The Class of ac power controllers consists of Solid State Power Controller (SSPC) which connects and disconnects the load to the supply according to the required power. Two important voltage control techniques are commonly used for heating power control in ac power controller are Phase Control Switching and Integral Cycle Control. In case that a PCS is used for the resistive load, it can produce higher order harmonics and heavy inrush current while switching on in a cold start. In the proposed method, a disadvantage of phase controlled is removed. In this paper authors have reported simulated results, design methodology, implementation and Control of PLC Based Integral Cycle Control (ICC) method for Resistance Spot Welding (RSW).
A Three-to-Five-Phase Matrix Converter BasedFive- Phase Induction Motor Drive...idescitation
This paper presents a five-phase induction motor drive
system fed from a three-to-five-phase matrix converter. This
is a new concept of generating variable voltage and variable
frequency five-phase output using a special matrix converter.
This matrix converter is proposed recently which transform
the available three-phase supply to five-phase supply. Simple
carrier-based PWM scheme with enhanced approach is
employed to control the output of the matrix converter.
Enhanced approach is utilized so as to increase the output
voltage magnitude of the three-to-five-phase matrix converter.
The motor is controlled in constant v/f mode. Simulation study
is carried out for excitation, acceleration, loadingand reversing
transients. High quality dynamics are observed.
Electrical Discharge Machining Flyback Converter using UC3842 Current Mode PW...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a current mode Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) controlled Flyback converter using UC3842 for Electrical Discharge Machining current generator control circuit. Circuit simplicity and high efficiency can be achieved by a Flyback converter with current mode PWM controller. The behaviors of the system's operation is analyzed and discussed by varying the load resistance. Matlab sofware is used to simulate the Flyback converter where a prototype has been built and tested to verify its performance.
Simulation of 3-phase matrix converter using space vector modulationIJECEIAES
This paper illustrates the simulation of 3-phase matrix converter using Space Vector Modulation (SVM). Variable AC output voltage engendered using matrix converter with bidirectional power switches controlled by appropriate switching pulse. The conventional PWM converter engenders switching common mode voltage across the load system terminals, which cause to common mode current and its leads to bearing failure in load drive. These problems can be rectified using SVM and which minimize the effect on the harmonic fluctuation in AC output voltage and stress on the power switch is reduced using bidirectional switch for proposed 3-phase matrix converter. The simulation results have been presented to validate the proposed system using matlab / simulink.
Voltage profile Improvement Using Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOMINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a regulating device used in AC transmission systems as a source or a sink of reactive power. The most widely utilization of the STATCOM is in enhancing the voltage stability of the transmission line. A voltage regulator is a FACTs device used to adjust the voltage disturbance by injecting a controllable voltage into the system. This paper implement Nruro-Fuzzy controller to control the STATCOM to improve the voltage profile of the power network. The controller has been simulated for some kinds of disturbances and the results show improvements in voltage profile of the system. The performance of STATCOM with its controller was very close within 98% of the nominal value of the busbar voltage.
1) The document describes a system for controlling the speed of a CUK converter-fed BLDC motor using a PI controller.
2) A CUK converter is used to provide power to the BLDC motor and PI control is applied to regulate the output voltage of the CUK converter in order to control the motor speed.
3) Simulation results show that the proposed PI controller is able to effectively control the motor speed while maintaining low current ripple and reducing torque ripples.
Comparative analysis of improved high performance direct power control of thr...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Direct Power Control with switching table control produces irregular ripples and variable switching frequency. In the improved DPC of PWM rectifiers using fractional control period of the active voltage vector and the rest period for the null vector not only makes it line side inductance independent of the circuit and is very simple to implement due to the duty cycle concept. By simulation it is identified that the level of distortion as well as regulation of the DC link voltage with control of power factor improves the overall performance of the drive. The improved Direct Power Control (DPC) PWM methodology is comprehensively analyzed and studied for three phase rectifiers and compared with the classical DPC with PLL. The MATLAB simulations shows the effectiveness in obtaining unity power factor and constant dc link voltage control. The power ripples are considerably reduced and input sinusoidal grid currents are obtained.
