This document discusses drug dependence and abuse. It defines drug abuse as the compulsive and harmful use of substances, and dependence as a compulsive need to use drugs to function normally and experience withdrawal without them. It explores reasons for drug use and the difference between abuse and dependence. Specific drugs discussed include nicotine, alcohol, and opioids. For each drug, modes of use, mechanisms of action in the body, effects, tolerance, dependence and treatment approaches are summarized.
This ppt / lecture contains all the necessary information like Manufacturing / Source, Chemical Structures, Process of Extraction, Effects, Overdose and Withdrawal Symptoms, Forensic Analsys about Narcotic Drugs like Opium, Morphine, Heroine, Cannabis, Cocaine, Mandrax, LSD, Methaqualone, Mecloqualone and Psychotropic Substances like Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines.
Drug dependence
It is a physical or psychological condition resulting from repeated administration of mood-altering drugs.
It is a state characterized by a compulsion to take the drug on a continuous or periodic basis in order to experience its euphoriogenic effects.
If a mood-altering drug is unavailable, then the individual develops certain withdrawal symptoms.
Physical dependence + Psychological dependence
Drug addiction
Drug habituation
Drug abuse
Habit-forming drug
This ppt / lecture contains all the necessary information like Manufacturing / Source, Chemical Structures, Process of Extraction, Effects, Overdose and Withdrawal Symptoms, Forensic Analsys about Narcotic Drugs like Opium, Morphine, Heroine, Cannabis, Cocaine, Mandrax, LSD, Methaqualone, Mecloqualone and Psychotropic Substances like Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines.
Drug dependence
It is a physical or psychological condition resulting from repeated administration of mood-altering drugs.
It is a state characterized by a compulsion to take the drug on a continuous or periodic basis in order to experience its euphoriogenic effects.
If a mood-altering drug is unavailable, then the individual develops certain withdrawal symptoms.
Physical dependence + Psychological dependence
Drug addiction
Drug habituation
Drug abuse
Habit-forming drug
This presentation is prepared with the objective of providing information on drug abuse and drug addiction to secondary level students. References has been taken from different slide available in slide share.
This presentation covers the nature and features of drug dependence. It also gives coverage to different psychological or biological models of drug addiction.
This PPT is based on Drug Addiction & Abuse..Anyone who is interested to download this ppt ,can comment on the comment section with their email id. I can assure you that I will send this original ppt to your email.
Drug Dependence & Abuse - Presentation by Akshay AnandAkshay Anand
A presentation on Drug Dependence and Drug Abuse that explains in brief about the various practices of substance abuse and dependence and the medicinal agents and drugs that can be used to overcome or treat such abuses. This was presented as a part of curriculum by Akshay Anand in Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy during May 2013.
Drug & substance abuse Marijuana, Cocaine, Heroine, alcohol and prescription...OrnellaRN
Risk Factors, Effects on the brain,Symptoms, Warning signs and treatment.
Drugs and substances such as marijuana, cocaine and heroine are not the only substances that can be abused. Alcohol, prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications, inhalant and solvents, sedatives, coffee and cigarettes.
Diagnosis and treatment of amphetamine abuseAsra Hameed
Amphetamine is a stimulant and an appetite suppressant. It stimulates the central nervous system (nerves and brain) by increasing the amount of certain chemicals in the body. This increases heart rate and blood pressure and decreases appetite, among other effects.
Amphetamine is used to treat narcolepsy and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD).
Amphetamine may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this medication guide.
Depressants slow down (or “depress”)
the normal activity that goes on in the brain. Alcohol is a depressant.
Doctors often prescribe central nervous
system (CNS) depressants to patients who are anxious or can’t sleep. When
used as directed, CNS depressants are safe and helpful for people who need
them.
A drug is any chemical that produces a therapeutic or non-therapeutic effect in the body. Many prescription drugs that produce therapeutic effects may also cause non-therapeutic effects if taken in excess and/or without a specific prescription.
