent/drug factors like their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, as well as host/user factors like genetics. Repeated drug use can lead to tolerance through pharmacokinetic changes like metabolism or pharmacodynamic changes in receptors. Abrupt discontinuation of chronic drug use can produce withdrawal symptoms and physical dependence. Treatment for dependence includes gradual drug reduction or maintenance therapies.
The document discusses medical and recreational drugs. It begins by explaining that medical drugs are used to treat diseases and relieve symptoms, and are obtained via prescription or over-the-counter. Recreational drugs are used for leisure purposes and cause changes in mood, behavior or perception. The document then discusses drug development and testing processes, different types of recreational drugs like stimulants and depressants, and specific drugs like tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, and antibiotics. It stresses the importance of controlling drugs and finishing antibiotic courses to prevent resistance.
The document provides an overview of psychopharmacology. It defines psychopharmacology as the systematic study of how drugs affect behavior, cognition, and emotions by altering nervous system activity. Psychoactive or psychotropic drugs are those that produce these effects. The document discusses factors that influence drug effects, the history of drug use by humans and other species, and developments in psychopharmacology over time, including the isolation of drug components in the 19th century and widespread drug testing and development in the 1950s. It addresses concepts like recreational versus medical drug use, what constitutes drug abuse, and effects of attempts to prohibit certain drugs. The overall purpose is to educate about drugs, their intended and unintended effects, how they
Self-medication refers to treating oneself without a doctor's guidance and can have benefits like quick relief but also significant dangers. Dangers include incorrect diagnosis, complications from improper use of medications, drug resistance, addiction, poisoning, and drug-drug interactions. Prescriptions from doctors are important because they are tailored to each individual case and ensure proper dosing. Drug abuse refers to inappropriate use for non-medical purposes and can progress to drug dependence over time as tolerance develops. Dependence involves both physical and psychological components and requires gradual withdrawal and other treatments.
This document discusses various drugs and their dependence liability. It describes how dependence develops from repeated drug administration and involves tolerance, physical withdrawal, and psychological craving. Different classes of drugs are listed with their typical dependence liability, from very strong for narcotics to weak or absent for LSD and cannabis. The mechanisms, effects, metabolism, and treatment approaches are summarized for several specific drugs, including nicotine, ethanol, cannabis, LSD, and cocaine.
The document discusses substance misuse as the nation's number one public health problem, noting the disease of addiction, population risk factors, treatment options, and initiatives at the Center for Addiction Medicine. It provides statistics on the prevalence and economic burden of substance use disorders and details factors influencing vulnerability, effective treatment models, and the cost-effectiveness of addiction treatment.
Drug abuse refers to the improper or excessive use of drugs, including illegal drugs and the misuse of prescription drugs. It is characterized by compulsive drug use despite negative consequences. Key aspects include:
- Addiction develops from heavy drug use and is marked by intense craving and withdrawal symptoms.
- Common drugs of abuse are alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, opiates, psychedelics, sedatives, and stimulants.
- Reasons for drug use include biological factors like physiological dependence, behavioral conditioning, personality traits like immaturity, and cultural influences.
- Drugs are obtained through legal markets like over-the-counter sales, prescription drugs, or illegal black markets.
-
The document provides information about new schools and names in Hull, UK. It lists the names of several schools in the area, including Orchard Park & Greenwood, Bricknell, Derringham, and schools in Bransholme East and West. It then announces new schools and names.
This document discusses substance use, misuse, and dependence. It defines rational drug use and provides terminology related to drug use. Common substances that are misused like cannabis, cocaine, and heroin are listed along with their effects. Factors that can underlie misuse include perceived benefits and altering one's psychological state. Adverse impacts include health problems, social problems, and drug-related crime. The document also discusses concepts like tolerance, withdrawal, harm reduction, and the roles of pharmacists and pharmacotherapy in addressing drug dependence.
DBHDD launched the GEN Rx project in 2012 in 3 Georgia counties to reduce prescription drug misuse among 12-25 year olds. The goal was to address what the CDC classified as an epidemic of prescription drug abuse, as Rx drugs are abused more than other drugs combined by teens. The project aimed to educate about abuse vs misuse, risks of addiction, and short and long term effects through community involvement and points of contact provided.
This document provides information on substance-related disorders including substance abuse, dependence, withdrawal, and intoxication. It defines substance abuse and dependence based on DSM-IV criteria. It describes the epidemiology, categories, and effects of commonly abused substances like stimulants, depressants, opiates, hallucinogens, inhalants, and caffeine. For each substance or class, it summarizes intoxication, withdrawal, treatment approaches, and diagnostic evaluation.