Keywords— Direct power control, instantaneous active and reactive power, pulse width modulation, duty cycle, dc link control, unity power factor
Design and Simulation Analysis of Sliding Mode Controller for DC-DC Cuk Conve...IJMREMJournal
Due to compact size and fast dynamic response DC-DC converters are used to a great extent. DC-DC Cuk
converter has switching transients which leads to switching losses and harmonics generation. With a linear
controller like Proportional integral derivative (PID), the transients and oscillations under supply and load
variations cannot be controlled. So, it becomes necessary to use a nonlinear controller to make transient
performance of the converter stable increase its efficiency. A great advantage of this controller includes, it’s
based on large signal model of DC to DC converters hence its stability is not bounded by the size of the
interpretations around the working point. In this research work, simulation model of cuk converter with sliding
mode controller is developed and tested using MATLAB SIMULINK. Effectiveness of proposed sliding mode
controller for cuk converter is proved from simulation results.
Implementation for Controller to Unified Single Phase Power Flow Using Digita...IJERA Editor
Presenting in his paper, Digital signal processor (DSP)-based implementation of a single phase unified power flow controller (UPFC). For shunt side and series side An efficient UPFC control algorithm is achieved. Discussing the laboratory experimental results using DC source are taken as an UPFC linked by two ll-bridge PWM voltage source converters.
A Three-to-Five-Phase Matrix Converter BasedFive- Phase Induction Motor Drive...idescitation
This paper presents a five-phase induction motor drive
system fed from a three-to-five-phase matrix converter. This
is a new concept of generating variable voltage and variable
frequency five-phase output using a special matrix converter.
This matrix converter is proposed recently which transform
the available three-phase supply to five-phase supply. Simple
carrier-based PWM scheme with enhanced approach is
employed to control the output of the matrix converter.
Enhanced approach is utilized so as to increase the output
voltage magnitude of the three-to-five-phase matrix converter.
The motor is controlled in constant v/f mode. Simulation study
is carried out for excitation, acceleration, loadingand reversing
transients. High quality dynamics are observed.
Electrical Discharge Machining Flyback Converter using UC3842 Current Mode PW...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a current mode Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) controlled Flyback converter using UC3842 for Electrical Discharge Machining current generator control circuit. Circuit simplicity and high efficiency can be achieved by a Flyback converter with current mode PWM controller. The behaviors of the system's operation is analyzed and discussed by varying the load resistance. Matlab sofware is used to simulate the Flyback converter where a prototype has been built and tested to verify its performance.
Simulation of 3-phase matrix converter using space vector modulationIJECEIAES
This paper illustrates the simulation of 3-phase matrix converter using Space Vector Modulation (SVM). Variable AC output voltage engendered using matrix converter with bidirectional power switches controlled by appropriate switching pulse. The conventional PWM converter engenders switching common mode voltage across the load system terminals, which cause to common mode current and its leads to bearing failure in load drive. These problems can be rectified using SVM and which minimize the effect on the harmonic fluctuation in AC output voltage and stress on the power switch is reduced using bidirectional switch for proposed 3-phase matrix converter. The simulation results have been presented to validate the proposed system using matlab / simulink.
Voltage profile Improvement Using Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOMINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a regulating device used in AC transmission systems as a source or a sink of reactive power. The most widely utilization of the STATCOM is in enhancing the voltage stability of the transmission line. A voltage regulator is a FACTs device used to adjust the voltage disturbance by injecting a controllable voltage into the system. This paper implement Nruro-Fuzzy controller to control the STATCOM to improve the voltage profile of the power network. The controller has been simulated for some kinds of disturbances and the results show improvements in voltage profile of the system. The performance of STATCOM with its controller was very close within 98% of the nominal value of the busbar voltage.