This presentation is prepared with the objective of providing information on drug abuse and drug addiction to secondary level students. References has been taken from different slide available in slide share.
This presentation covers the nature and features of drug dependence. It also gives coverage to different psychological or biological models of drug addiction.
This PPT is based on Drug Addiction & Abuse..Anyone who is interested to download this ppt ,can comment on the comment section with their email id. I can assure you that I will send this original ppt to your email.
Drug Dependence & Abuse - Presentation by Akshay AnandAkshay Anand
A presentation on Drug Dependence and Drug Abuse that explains in brief about the various practices of substance abuse and dependence and the medicinal agents and drugs that can be used to overcome or treat such abuses. This was presented as a part of curriculum by Akshay Anand in Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy during May 2013.
Drug & substance abuse Marijuana, Cocaine, Heroine, alcohol and prescription...OrnellaRN
Risk Factors, Effects on the brain,Symptoms, Warning signs and treatment.
Drugs and substances such as marijuana, cocaine and heroine are not the only substances that can be abused. Alcohol, prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications, inhalant and solvents, sedatives, coffee and cigarettes.
Diagnosis and treatment of amphetamine abuseAsra Hameed
Amphetamine is a stimulant and an appetite suppressant. It stimulates the central nervous system (nerves and brain) by increasing the amount of certain chemicals in the body. This increases heart rate and blood pressure and decreases appetite, among other effects.
Amphetamine is used to treat narcolepsy and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD).
Amphetamine may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this medication guide.
Depressants slow down (or “depress”)
the normal activity that goes on in the brain. Alcohol is a depressant.
Doctors often prescribe central nervous
system (CNS) depressants to patients who are anxious or can’t sleep. When
used as directed, CNS depressants are safe and helpful for people who need
them.
A drug is any chemical that produces a therapeutic or non-therapeutic effect in the body. Many prescription drugs that produce therapeutic effects may also cause non-therapeutic effects if taken in excess and/or without a specific prescription.
Drugs –What they Are and What they Do ?
CONSUMPTION OF VARIOUS DRUGS
Two main Categories of Drugs
Why do so many Teenagers start down this potentially Dangerous path ?
- Why do people start?
Causes
TREATMENT
Think again
How Addiction effects us ,our fnf, our different body parts & how to treat it... It could be treated & there is still hope out there... So be brave and strong ...U can do it...U can do anything because it is ur great legacy...
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
2. DRUG ABUSE
DRUG DEPENDENCE
TERMINOLOGIES
WHY DO PEOPLE ABUSE DRUGS?
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE
DRUGS OF ABUSE
NICOTINE ABUSE
ALCOHOL ABUSE
OPIOIDS ABUSE
3. Compulsive, excessive, and self-damaging use of habit
forming drugs or substances, leading to addiction or
dependence, serious physiological injury (such as damage to
kidneys, liver, heart) and/or psychological harm (such as
dysfunctional behaviour patterns, hallucinations, memory
loss), or death. Also called substance abuse.
It is defined as usage of drugs for non-therapeutic purpose,
Using a drug for altered mood, consciousness and physical
Development such as misuse of CNS stimulants and
Depressants.
The term abuse also represents certain drugs Used by people
which are not approved or accepted by society.
4. Substance or Drug
Dependence, commonly
called as Drug Addiction, is
a compulsive need to use
drugs in order to function
normally.
When such substance are
unobtainable, the user
suffers from withdrawal.
5. “When an individual persists in use of alcohol or
other drugs despite problems related to use of
substance, Substance (Drug) Dependence may be
diagnosed. Compulsive and repetitive use may
result in tolerance to the effect of the drug and
withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or
stopped. This, along with Substance (Drug) Abuse
are considered Substance (Drug) Use Disorders.”
6. DRUG SEEKING BEHAVIOR
Abused drugs and abused substances are known to enhance CNS
effects and an increased demand of drug. The enhanced drug
seeking property of a drug is reinforcing property.
MISUSE-Indiscriminate use of drugs is termed as
misuse.