Drug dependence and abuse can involve substances that are used to modify physiological systems or explore pathological states. There are three main categories: substance intoxication causes unwanted effects, substance abuse involves excessive drug use inconsistently with medical practice, and substance dependence is a cluster of behavioral and cognitive phenomena due to maladaptive patterns including tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. Common withdrawal symptoms occur when blood concentrations decline after maintaining high levels, and vary based on the drug class. The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substance Act of 1985 prohibits production, possession, sale, purchase, transport, storage, consumption and amended in 2014 to relieve restrictions on important drugs like morphine.
This document provides an overview of principles of de-addiction programs. It begins with definitions of key terms like use, abuse, addiction, and dependence. It then outlines general principles of drug addiction treatment programs, noting that addiction is a treatable disease affecting brain and behavior, and that effective treatment addresses multiple individual needs. Finally, it describes different categories of treatment programs including detoxification, long-term residential treatment, outpatient counseling, group counseling, and criminal justice-involved programs. The overall message is that drug addiction treatment requires a multifaceted approach tailored to individual needs.
Substance use and abuse is commonly caused by ignorance or underestimating drugs' effects, especially addiction. Young people often start using drugs out of curiosity or to relieve stress. Drug education is important for prevention. Key factors influencing substance use include lack of parental supervision, peer pressure, feelings of pleasure, and relief from stress. Drugs are classified as substances that affect the body or mind and are intended for diagnosis, cure, treatment or prevention of disease. Prohibited drugs include opiates and hallucinogens, while regulated drugs are sedatives. Common classes of substances discussed are stimulants, depressants, inhalants, narcotics, and hallucinogens.
Prescription drug abuse has increased significantly in India due to overprescription of drugs like benzodiazepines without proper warnings, unlawful over-the-counter selling of prescription drugs, and legislation that lumps all drugs together. Commonly abused prescription drugs include opioids, CNS depressants, stimulants, and steroids. Doctors are uniquely positioned to screen for prescription drug abuse during routine exams and help patients receive treatment, which may involve behavioral therapies and medication to manage withdrawal symptoms and prevent relapse. Prevention requires vigilance about false prescriptions, educating pharmacists, and considering alternative means of dispensing potentially abusable drugs.
Drug addiction involves compulsively seeking to use a substance regardless of negative consequences. Certain drugs like narcotics and cocaine are more likely to cause physical dependence. Breaking an addiction is difficult but treatment including counseling and support groups can help support long-term recovery.
A PPT of Addiction Counseling by Dr Komal Verma.
Addiction counselors help patients overcome dependence on drugs, alcohol, and destructive behaviors like gambling. Counselors intervene when patients are often at their lowest points in their struggles with addiction. A certified drug and alcohol counselor may also work with the families of addicts to assist the healing process. These professionals may work in outpatient facilities, inpatient rehabilitation centers, halfway houses, or hospitals.
The document discusses drug abuse and addiction. It provides information on different types of drugs like cannabis, narcotics, CNS depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens. It describes drug use patterns in Pakistan and surveys on drug abuse from the 1980s to 1990s. It also discusses the neurological basis of addiction, sociological factors contributing to drug abuse, effects of addiction, and approaches to treatment and rehabilitation of addicts. Government legislation and efforts to control drug abuse through surveys and policy plans are also summarized.
Substance abuse refers to the maladaptive use of substances like alcohol, drugs, and chemicals. It can lead to addiction and dependence where the body develops a tolerance and needs more to achieve the same effects. Substance abuse disorders include alcohol dependence, opioid use, cannabis use, cocaine use, and abuse of volatile solvents. The causes of substance abuse are biological like genetics, psychological factors such as low self-esteem, and social influences including peer pressure. Treatment involves medical management of withdrawal symptoms, detoxification, and maintenance therapy as well as prevention efforts.
- Drugs vary in their capacity to produce pleasant feelings and reinforcement, which increases the likelihood of repeated use and abuse. The effects of drugs are influenced by agent/drug factors like their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, as well as host/user factors like genetics. Repeated drug use can lead to tolerance through pharmacokinetic changes like metabolism or pharmacodynamic changes in receptors. Abrupt discontinuation of chronic drug use can produce withdrawal symptoms and physical dependence. Treatment for dependence includes gradual drug reduction or maintenance therapies.
The document discusses medical and recreational drugs. It begins by explaining that medical drugs are used to treat diseases and relieve symptoms, and are obtained via prescription or over-the-counter. Recreational drugs are used for leisure purposes and cause changes in mood, behavior or perception. The document then discusses drug development and testing processes, different types of recreational drugs like stimulants and depressants, and specific drugs like tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, and antibiotics. It stresses the importance of controlling drugs and finishing antibiotic courses to prevent resistance.