1) The document describes a system for controlling the speed of a CUK converter-fed BLDC motor using a PI controller.
2) A CUK converter is used to provide power to the BLDC motor and PI control is applied to regulate the output voltage of the CUK converter in order to control the motor speed.
3) Simulation results show that the proposed PI controller is able to effectively control the motor speed while maintaining low current ripple and reducing torque ripples.
Comparative analysis of improved high performance direct power control of thr...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Direct Power Control with switching table control produces irregular ripples and variable switching frequency. In the improved DPC of PWM rectifiers using fractional control period of the active voltage vector and the rest period for the null vector not only makes it line side inductance independent of the circuit and is very simple to implement due to the duty cycle concept. By simulation it is identified that the level of distortion as well as regulation of the DC link voltage with control of power factor improves the overall performance of the drive. The improved Direct Power Control (DPC) PWM methodology is comprehensively analyzed and studied for three phase rectifiers and compared with the classical DPC with PLL. The MATLAB simulations shows the effectiveness in obtaining unity power factor and constant dc link voltage control. The power ripples are considerably reduced and input sinusoidal grid currents are obtained.
Keywords— Direct power control, instantaneous active and reactive power, pulse width modulation, duty cycle, dc link control, unity power factor
Design and Simulation Analysis of Sliding Mode Controller for DC-DC Cuk Conve...IJMREMJournal
Due to compact size and fast dynamic response DC-DC converters are used to a great extent. DC-DC Cuk
converter has switching transients which leads to switching losses and harmonics generation. With a linear
controller like Proportional integral derivative (PID), the transients and oscillations under supply and load
variations cannot be controlled. So, it becomes necessary to use a nonlinear controller to make transient
performance of the converter stable increase its efficiency. A great advantage of this controller includes, it’s
based on large signal model of DC to DC converters hence its stability is not bounded by the size of the
interpretations around the working point. In this research work, simulation model of cuk converter with sliding
mode controller is developed and tested using MATLAB SIMULINK. Effectiveness of proposed sliding mode
controller for cuk converter is proved from simulation results.
Implementation for Controller to Unified Single Phase Power Flow Using Digita...IJERA Editor
Presenting in his paper, Digital signal processor (DSP)-based implementation of a single phase unified power flow controller (UPFC). For shunt side and series side An efficient UPFC control algorithm is achieved. Discussing the laboratory experimental results using DC source are taken as an UPFC linked by two ll-bridge PWM voltage source converters.
Simulation Of A 4-Switch,3-Phase Inverter Fed Induction Motor (IM) Drive Systemijiert bestjournal
This document summarizes a research paper on simulating a 4-switch, 3-phase inverter driving an induction motor. It begins with an abstract describing the research goal of developing a more cost-effective induction motor drive using a 4-switch inverter instead of a conventional 6-switch inverter. It then provides details on the drive system components, the 4-switch inverter topology, a space vector pulse width modulation control approach, and simulation results showing the speed, torque and current characteristics meeting performance needs while reducing costs. The conclusion is that the 4-switch inverter fed induction motor drive is acceptable considering cost reduction without compromising operation.
This manuscript deals with the simulation of AC - DC Zeta converter for high power drive application with greater efficiency, lesser losses and power factor correction. It involves simpler control circuitry with less external components. The explanation of Fundamental function of Zeta converter is given in this paper. To condense the harmonic content the PI, PID and Fuzzy Logic controller are used. The operation of Zeta converter in open loop, closed loop is obtained. Closed loop system of zeta converter proves better performance over open loop system. Open and closed loop circuits are simulated by using MATLAB simulink. By giving disturbance in closed loop and open loop systems, feat of Zeta converter is compared.
IRJET- Vector Control of Three Phase Induction MotorIRJET Journal
This document discusses vector control of a three-phase induction motor. Vector control, also called field-oriented control, allows independent control of torque and flux in induction motors, similar to DC motors. The document describes:
1) How vector control works by transforming stator currents into orthogonal d-q components representing flux and torque.