7. ADDICTION
Chronic use of drug leads to drug addiction. Drug addiction is characterized by
the following:
The person aims to consume drug at any circumstances.
Procurement of the drug becomes a must for the person.
Drug addiction leads to development of drug tolerance.
Tolerance development increases the effective dose requirement production of
normal therapeutic effect.
Addicted people must use the drugs regularly to avoid abstinence(self-denial)
syndrome.
8. Discontinuous of cessation of the drug leads to relapse.
Ex: The drugs like Amphetamines, Lysergic acid Diethylamide,
Cocaine, cannabis and others are liable for addiction. These
drugs produce addiction without physical dependence.
9. HABITUATION
It is a state of mind of a drug abuser characterized by the following
features:
There is no compulsion to consume the drug.
Tolerance, withdrawal symptoms are developed to a maximum
extent.
Habituation is not harmful to society but it is problematic for an
individual.
It is closely related to addiction.
Ex: Addiction to Tea, Coffee and other beverages, Alcoholism’
consumption of Soft Drinks, Cool Drinks, Energy Drinks, etc., Addiction
to Tobacco in the form of Smoking Cigarettes, Chewing, etc.
10. REBOUND
The recurrence of symptoms of a disease due
to sudden cessation of the drug. Symptoms are vivid and appear to
a greater extent.
RELAPSE
The recurrence of disease which has been
successfully treated earlier. This may occur with similar symptoms
of disease after a gap of certain period due to discontinuation of
treatment.
11. DETOXIFICATION
It is one of the process of drug dependence treatment. It involves
administration of abused drug in reduced doses so that slow
withdrawal is possible.
CRAVING
Increased drug seeking property or wanting of drug or desire to
procure the drug.
12. People take drugs because they want to change
something about their lives.
Here are some of the reasons young people have
given for taking drugs:
To fit in
To escape or relax
To relieve boredom
To rebel
To experiment
13. They think drugs are solution. But eventually, the drugs
become the problem.
Difficult as it may be to face one’s problems, the
consequences of drug are always worse than the problem
one is trying to solve with them. The real answer is to get
facts and not to take drugs in first place.
14. Substance abuse, also known
as Drug Abuse, is a patterned
use of a substance (drug) in
which d user consumes the
substance in amounts or with
methods neither approved
nor advised by medical
professionals.
15. Substance/Drug abuse is not limited to mood-
altering or psycho-active drugs. If an activity is
performed using the objects against the rules and
policies of the matter (as steroids for performance
enhancement in sports) it is also called substance
abuse.
16. The mood-altering and psychoactive
substance are not the only types of
drugs abused. Using illicit drugs –
narcotics, stimulants, depressants
(sedatives), hallucinogens, cannabis
(Marijuana/Ganja) etc.
Substance abuse or Drug abuse often
includes problems with impulse
control and impulsive behavior.
17. The DSM-IV-TR identifies two different severities of Substance
Use Disorders. These are Substance Abuse and Substance
Dependence.
DRUG ABUSE
Substance Abuse is the less severe diagnosis. It includes the following
symptoms:
The repeated and continued use of a substance despite negative
consequences (within a 12-month period).
“Negative consequences” includes four primary types.
18. 1. One negative consequence is continued use despite problems
with work, school or family/social obligations. This might
include repeated work absences, poor school performance,
neglect of children, or failure to meet household
responsibilities.
2. Another negative consequence occurs when a person
becomes involved in legal difficulties related to their
substance use (e.g. DUI, assault, theft).
19. 3.A third type of negative consequence is repeatedly using
substances in physically dangerous situations. For instance,
using alcohol or other drugs while operating machinery or
driving a car.
4.Abuse may also be indicated when someone continues
substance use despite having interpersonal problems
because of the substance use. This could include arguments
with family members spouse/partner about the substance
use; or loosing important friendship because of continued
use.