The document provides an overview of psychopharmacology. It defines psychopharmacology as the systematic study of how drugs affect behavior, cognition, and emotions by altering nervous system activity. Psychoactive or psychotropic drugs are those that produce these effects. The document discusses factors that influence drug effects, the history of drug use by humans and other species, and developments in psychopharmacology over time, including the isolation of drug components in the 19th century and widespread drug testing and development in the 1950s. It addresses concepts like recreational versus medical drug use, what constitutes drug abuse, and effects of attempts to prohibit certain drugs. The overall purpose is to educate about drugs, their intended and unintended effects, how they
Self-medication refers to treating oneself without a doctor's guidance and can have benefits like quick relief but also significant dangers. Dangers include incorrect diagnosis, complications from improper use of medications, drug resistance, addiction, poisoning, and drug-drug interactions. Prescriptions from doctors are important because they are tailored to each individual case and ensure proper dosing. Drug abuse refers to inappropriate use for non-medical purposes and can progress to drug dependence over time as tolerance develops. Dependence involves both physical and psychological components and requires gradual withdrawal and other treatments.
This document discusses various drugs and their dependence liability. It describes how dependence develops from repeated drug administration and involves tolerance, physical withdrawal, and psychological craving. Different classes of drugs are listed with their typical dependence liability, from very strong for narcotics to weak or absent for LSD and cannabis. The mechanisms, effects, metabolism, and treatment approaches are summarized for several specific drugs, including nicotine, ethanol, cannabis, LSD, and cocaine.
The document discusses substance misuse as the nation's number one public health problem, noting the disease of addiction, population risk factors, treatment options, and initiatives at the Center for Addiction Medicine. It provides statistics on the prevalence and economic burden of substance use disorders and details factors influencing vulnerability, effective treatment models, and the cost-effectiveness of addiction treatment.
Drug abuse refers to the improper or excessive use of drugs, including illegal drugs and the misuse of prescription drugs. It is characterized by compulsive drug use despite negative consequences. Key aspects include:
- Addiction develops from heavy drug use and is marked by intense craving and withdrawal symptoms.
- Common drugs of abuse are alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, opiates, psychedelics, sedatives, and stimulants.
- Reasons for drug use include biological factors like physiological dependence, behavioral conditioning, personality traits like immaturity, and cultural influences.
- Drugs are obtained through legal markets like over-the-counter sales, prescription drugs, or illegal black markets.
-
The document provides information about new schools and names in Hull, UK. It lists the names of several schools in the area, including Orchard Park & Greenwood, Bricknell, Derringham, and schools in Bransholme East and West. It then announces new schools and names.
1. The study evaluated serum levels of 5'NT, ALP, AST, ALT, and bilirubin in 60 patients with clinically diagnosed cholecystitis and 40 healthy controls to identify markers that could help in diagnosis.
2. Levels of all markers were higher in patients with cholecystitis compared to controls, with 5'NT showing the highest sensitivity and specificity in indicating bile duct obstruction and liver cell damage.
3. Elevated AST and ALT also suggested liver cell damage, while increased 5'NT, ALP, AST, ALT, and bilirubin supported a diagnosis of cholecystitis, especially when considered together with clinical examination findings. Timely treatment is
This document provides information for negotiation. It discusses building trust through understanding different negotiation styles such as competitor, compromiser, collaborator, accommodator, and avoider. The "Rule of 5%" suggests learning all negotiation styles while the "Rule of 3" implies finding your main negotiation style.
This document summarizes a study on addiction among adolescents in northern India. The study found:
1) Over 75% of adolescents were addicted to opioids like morphine, and over 50% used nicotine.
2) More than 76% started using substances out of curiosity. Over 20% engaged in multiple risky sexual behaviors.
3) Around 40% had a family history of drug dependence or psychiatric disorders. Common substances of abuse included alcohol, tobacco, tranquilizers and analgesics.
4) The average age of first substance use was 14 and average age of seeking treatment was 17. Most patients came from nuclear families and were absent from school.
Keeping the spin - from idea to cash in 6 weeks (ICGSE2011)Marcin Kokott
This document discusses how Tieto helped a Dutch client transition to an agile way of working with their Indian team in just 6 weeks. Initially, the Dutch team was disappointed with the collaboration due to cultural differences. Tieto provided training on agile methods, global delivery, and cultural awareness. They then led a 1-week "crash course" using rapid learning cycles to break old habits. This improved innovation, global cooperation, and customer results. The client was happy with the outputs, saw weekly progress, and selected Tieto for future work due to the new approach.
The document discusses substance use disorders and addiction. It provides definitions and classifications from the DSM-5 and ICD-10. It then covers the biology and neuroscience of addiction, including how drugs of abuse activate the brain's reward system, especially the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. Repeated drug use conditions the amygdala through reward learning. Cues later trigger drug seeking through the reactive reward system. The reflective reward system involves the prefrontal cortex and can provide willpower to resist drugs through pursuit of natural rewards.