2) The principle of field-oriented control which locks the d-q reference frame to the rotor flux vector for decoupled control of flux and torque.
3) The simulation model built in MATLAB/Simulink to test vector control, including blocks for Clarke/Park transformations, current control, and a PI speed controller.
Unified Power Quality Conditioner Model Based with Series and Shunt FiltersIAES-IJPEDS
With the increase of the complexion in the power distribution system, it is very possible that several kinds of power quality disturbances are happened in a power distribution system simultaneously.This paper proposes a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) including a series and a shunt active power filter (APF) to compensate harmonics in both the distorted supply voltage and nonlinear load current. In the series APF control scheme, a proportional-integral (PI) controller, meanwhile a PI controller and are designed in the shunt APF control scheme to relieve harmonic currents produced by nonlinear loads. The DC voltage is maintained constant using Two degree of freedom proportional integral voltage controller (2DoFPI). The performance of the proposed UPQC is significantly improved compared to the conventional control strategy. The feasibility of the proposed UPQC control scheme is validated through the simulations.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a fuzzy logic controller for controlling the speed of a permanent magnet brushless DC motor (PMBLDC motor) used to drive an air conditioner compressor. The paper describes developing a fuzzy logic controller in MATLAB and simulating a PMBLDC motor drive system using it. Simulation results for motor speed, torque, current and inverter voltages are analyzed and compared to experimental results from a TMS320F2808 digital signal processor to validate the effectiveness of the fuzzy logic controller. The document also provides details on modeling the proposed PMBLDC motor drive system, including the motor, voltage source inverter and fuzzy logic based controller.
Direct Torque Control of Induction Motor Drive Fed from a Photovoltaic Multil...IJERA Editor
This paper presents Direct Torque Control (DTC) using Space Vector Modulation (SVM) for an induction motor drive fed from a photovoltaic multilevel inverter (PV-MLI). The system consists of two main parts PV DC power supply (PVDC) and MLI. The PVDC is used to generate DC isolated sources with certain ratios suitable for the adopted MLI. Beside the hardware system, the control system which uses the torque and speed estimation to control the load angle and to obtain the appropriate flux vector trajectory from which the voltage vector is directly derived based on direct torque control methods. The voltage vector is then generated by a hybrid multilevel inverter by employing space vector modulation (SVM). The inverter high quality output voltage which leads to a high quality IM performances. Besides, the MLI switching losses is very low due to most of the power cell switches are operating at nearly fundamental frequency. Some selected simulation results are presented for system validation.
onlinear Compensation Empyoing Matrix Converter with DTC Controller Yayah Zakaria
This document describes a nonlinear compensation method using a matrix converter with direct torque control (DTC) for an induction motor. The matrix converter combined with DTC aims to reduce torque ripples and minimize steady state error. The simulation results show that the proposed technique of a matrix converter with a fixed switching frequency DTC scheme is effective at reducing torque noise and suppressing steady state error in the motor's input torque. Key aspects of the direct torque control, matrix converter, and their combination are discussed, along with simulation results analyzing the induction motor drive performance.
The study made in this paper concerns the use of the voltage-oriented control (VOC) of three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier with constant switching frequency. This control method, called voltage-oriented controlwith space vector modulation (VOC-SVM). The proposed control scheme has been founded on the transformation between stationary (α-β) and and synchronously rotating (d-q) coordinate system, it is based on two cascaded control loops so that a fast inner loop controls the grid current and an external loop DC-link voltage, while the DC-bus voltage is maintained at the desired level and ansured the unity power factor operation. So, the stable state performance and robustness against the load’s disturbance of PWM rectifiers are boths improved. The proposed scheme has been implemented and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The control system of the VOC-SVM strategy has been built based on dSPACE system with DS1104 controller board. The results obtained show the validity of the model and its control method. Compared with the conventional SPWM method, the VOC-SVM ensures high performance and fast transient response.
