The document discusses substance abuse and its treatment. It defines substance abuse and dependence, and lists the DSM-IV criteria for substance abuse. Common substances abused by adolescents are discussed. Psychological factors, environment, peer pressure, and mental health issues can contribute to substance abuse. Consequences in academic settings include learning problems, reduced attention and focus. Prevention strategies and treatment methods like behavioral therapies and psychological interventions are important to address substance abuse issues.

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PAPER:-PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEMS OF
SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
PRESENTATION BY
UTKARSH SRIVASTAVA SHUBHAM KUMAR
TOPIC:-
SUBSTANCE
ABUSE

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Substance abuse
"Substance abuse refers to the harmful or
hazardous use of psychoactive substances,
including alcohol and illicit drugs. Psychoactive
substance use can lead to dependence
syndrome - a cluster of behavioral, cognitive,
and physiological phenomena that develop after
repeated substance use and that typically
include a strong desire to take the drug,
difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its
use despite harmful consequences, a higher
priority given to drug use than to other activities
and obligations, increased tolerance, and
sometimes a physical withdrawal state. “
(World health Organization)

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DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Substance
Abuse (measures)
 A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant
impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following,
occurring within a 12-month period:
1. recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role
obligations at work, school, or home (e.g., repeated absences or
poor work performance related to substance use; substance-related
absences, suspensions, or expulsions from school; neglect of
children or household)
2. recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically
hazardous (e.g., driving an automobile or operating a machine when
impaired by substance use)
3. recurrent substance-related legal problems (e.g., arrests for
substance-related disorderly conduct)
4. continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent
social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the
effects of the substance (e.g., arguments with spouse about
consequences of intoxication, physical fights)
The symptoms have never met the criteria for Substance Dependence for
this class of substance

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List of substances with the rate take by adolescent:-

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Terms Used in Dependence and Abuse
Dependence The repeated use of a drug or chemical
substance, with or without physical dependence. Physical
dependence indicates an altered physiologic state caused
by repeated administration of a drug, the cessation of which
results in a specific syndrome.
 Abuse Use of any drug, usually by self-administration, in
a manner that deviates from approved social or medical
patterns.
Misuse Similar to abuse, but usually applies to drugs
prescribed by physicians that are not used properly.
Addiction The repeated and increased use of a
substance, the deprivation of which gives rise to symptoms
of distress and an irresistible urge to use the agent again
and which leads also to physical and mental deterioration.
The term is no longer included in the official nomenclature,
having been replaced by the term dependence, but it is a
useful term in common usage.

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Continue…………..
Intoxication A reversible syndrome caused by a specific
substance (e.g., alcohol) that affects one or more of the following
mental functions: memory, orientation, mood, judgment, and
behavioral, social, or occupational functioning.
Withdrawal A substance-specific syndrome that occurs after
stopping or reducing the amount of the drug or substance that has
been used regularly over a prolonged period of time. The syndrome
is characterized by physiologic signs and symptoms in addition to
psychological changes, such as disturbances in thinking, feeling, and
behavior. Also called abstinence syndrome or discontinuation
syndrome.
Tolerance Phenomenon in which, after repeated administration, a
given dose of drug produces a decreased effect or increasingly
larger doses must be administered to obtain the effect observed with
the original dose. Behavioral tolerance reflects the ability of the
person to perform tasks despite the effects of the drug.

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Continue………………
Cross-tolerance Refers to the ability of one drug to be substituted for
another, each usually producing the same physiologic and psychological effect
(e.g., diazepam and barbiturates). Also known as cross-dependence.
Neuroadaptation Neurochemical or neurophysiologic changes in the body
that result from the repeated administration of a drug. Neuroadaptation
accounts for the phenomenon of tolerance. Pharmacokinetic adaptation refers
to adaptation of the metabolizing system in the body. Cellular or
pharmacodynamic adaptation refers to the ability of the nervous system to
function despite high blood levels of the offending substance.
Codependence Term used to refer to family members affected by or
influencing the behavior of the substance abuser. Related to the term enabler,
which is a person who facilitates the abuser's addictive behavior (e.g.,
providing drugs directly or money to buy drugs). Enabling also includes the
unwillingness of a family member to accept addiction as a medical-psychiatric
disorder or to deny that person is abusing a substance.

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Factor affecting substance abuse
1. Psychodynamic Factors
2.Learning and Conditioning
3.Genetic Factors
4. Environmental factor

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Why Do adolescent Do Drugs?
The teenage years are tough. There is no single reason for why teens do drugs
or why teens drink alcohol — but research points to a few trends:
Peer Pressure – Teens are quite vulnerable to copying the behaviors of those
around them. For example, if your child’s friends are “robotripping,” then your
teen is more likely to try the same method of drug abuse.
Social Boost – Drugs that give you confidence tend to appeal especially to
shy teenagers who otherwise feel socially inept.
Academic Problems – Struggles at school can have a huge impact on a
child. If academic pressure, your teen might feel they have no choice but to
abuse a “study drug” such as Adderall.
Parent Behavior – If you or another adult in your home abuses drugs or
alcohol, then your child has received the message that this behavior is
acceptable.
Boredom – If your teen is disengaged in life, they might seek excitement
through a new experience such as drug use. Simple as it may sound, substance
abuse offers an activity to pass the time.
Co-Occurring Disorders – Oftentimes a teen who is dealing with depression
or anxiety will turn to substance abuse as a way to cope with their mental
problem.