This document discusses drug and alcohol abuse. It defines drug abuse and addiction, and classifies drugs into 7 categories: central nervous system depressants, central nervous system stimulants, hallucinogens, dissociative anesthetics, narcotic analgesics, inhalants, and cannabis. It describes each category and provides examples. The document also discusses symptoms of drug problems, prevalence of drug abuse in India, alcohol use and abuse, and the types of treatment for alcohol abuse including behavioral treatments.
The document discusses substance abuse and its treatment. It defines substance abuse and dependence, and lists the DSM-IV criteria for substance abuse. Common substances abused by adolescents are discussed. Psychological factors, environment, peer pressure, and mental health issues can contribute to substance abuse. Consequences in academic settings include learning problems, reduced attention and focus. Prevention strategies and treatment methods like behavioral therapies and psychological interventions are important to address substance abuse issues.
2_Substance related and addictive disorders.pptxDr Rajesh Verma
Substance Abuse Related Disorders. this ppt is specially for students who are pursuing Post Graduate Diploma in Guidance and Counseling from GJUS&T Hisar and affiliated colleges.
Students can contact me for further discussion and doubts.
According to ICD 10 & DSM 5 , 12 categories of substances have been listed here alongwith their signs ,symptoms .
terminologies related to susbstance use ,their etiology ,management .
Drug abuse and addiction are characterized by destructive patterns of substance use that lead to significant problems. Commonly abused drugs include alcohol, amphetamines, cocaine, opioids, and cannabis. Addiction is a chronic disease that affects the brain and leads to compulsive drug seeking despite negative consequences. Treatment focuses on abstinence, relapse prevention, and rehabilitation through detoxification, therapy, and support groups.
The document discusses drugs and drug addiction. It defines drugs as substances that have physiological effects when ingested, and distinguishes between legal drugs used for medical purposes and illegal drugs which are addictive and not for medical use. It describes drug abuse and addiction as disorders characterized by destructive patterns of drug use that cause problems. Symptoms of drug addiction include feeling the need to use regularly, taking higher amounts over time, continuing use despite problems, and withdrawal symptoms when stopping. Commonly used drugs are also outlined, along with their effects.
substance use , Treatment for substance abuse often involves a combination of...arunjms86
Substance abuse can involve the misuse of legal substances, such as alcohol or prescription medications, as well as the use of illegal drugs. Some common substances of abuse include alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, cocaine, opioids (such as heroin and prescription painkillers), methamphetamines, and hallucinogens.
Substance abuse, psychiatric nursing, b. sc (n) pptmatenus
This document discusses substance abuse and alcohol dependence. It defines key terms related to substance use disorders and lists commonly abused psychoactive substances. It describes the ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use. It discusses the etiology of substance abuse from biological, behavioral, psychological, social and other perspectives. It outlines the consequences of substance abuse and details the characteristics, stages and clinical features of alcohol dependence.
Drug abuse refers to a destructive pattern of using substances like alcohol, prescription drugs, or illegal drugs that leads to distress or problems. Teen prescription drug abuse of narcotics and stimulants is increasing. Drug addiction, also called substance dependence, is a disease characterized by compulsive drug use, tolerance, and withdrawal. Individuals with both drug abuse issues and mental illness are considered to have a dual diagnosis and are at higher risk of treatment noncompliance. Commonly abused drugs include alcohol, amphetamines, anabolic steroids, caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opiates, PCP, and sedatives. Drug abuse and addiction can
The document provides information about substance and non-substance addictions. It defines key terms like drug, addiction, and substance use disorders. It explains that non-substance addictions include behaviors like gambling, risky sex, internet use, and shopping. The document also discusses the differences between chemical/drug addiction and non-chemical addiction, and notes that non-substance addictions can also cause physical, emotional, and financial harm if engaged in excessively.
Substance Abuse, Psychiatric Nursing, B. Sc (N) PPTNithiy Uday
The document discusses substance abuse and alcohol dependence. It defines key terms like substance abuse, addiction, dependence, and withdrawal. It covers the ICD-10 classification of substance use disorders and commonly abused substances. It discusses the etiology of substance abuse from biological, behavioral, psychological, and social perspectives. It provides details on the stages of alcoholism, clinical features of alcohol dependence, and psychiatric disorders caused by alcohol like acute intoxication, withdrawal syndrome, amnestic disorders, and mood disorders. It also covers relapse in alcohol dependence and complications of long-term alcohol abuse.