Basically, the direct torque control (DTC) drive system is operated at light load. At light load, supplying the drive system with rated flux will decrease the efficiency of the system. To maximize the efficiency of drive system, an optimal flux has been applied during steady-state but when a torque is suddenly needed, for example during acceleration, the dynamic of the torque response would be degraded. Therefore, a modification to the voltage vector as well as look-up table has been proposed for the torque response improvement. The proposed voltage vector is generated by adding two adjacent conventional voltage vectors and implemented by using duty ratio. The duty ratio is used to estimate the activation time of each conventional voltage vector in order to produce the proposed voltage vector.
OPTIMAL TORQUE RIPPLE CONTROL OF ASYNCHRONOUS DRIVE USING INTELLIGENT CONTROL...elelijjournal
This document summarizes a research paper on optimizing torque ripple in an asynchronous drive using intelligent controllers. It describes using a hybrid controller combining PI and fuzzy logic control with direct torque control and space vector modulation of a three-level cascaded inverter to power an induction motor drive. Simulation results showed the hybrid controller approach minimized torque ripple compared to using just PI or fuzzy logic control alone under no-load and loaded conditions. The optimized torque control method provides benefits for general purpose induction motor applications.
In the proposed approach,instead of a conventional 3- Phase inverter a component minimized single pha se inverter is utilized which reduces the cost of the inverter,th e switching losses,and the complexity of interface circuits to generate logic signals. A performance comparison of the prop osed inverter fed drive with a conventional 3Phase inverter fed drive is also mode in terms of speed response and t otal harmonic distortion (THD) of the stator curren t. The proposed inverter fed IM drive is found acceptable consideri ng its cost reduction and other advantageous featur es. A general pulse width modulation (PWM) method for c ontrol of 1-phase inverters is presented. The vecto r PWM offers a simple method to select three or four vectors tha t effectively synthesize the desired output voltage,even in presence of voltage oscillations across the two dc-link capacit ors. The influence of different switching patterns on output voltage symmetry,current waveform,switching frequency and common mode voltage can be examined. The paper als o discusses how the use of the wye and delta connecti ons of the motor windings affects the implementatio n of the pulse width modulator.
Design and Analysis of Power System Stabilizer and Unified Power Flow Control...IRJET Journal
The document describes modeling and analysis of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR), power system stabilizer (PSS), and unified power flow controller (UPFC) in a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system to enhance transient stability and improve power transfer capability. Case studies are conducted by changing the reference voltage, infinity bus voltage, mechanical torque, and introducing faults. The responses of rotor angle, slip, excitation voltage, and electrical torque are simulated. The control strategies of UPFC include phase voltage control, quadrature voltage control, quadrature current control, and real current control, except for phase angle control. Modeling equations are provided for the generator, AVR, PSS, and UPFC and their control strategies.
This document describes a control strategy for a PWM voltage source converter (PWM-VSC) using fuzzy logic to provide variable DC voltage for controlling the speed of a DC motor. A fuzzy logic controller is proposed to minimize errors in the DC voltage and stabilize it by regulating the amplitude of the network current. Simulation results show the fuzzy logic controller produces a stable DC voltage without overshoot to drive the DC motor, with less than 5% total harmonic distortion in the network current and a power factor near unity. The DC motor speed is also stable without overshoot in response to variations in the controlled DC voltage.
A Novel Control Strategy of Indirect Matrix Converter Using Space Vector Modu...IJPEDS-IAES
This document presents a novel control strategy for an indirect matrix converter using space vector modulation. The control strategy aims to stabilize frequency variations. It was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and showed better performance than conventional techniques with lower THD, higher output voltage at the same modulation index, lower switching stress and losses. The complete control strategy including DC link formation, commutation scheme, dwell time calculation and simulation results validating the theoretical analysis are described in the document.