20. Substance dependence as compared to Substance Abuse, is the more severe
diagnosis. Substance Dependence requires at least three of the following seven
symptoms(within a 12-month period)
1. Tolerance
2. Withdrawal symptoms
3. Using for longer periods
of time than intended, or using
larger amounts than intended;
4. Wanting to reduce use, yet being
unsuccessful doing so;
21. 5. Spending excessive time
getting/using/recovering from the drug use;
6. Isolated Behavior : Giving up social or
occupational activities due to use;
7. Continuing to use despite knowing about
physical/psychological problems related to use.
22. DRUG RELATED FACTORS
Drugs posses different abilities to produce reinforcement in
individual. Drug variables play major role in the development of drug
abuse and drug addiction.
Examples: Availability of the drug, Cost of the drug, potency, Route of
administration, speed of action etc. are the important drug related
factors.
23. Every individual has a different mechanism of action for drug
absorption, metabolism and other pharmacokinetic &
pharmacodynamics properties.
Genetic factors of an individual closely control the various
activities. Almost 60% of people are genetically addicted to
drugs. Alcohol abuse may be due to genetic factor.
Apart from genetic factors, other factors related to the host
that control drug abuse and addiction include development of
tolerance euphoria, intoxication, psychiatric symptoms,
metabolism etc.
24. These factors are closely related to the society and surroundings in
which the person lives.
People living in underdeveloped areas where job opportunities and
educational exposures less are more susceptible to drug abuse and
addiction. Drug abusers, dealers influence the local people to consume
the drugs.
The consumption of abused drugs lead to reinforcement and increased
craving of the drug.
Examples: Substances like Cannabis, Cocaine, Heroine, Marijuana,
Nicotine, Alcohols are abused intentionally.
26. Nicotine is obtained from
Nicotiana tobaccum to a
maximum extent and is potent,
toxic substance that exists in
tobacco and is responsible for
drug dependence.
Addiction to nicotine has been
increasing over past few years.
it is globally consumed in
various forms; smoked as cigars,
cigarettes, beedi, hooka; inhaled
as snuff; chewed as jarda, khaini,
gutka etc.
28. Nicotine acts on the acetylcholine receptors which
are present in cortex and hippocampus religions of
the brain at the presynaptic and postsynaptic areas.
Nicotine is involved in stimulation and
desensitization of acetylcholine.
Stimulation of acetylcholine causes excitation of
neurons, which leads to rapid neuronal transmissions.
Chronic administration of nicotine desensitizes
acetylcholine receptors.
29.
30. 1. ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nicotine stimulates CNS by stimulating receptors and the
resultant effect includes alertness, attention, decreased
depression, anorexia and improved memory. Stimulation of
supraoptic nucleus causes release of anti-diuretic hormone.
Apart from regions of brain, nicotine also stimulates
respiratory centers and vomiting centers. It inhibits spinal
reflexes which causes relaxation of skeletal muscle
stimulating cells of spinal cord. Excess intake of nicotine
causes adverse effects like seizures, coma and even death
due to respiratory failure.
31. 2. ON CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Nicotine stimulates autonomic ganglia and adrenal
medulla which results in vasoconstriction of peripheral
regions and the ultimate effect is tachycardia, increased
cardiac output and arterial pressure.
3. ON GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Salivary secretions are increased by stimulatory
effects of nicotine. Other effects on GIT include nausea,
vomiting. Excess stimulation of GIT delays healing of
peptic ulcers, increased motor activity and diarrhea are
noticed.
32. Nicotine is absorbed rapidly when it is inhaled in the form of smoke.
Cigarettes possess 0.8g of tobacco and 9-17g nicotine.
Cigar or pipe smoke gets absorbed rapidly from mouth to pharynx.
Absorption of nicotine from cigar occurs at slower rate and lasts for
longer duration.
Consumption of one cigarette increases about 15-30mg/ml of
nicotine concentration in the plasma within 10 minutes. The obtained
concentration reduces to half after another 10 minutes and slowly
declines within 1 to 2 hours as it gets distributed to tissue and blood.