This document discusses the dangers of drug abuse, including addiction, health problems, and death. It notes that drugs can affect each person differently based on their brain chemistry and prior drug exposure. Common signs of drug abuse are listed, such as declining interest in activities, mood swings, and associating with known drug users. The most commonly abused drugs in the Philippines like methamphetamine, marijuana, and inhalants are described along with their short and long term negative health effects.
Introduction to the BioPsychoSocial approach to Addictionkavroom
In this 45 minute introductory lecture you will learn about the biopsychosocial approach to addiction
At the end of this session you should:
Have an understanding of the neurological systems that underpin addiction.
Appreciate that the ways addiction is explained has a direct influence upon treatment.
Be aware that there is no unified theory of addition, but that an integrated approach can help explain onset and maintenance of addictive behavior.
This presentation covers the nature and features of drug dependence. It also gives coverage to different psychological or biological models of drug addiction.
Psychoactive substances affect the central nervous system and brain function, changing perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior. Different drugs affect different neurotransmitters in the brain. The document discusses several key points:
1) Psychoactive drugs can have negative short-term and long-term health effects, including overdose, accidents, chronic illnesses, and social problems. Prenatal drug exposure can harm fetal development and cause issues like low birth weight.
2) Biological theories suggest genetics and changes in the brain from drug use contribute to addiction. No single factor determines if a person will become addicted.
3) The use of drugs like alcohol and opioids during pregnancy can significantly impact the health of
This document discusses drug addiction and related topics. It begins by defining drug addiction as a chronic disease affecting the brain where a person feels compelled to use drugs repeatedly regardless of the harm. It then discusses the stages of drug addiction from initial curiosity to drugs becoming the center of a person's life. The document also covers drug abuse, causes of drug use, symptoms of abuse, treatment options, and the differences between addiction, abuse, tolerance, and dependence.
This document provides an overview of drug education and human rights. It discusses the nature and effects of drug abuse, including how drugs negatively impact personal health and social relationships. The document defines key terms like drug, drug abuse, drug addiction, drug dependence, drug tolerance, and withdrawal syndrome. It also examines common reasons why people turn to drugs and the short-term and long-term health, psychological, and behavioral effects of drug use. Furthermore, it outlines signs of drug abuse and profiles of drug-dependent individuals.
ANTI-DRUG CAMPAIGN (TYPES/EFFECTS/HOW TO OVERCOME DRUGS)czarinaCervo
this is all about drugs and on how to avoid or stop drug abuse, through this slideshow, viewers can be aware about the effects and the negative things that drugs can do to our body.
This document discusses substance use disorders, specifically opioid use disorder. It defines key terms related to substance dependence and provides details on the epidemiology, etiology, mechanisms of action, comorbidities, diagnosis, and treatment of opioid use disorder. The treatment of opioid use disorder involves opioid substitution therapy, with methadone and buprenorphine being the most commonly used replacement therapies globally. The history and goals of opioid substitution therapy in Nepal are also summarized.
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This document discusses the potential role of ketogenic diets in eliminating or reducing the need for medical treatment in various diseases. It summarizes that ketogenic diets, which are very low in carbohydrates and higher in fats, induce a metabolic state called ketosis. Studies show that ketosis may help treat diseases like epilepsy, obesity, diabetes, and neurological and cardiovascular conditions by improving metabolic pathways and biomarkers. The document reviews the evidence and possible mechanisms for how ketogenic diets may help treat diseases, including reducing appetite and fat accumulation, improving lipid profiles, and reducing insulin resistance. However, more research is still needed to fully understand their long-term effects and therapeutic potential.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
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9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
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Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Detection of addiction in medical professionals -an eye opener
1. Dr.Anil Batta,J Biosci Tech, Vol 2 (3),2011, 305-311
DETECTION OF ADDICTION IN MEDICAL
PROFESSIONALS—AN EYE OPENER
Dr.Anil Batta
Associate Professor, Dep’t of Medical Biochemistry, Baba Farid Univ. of Health Sciences
Faridkot Punjab India
Abstract:
The medical professionals are vulnerable to substances of abuse/addiction due to
their ready accessibility to the substances of abuse. Of particular concern is the
finding of a lack of gender differences in problematic drinking with the pattern of
female addicts drinking rates for women approximating that of men by the end of
medical school. There is higher percentage use of alcohol, tranquillizers and Key words:
narcotics among medical students. Majority of the substance-abusing doctors are Narcotics,
graduates, belong to medicine specialty (21%) and majority of them prescribe tranquilizer,
drugs to themselves (37%). Medical student abuse is the major risk factors. medical professionals,
Despite paucity of studies in Indian population, substance use is reported between PGIMER, CHD
32.5% to as high as 81.2% among medical students, interns and house physicians.