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Role of media
Leads to
?

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In various studies, a range of 35 to 60 percent of patients with substance
abuse or substance dependence also meets the diagnostic criteria for
antisocial personality disorder. The range is even higher when investigators
include persons who meet all the antisocial personality disorder diagnostic
criteria, except the requirement that the symptoms started at an early age.
That is, a high percentage of patients with substance abuse or substance
dependence diagnoses have a pattern of antisocial behavior, whether it was
present.
before the substance use started or developed during the course of the
substance use. Patients with substance abuse or substance dependence
diagnoses who have antisocial personality disorder are likely to use more
illegal substances; to have more psychopathology; to be less satisfied with
their lives; and to be more impulsive, isolated, and depressed than patients
with antisocial personality disorders alone.
Antisocial Personality Disorder

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Consequences in academic settings:-
Alcohol
Research shows that a person’s brain continues to develop until
the early 20s. The National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and
Alcoholism (NIAAA) states that underage alcohol consumption
may have negative effects on the brain’s development and alter its
structure and function. As a result, learning problems may arise
and a student’s academic performance will be less than optimal.
Marijuana
One study shows that marijuana use reduces a person’s capacity for
learning, memory, and attention by suppressing the activity of neurons
which are necessary for staying attentive and focused.

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Prescription Drug Abuse
While some prescription drugs are used by students to improve their
performance in school, using them for non-medical reasons has
generally been associated with academic problems. The Youth Risk
Behavior Survey (2009) shows that 21% of high school students who
received C’s, and 41% of high who received D’s and F’s for grades,
took prescription drugs without a prescription. In comparison, only
13% and 19% of students who received A’s and B’s respectively
were found to have abused prescription medication.
Opioids are known to damage to the brain’s white matter, which
reduces a student’s ability to decide and behave accordingly in
stressful situations.
Illicit Drugs
Some students abuse illicit drugs such as heroin, amphetamines, and
cocaine. The main problem with illicit drugs is that they tend to be
addictive. Drug addiction can significantly affect a student’s academic
performance since it distracts them and keeps them from focusing on
school. This is especially true if they experience withdrawal symptoms
in-between use.

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Prevention of substance abuse

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A comprehensive approach to behavioral health also means seeing prevention as
part of an overall continuum of care. The Behavioral Health Continuum of Care
Model recognizes multiple opportunities for addressing behavioral health problems
and disorders. Based on the Mental Health Intervention Spectrum, first introduced
in a 1994 Institute of Medicine report, the model includes the following
components:
Promotion—These strategies are designed to create environments and
conditions that support behavioral health and the ability of individuals to withstand
challenges. Promotion strategies also reinforce the entire continuum of behavioral
health services.
Prevention—Delivered prior to the onset of a disorder, these interventions are
intended to prevent or reduce the risk of developing a behavioral health problem,
such as underage alcohol use, prescription drug misuse and abuse, and illicit drug
use.
Treatment—These services are for people diagnosed with a substance use or
other behavioral health disorder.
Recovery—These services support individuals’ abilities to live productive lives in
the community and can often help with abstinence.

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Treatment of drug addiction using some
psychological interventions:-
Behavioral Therapies
Behavioral approaches help engage people in drug
abuse treatment, provide incentives for them to remain
abstinent, modify their attitudes and behaviors related to
drug abuse, and increase their life skills to handle
stressful circumstances and environmental cues that may
trigger intense craving for drugs and prompt another
cycle of compulsive abuse. Below are a number of
behavioral therapies shown to be effective in addressing
substance abuse (effectiveness with particular drugs of
abuse is denoted in parentheses).

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Some psychological interventions
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (Alcohol, Marijuana,
Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Nicotine)
Contingency Management Interventions/Motivational
Incentives (Alcohol, Stimulants, Opioids, Marijuana,
Nicotine)
Community Reinforcement Approach Plus Vouchers
(Alcohol, Cocaine, Opioids)
Motivational Enhancement Therapy (Alcohol,
Marijuana, Nicotine)
The Matrix Model (Stimulants)
12-Step Facilitation Therapy (Alcohol, Stimulants,
Opiates)
Family Behavior Therapy
Behavioral Therapies Primarily for Adolescents

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Remember
?

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Addiction is a hugely complex and destructive disease, and its impact
can be simply devastating. All too often, lives and families can be
shattered by it. Kate Middleton