Nicotine is metabolized by liver. Oxidation of nicotine takes place and
the oxidized metabolic product is cotinine, plasma half-life of
metabolic product is for longer duration.
33. 1. RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Chronic smokers have high risk of cancer attack.
Occurrence of cancer in lungs, upper respiratory
tract, oesophagus, bronchi, larynx have been
noticed. Cancer is associated with symptoms like
dyspnoea, wheezing cough, chest pain, respiratory
tract infections, etc. Risk of cancer is greater in
smokers when compared to non smokers.
34. 2. ON CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Thrombosis induced by smoking results in coronary heart
diseases. Hypertension and ischemia also occur due to excess
release of catecholamine, anti-diuretic hormone and fatty
substances in plasma.
3. REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS
Smoking may lead to several complications in pregnant
women such as premature delivery, spontaneous abortion and
placenta praevia. It may also show deleterious effects in the
newborns such as decreased birth weight, physical and mental
abnormalities. It may also lead to tachycardia in infants
dependent on mother’s milk.
35. Nicotine activates the Reward-Reinforcement pathway by increasing the
dopamine levels. Prolonged use of nicotine leads to desensitization of
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Nicotine stimulates autonomic ganglia in order to stimulate postganglionic
nerves. But higher dose of nicotine blocks the ganglionic transmission by
producing depolarization.
Tolerance is rapidly developed due to desensitization of acetylcholine
receptors because of chronic administration of nicotine. The desensitization
of acetylcholine receptors is responsible for blockage of ganglionic
stimulations.
The withdrawal symptom of nicotine is craving of cigarettes. This symptom
lasts for a month. Over symptoms include anxiety, sleeplessness, restlessness,
etc.
36. Nicotine dependence and withdrawal symptoms can be treated by
using nicotine substitutes and other suitable antagonists for
nicotinic receptors.
Nicotine Replacement Therapy is found useful in treating nicotine
dependence where a substitute to nicotine is administered to the
dependents which contain relatively small amounts of nicotine.
Drugs for treatment of nicotine and tobacco are:
- Bupropion
- Rimonabant
- Varenicline
- Clonidine
37. Alcohol beverages are widely
distributed and available globally.
Alcohol is one of the most
abused drugs. People prefer
alcohol for pleasure and euphoria.
The reinforcement of alcohol is
high as a result several people are
currently suffering from
alcoholism.
Alcohol primarily acts as a CNS
depressant and gradually initiates
sedations.
40. Chronic alcohol consumption produces various adaptive
neuronal changes in order to counter attack the acute cellular
effects produced by alcohol.
The density of GABA receptors decreases up regulation of NMDA
(N-methyl-D-aspartase) receptors and proliferation of Ca2+
channels takes place.
Alcohol enhances the neurotransmitters of reward pathway. It
elevates dopamine, 5-HT, acetylcholine, norepinephrine and
other opioid receptors with a similar mechanism as that opioids
i.e. enhances the drug dependence activity since it produces
pleasant feelings.
41. 1.CNS MANIFESTATION
Initial effects include impairment of cognitive functions like ability to
learn, attention, contraction, slurred speech, euphoria, highly excited
nature, self confidence, sedation, ataraxia. Excess of alcohol results in
melancholy, aggressive nature, mood disorders, impaired sensory
parameters, etc.
2. CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION
These include peripheral vasodilatation, sweating, excessive sweating
increased heart rate flushing.
42. 3. GASTROINTESTINAL MANIFESTATION
Alcohol enhances gastric acid secretions and
results in impairment of normal functioning of GIT.
4. RENAL MANIFESTATION
Diuresis due to inhibition of anti-diuretic
hormone. Hyperuricemia (excess uric acid in blood)
due to abnormal excretion of uric acid.
43. Chronic alcohol consumption leads to various neurological
disorders such as-
a. Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
b. Polneuropathy
c. Karsakoff’s Neuropathy
d. Retrobuar Neuropathy
e. Marchiafava Bignami Syndrome
f. Hepatic Encephalopathy
44. Tolerance and Dependence are also major problems.
They are a result of prolonged consumption of alcohol
which desensitizes and decreases GABA receptors,
increases NMDA subtype glutamate receptors.