In spite of the treatment dilemmas, the physicians do respond favorably to
treatment. These findings have implications in planning preventive and
interventional strategies for this professional group. This study explores the
attitudes and perceptions of medical students concerning patients with addictions
and policy issues related to drugs. Over 100 students from PGIMER students
responded to an anonymous survey concerning their experience and training
regarding addictions, and their level of support or opposition for various drug
policy approaches. Quantitative and qualitative epidemiological investigation of
substance use within a student population was seen during their mandatory
preventive health visit at the OPD medical facility. The purpose of this study was
to assess the prevalence of psychotropic (Narcotics) & tranquilizers drug
consumption by students undergoing medical courses of Post Graduate Institute of
Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh India to verify aspects related to those
addictions. Among psychotropic drugs, Narcotics & other psychotropic drugs like
dextropropoxyphenes, morphine, pethidine & tranquilizers were more frequently
used by the students. It was found to be 45.2% and 55.3% respectively.
1. INTRODUCTION environmental stress all can be factors. Peer
pressure can lead to drug use or abuse, but at
Physical addiction that gets (progressively) least half of those who become addicted
worse, but it’s a sort of emotional crisis that have depression, attention deficit disorder
is being pushed away. My belief is it's a post traumatic stress disorder, or another
spiritual crisis that is being batted away by mental health problem. Children that grow
taking drugs. And the trouble is, the more up in an environment of illicit drug
drugs you give an addict, the more drugs an abuse may first see their parents using drugs.
addict needs. Drug abuse can lead to drug This may put them at a higher risk for
dependence or addiction. Medico’s who use developing an addiction later in life for both
drugs for pain relief may become dependent, environmental and genetic reasons.
although this is rare in those who don't have
a history of addiction. The exact cause of People who are more likely to abuse or
drug abuse and dependence is not known. become dependent on drugs include those
However, a person's genes, the action of the who:-
drug, peer pressure, emotional 1. Have depression, bipolar disorder,
distress, anxiety neurosis and anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia
305
2. Dr.Anil Batta,J Biosci Tech, Vol 2 (3),2011, 305-311
2. Have easy access to drugs drug source; uses drugs to "fix" negative
3. Have low self-esteem, or problems with feelings; begins to stay away from friends
relationships and family; may change friends to those
4. Live a stressful lifestyle, economic or who are regular users; shows increased
emotional tolerance and ability to "handle" the drug.
5. Live in a culture where there is a high
social acceptance of drug use Daily preoccupation - the user loses any
motivation; does not care about school and
Commonly abused substances include: work; has obvious behavior changes;
Opiates and narcotics are powerful thinking about drug use is more important
painkillers that cause drowsiness (sedation) than all other interests, including
and sometimes feelings of euphoria. These relationships; the user becomes secretive;
include heroin, opium, codeine, meperidine may begin dealing drugs to help support
(Demerol), hydroxymorphone (Dilaudid), habit; use of other, harder drugs may
and oxycodone (Oxycontin). increase; legal problems may increase.
Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants Dependence - cannot face daily life without
Include amphetamines, cocaine, drugs; denies problem; physical condition
dextroamphetamine, methamphetamine, and gets worse; loss of "control" over use; may
methylphenidate (Ritalin). These drugs have become suicidal; financial and legal
a stimulating effect, and people can start problems get worse; may have broken ties
needing higher amounts of these drugs to with family members or friends.
feel the same effect (tolerance).
Symptoms
Central nervous system depressants include 1. Some of the symptoms and behaviors of
alcohol, barbiturates (amobarbital, drug dependence include:
pentobarbital, secobarbital), 2. Confusion
benzodiazepines (Valium, Ativan, Xanax), 3. Continuing to use drugs even when
chloral hydrate, and paraldehyde. These health, work, or family are being
substances produce a sedative and anxiety- harmed
reducing effect, which can lead to 4. Episodes of violence
dependence. 5. Hostility when confronted about drug
dependence
Hallucinogens include LSD, mescaline, 6. Lack of control over drug abuse - being
psilocybin ("mushrooms"), and unable to stop or reduce alcohol intake
phencyclidine (PCP or "angel dust"). They 7. Making excuses to use drugs
can cause people to see things that aren't 8. Missing work or school, or a decrease
there (hallucinations) and can lead to in performance
psychological dependence. 9. Need for daily or regular drug use to
function
Experimental use - typically involves 10. Neglecting to eat
peers, done for recreational use; the user 11. Not caring for physical appearance
may enjoy defying parents or other authority 12. No longer taking part in activities
figures. because of drug abuse
Regular use - the user misses more and 13. Secretive behavior to hide drug use
more school or work; worries about losing 14. Using drugs even when alone
306
3. Dr.Anil Batta,J Biosci Tech, Vol 2 (3),2011, 305-311
Opiates and narcotics are usually in the 2.1. Processing of sample
urine 12 to 36 hours after the last use, To 20 cc. of urine add conc. Hcl was used so
depending on the amount used and how as to get pH between 3 & 4. Reflux the
often the drug was used. contents in a flask, burner & condenser for 1
½ an hour. Allow this to cool down for
CNS stimulants such as cocaine can be about an hour.
found in urine for 1 to 12 days, again
depending on how often the drug was used. 2.2. Extraction Procedure
Refluxed urine is thoroughly washed with
CNS depressants such as Valium and Xanax 20 cc. Hexane. Then add sodium carbonate
are found up to 7 days after the last day of to get alkaline pH (8--9). Drug is extracted
use, mostly depending on the substance used from urine with chloroform & propyl
and how quickly the body removes it (its alcohol ratio of 4/1. Total volume of the
half-life). extraction mixture is 100 ml. Transfer the
Most hallucinogens also can be found in the contents in a separating funnel & collect the
urine up to 7 days after the last use. lowermost layer in a neat & dry beaker.
However, evidence of marijuana can be Evaporate the contents so that only residue
found for up to 28 days after its last use in is left.
regular users.
2.3. Spotting of Extracted Drug
2. METHOD Dried residue obtained in a beaker is
dissolved in a drop of methanol. This is
This study was carried out with students of spotted on mica plate so that difference
all years of the medical course invited to between the two is not >1/2 cm. & distance
participate anonymously by answering a from bottom is 2 cm. Along with the sample
self-applied questioaire. It was based upon the known sample is also spotted acting as
the World Health Organization's Guidelines standard of the drug.
for Student Substance Use Survey and
included 25 questions about drug addiction. 2.4. Development of spotted plate:
To carry out a quantitative and qualitative Put the spotted plates in the jar & left
epidemiological investigation of substance mobile phase to run up to 15 cm. mark. Take
use within a student population was seen out the plates & put them in oven for 5
during their preventive health visit at the minutes at about 100’C.
PGIMER medical facility.
2.5. Separating the plates
Cool the plate & spray this with spraying
Thin Layer chromatography is a method in
reagent Iodoplatinic acid. (made with the
which mobile phase moves by capillary
help of 1N Hcl, Potassium iodide & platonic
action across a uniform thin layer of finely
chloride). Alternately a UV lamp is much
divided stationary phase bonded on to plate.
better device. But for this we need labeled
Drugs when applied to the plate &
Silica to quote the glass plate.
developed with the mobile phase, they move
across the plate at different rates & hence
2.6. Detection of Drug
separated. Keeping in view cost effective
Locate the drug positive samples & compare
and reasonably accurate method of TLC was
them with morphine standard which was
used.
307
4. Dr.Anil Batta,J Biosci Tech, Vol 2 (3),2011, 305-311
spotted along with the samples. Depending 6. Adequate protection staff so as to keep
on Rf value we can isolate & identify drugs checks on any suicidal or homicidal
like Morphine, codein, papavarine & other tendency.
narcotics. Similarly by changing the mobile 7. Patients were given analgesics,
phase or solvent system & spraying reagent tranquilizer, Vitamins & mineral as drug.
with dye or /UV apparatus we can isolate &
identify other drugs of abuse. 3. RESULTS
2.7. MATERIAL A total of 100 students took part in the
survey with a response rate of approximately
The present study was undertaken in one 50%. Preliminary results relating to a
hundred students studying in various courses subsample of this study are presented here
of all years in PGIMER, Chandigarh (n = 100, mean age 20 years, 56% women).