These changes play a vital role in development of
tolerance.
Cells and tissues function abnormally due to tolerance
development.
Elimination of alcohol at a faster rate is also one of the
reasons for tolerance development.
45. Administration of glucose, thiamine and other electrolytes reduces
metabolic alterations like hypoglycemia and ketosis, preventing
respiratory depression hence treating alcohol toxicity.
Administration of sedatives and hypnotics like chlordiazepoxide
and diazepam reduces withdrawal symptoms to a certain extent,
preventing seizures, delirium and arrhythmias, β-Blockers like
clonidine, propranolol are helpful in inhibiting neurotransitter
release and controlling sympathetic activity.
Aversion therapy is a primary approach in treating alcoholism.
Disulfiram (Antabuse, Antabus) is a drug of choice used in the
therapy, however it has its own set of adverse effects.
46. Aversion therapy is a primary approach in treating
alcoholism. Disulfiram (Antabuse, Antabus) is a
drug of choice used in the therapy, however it has its
own set of adverse effects.
Naltrexone (Revia, Depade, Vivitrol), an opioid
receptor antagonist is helpful in reducing the craving
for alcohol in addicts.
Acamprosate (Campral) is another preferred drug
for alcohol dependents. It has multiple effects on
various receptors and neurotransmitters.
47. An opioid is any psychoactive
chemical that resembles
morphine in its pharmacological
effects. Opioids work by binding
to opioid receptors, which are
found principally in the central
and peripheral nervous system
and the gastrointestinal tract.
Commonly abused opioids are
morphine, heroin, codeine,
oxycodeine, meperidine.
49. Opioids act on G-protein coupled receptors μ, ĸ, δ which are known to
inhibit adenyl cyclase, cAMP, protein kinase A, voltage gated Ca2+
channels.
The inhibitory actions of opioids leads to depression upon mild
exposure.
Prolonged exposure of opioids exert an opposite effect on the G-protein
coupled receptors resulting an increase in the compensatory response
element binding.
The rise inn CREB exerts excitatory actions due to enhanced Na+
channel functions and cAMP up regulation.
All these cellular effects not only decrease the inhibitory actions of
opioids but also lead to development of tolerance, dependence and
withdrawal symptoms.
50. Physical and psychological dependence develop in
opioid drug abusers.
Physical dependence develops to a greater extent
that compared to psychological dependence.
Sudden withdrawal of opioids may lead to death of
individuals.
51. The symptoms of physical dependence include dysphoria,
GI upset, mydriasis, cough, hyperventilation, ocular
discharge, diarrhea, yawning, hyperthemia, piloerection,
aggressiveness and emesis.
Psychological dependence is characterized by craving. The
enhanced dopamine levels enhance the craving effect.
Sudden withdrawal effects are termed as noradrenergic
storm due to increased release of norepinephrine.
52. Desensitization of opioid receptors, increased CREB
(compensatory response element binding), reduced
receptor-effector coupling mechanism are the various
changes produced due to chronic administration of
opioids.
All these changes lead to the development of tolerance.
Tolerance is developed to euphoria, respiratory
depression, sedation and emetic actions.
Tolerance to euphoria develops at faster rate.
Cross tolerance to opioid agonists is also developed.
53. Replacement therapy is found useful in treating opioid
dependence. Long acting drugs are administered in place of
short acting drugs.
Methadone (Symoron, Dolophine, Amidone, Methadose,
Physeptone, Heptadon), levo-α-acetyl methanol,
buprenorphine are known to be potent opioid replacement
agonists.
Opioid agonists like Naltrexone (Revia, Depade, Vivitrol) is
effective against euphoria and withdrawal symptoms of
opioids.
Lofexidine, α-2-adrenergic receptor agonist is also effective
against withdrawal effects of opioids.