attending the OPD for a different 44% of the students consumed narcotic &
psychological problem of drug de-addiction tranquilizer at least once in their life. Other
& treatment Centre (DDTC) department of evaluated substances had a prevalence of
Psychiatry, Post graduate Institute of consumption lower than 1%. For the first
Medical Education Research, Chandigarh consumptions, a majority of students state to
(PGIMER, Chandigarh) & those who were felt "pleasant" effects: relaxation (71%) and
ailing & admitted to the ward of DDTC.All euphoria (53%). 13% state to have felt
of them were scanned thoroughly to rule out effects of anxiety or sadness. 25% admit
taking the drugs inadvertently. Age group having had difficulties of expression, 24%
was not particular & all the students doing memory deficits, 35% trouble with
all medical courses were selected. They coordination or balance and 39% difficulties
were provided a test tube for collecting a of concentration. Approximately 16% had
urine sample for detecting the drugs in urine. impressions of depersonalization and
They were guarded by watch staff so that derealization. Lastly, some experienced
they may not dodge by filling the tube with "psychotic-like" effects such as visual (10%)
a water sample. Different routine and auditory (6%) hallucinations, as well as
investigations with Liver Function Tests in referential ideas (16%), mistrust or feelings
particular were carried out. This was taken of persecution (11%). 26% of the student
into consideration as they may have been sample had felt at least one of these last four
taken raw morphine which contains Arsenic. "psychotic-like" effects. : In 2000-2006,
Following tests were carried out in routine 66.0% of male respondents and 52.0% of
in all the suspected cases:-- female respondents have reported any drug
use during their life. The analysis of
1. Serum ALT/AST/ALP/GGT. standardized data (by the place of residence)
2. Routine tests like Sugar, urea, TSP/DSP showed an increase in the prevalence of
were carried out by auto analyzer. drug use during 2006-2010.Up to 69.67 % in
3. Tests according to History of Patients. boys (P<0.05) and up to 60.60 % in girls
4. The food was provided by PGIMER, (P>0.05). Percentage of club drug users
CHD mess to rule out any foul play of increased significantly in girls (from 21.5%
sending the medicine in food. to 29.8%; P=0.040)
5. Watch & ward staff was always on alert
to rule out any back door entry of drugs
308
5. Dr.Anil Batta,J Biosci Tech, Vol 2 (3),2011, 305-311
Table 1
Graduates perusing post Graduate Study-Specialty wise
Chronic Self Response rate
Specialty Mean age±SD Gross response rate
illness prescription Specialty wise
Medicine 23% 35% 25±1.9 39%
Psychiatry 39% 48% 24±2.9 48%
Surgery 25% 29% 24±3.9 29% 41%
Orthopedics 21% 15% 26±5.9 15%
Table -2
Chart showing narcotic and tranquilizer addiction (Priority wise)
Total Revealed Type of Drug & its sex wise prevalence
Professio intake of prevalence in both sexes
nal Drug Tranquilizer Narcotics Male Female
Narcot
Tranquilizer Narcotics Tranquilizer
ics
67% 52% 64% 58% 73% 32%
100 58
Table-3
Comparative Data of the last ten years
Type of drug & its Sex wise prevalence
Major %
prevalence in both
cause Addicts Male Female
sexes
Tranquilizer Narcotics Tranquilizer Narcotics
2000- Sadness/
45.4%
2006 Anxiety 67% 52% 64% 58% 73% 32%
Depression 32.5%
2007- Relaxation 59.8%
2010 60.60% 67.8% 66.43% 74.32% 32.76%
Euphoria 65.32% 69.67%
Loneliness 29.7%
Failed
love 39 %
affair
309
6. Dr.Anil Batta,J Biosci Tech, Vol 2 (3),2011, 305-311
4. DISCUSSION: problematic drinking with the pattern of
female rates. Drugs were most frequently
Students were asked to take part in an used by, students living single in hostel
investigation of their substance consumption room, who live alone and do not support
and their individual experiences with themselves communication with friends who
narcotics & tranquilizers in particular. use drugs, participation in the parties where
Personality auto questionnaires were drugs are used, alcohol use, and smoking. In
performed and the psychotomimetic effects 2006 survey, more significant relationship
of narcotics & tranquilizers were between drug use and social and behavioral
investigated with substance use within a factors was observed. Several indicators of
student population seen during their drug use showed a significant increase in
mandatory preventive health visit at the drug abuse among students of medical
OPD medical facility. The use of illicit schools in North India during the period of
drugs by students and the possible 20004-2010. Multisectorial efforts and
psychological repercussions in this integrated preventive measures should be
population of young adults is an important applied for the prevention of epidemics of
public health issue. Some data in the drug use in North India & for that matter the
literature suggest a relationship between whole India. Alcohol was most used and
drugs and the occurrence of mental health was related to other drug addictions. Drugs
disorders, in particular psychotic illnesses, were most frequently used by single, male
epidemiologic surveys have shown that students, who live alone and do not support
narcotics & tranquilizers is the most themselves, communication with friends
consumed illicit drug who use drugs, participation in the parties
where drugs & alcohol are used. In 2006
Narcotic & tranquilizers consumption is
survey, more significant relationship
highly variable among different consumers.
between drug use, social and behavioral
Implications for prevention strategies are
factors was observed. Several indicators of
discussed such as educational interventions
drug use showed a significant increase in
based on recognition and motivation for
drug abuse among students of medical
change. The results are consistent with the
schools in North India during the period of
idea that the impact of tranquilizers &
2004-2010. Multisectorial efforts and
narcotics is easy we can isolate & identify
integrated preventive measures should be
other drugs of abuse.
applied for the prevention of epidemics of
As the present study was meant for drug use in North India & for that matter the
knowing the level of addiction in students of whole India.
different medical courses like Laboratory
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