Power flow control in parallel transmission lines based on UPFCjournalBEEI
The power flow controlled in the electric power network is one of the main factors that affected the modern power systems development. The unified power flow controller (UPFC) is a FACTS powerful device that can control both active and reactive power flow of parallel transmission lines branches. In this paper, modelling and simulation of active and reactive power flow control in parallel transmission lines using UPFC with adaptive neuro-fuzzy logic is proposed. The mathematical model of UPFC in power flow is also proposed. The results show the ability of UPFC to control the flow of powers components "active and reactive power" in the controlled line and thus the overall power regulated between lines.
Review of the DTC Controller and Estimation of Stator Resistance in IM DrivesIAES-IJPEDS
In recent years an advanced control method called direct torque control
(DTC) has gained importance due to its capability to produce fast torque
control of induction motor. Although in these systems such variables as
torque, flux modulus and flux sector are required, resulting DTC structure is
particularly simplistic. Conventional DTC does not require any mechanical
sensor or current regulator and coordinate transformation is not present, thus
reducing the complexity. Fast and good dynamic performances and
robustness has made DTC popular and is now used widely in all industrial
applications. Despite these advantages it has some disadvantages such as
high torque ripple and slow transient response to step changes during start
up. Torque ripple in DTC is because of hysteresis controller for stator flux
linkage and torque. The ripples can be reduced if the errors of the torque and
the flux linkage and the angular region of the flux linkage are subdivided into
several smaller subsections. Since the errors are divided into smaller sections
different voltage vector is selected for small difference in error, thus a more
accurate voltage vector is selected and hence the torque and flux linkage
errors are reduced. The stator resistance changes due to change in
temperature during the operation of machine. At high speeds, the stator
resistance drop is small and can be neglected. At low speeds, this drop
becomes dominant. Any change in stator resistance gives wrong estimation
of stator flux and consequently of the torque and flux. Therefore, it is
necessary to estimate the stator resistance correctly. This paper aims to
review some of the control techniques of DTC drives and stator resistance
estimation methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Industrial Power Control by Integral Cycle Switching without Generating Harmo...IRJET Journal
This document discusses integral cycle switching control for industrial power control. It begins by introducing integral cycle control and its advantages over traditional phase control, such as introducing fewer harmonics into the power system. It then describes the principle of operation, including connecting the load to the power source for some number of cycles and then disconnecting it for off-cycles. The paper presents the simulation results showing waveforms and harmonic profiles that demonstrate reduced harmonics. It concludes that integral cycle control provides a low-cost and easy to operate method for AC power control with better efficiency and reduced losses compared to traditional phase control approaches.
Total Harmonic Distortion Analysis of a Four Switch 3-Phase Inverter Fed Spee...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper investigates the performance of a Model reference adaptive system (MRAS) based cost-effective drive system of an induction motor (IM) for low-cost applications - high performance industrial drive systems. In this paper, the MRAS is used as a speed estimator and the motor is fed from a four-switch three-phase (FSTP) inverter instead of a conventional six- switch three-phase (SSTP) inverter. This configuration reduces the cost of the inverter, the switching losses, and the complexity of the control algorithms and interface circuits, the proposed control approach reduces the computation for real-time implementation. The robustness of the proposed MRAS-based FSTP inverter fed IM drive is verified by Experimental results at different operating conditions using digital signal processor (DSP1103) for a 1.1 Kw motor. A performance comparison of the proposed FSTP inverter fed IM drive with a conventional SSTP inverter system is also made in terms of speed response and total harmonic distortion (THD) of the stator current. The proposed FSTP inverter fed IM drive is found quite acceptable considering its performance, cost reduction and other advantages features.
El documento lista varias excursiones ofrecidas por la agencia de viajes Daminato Viajes y Cambios S.A., incluyendo detalles sobre el transporte, comidas incluidas, actividades y precios. Las excursiones incluyen el Parque Temático, el Zoológico de Buenos Aires, la Isla Martín García, el Parque de la Costa y Tierra Santa.
TO INVESTIGATE THE LEVEL OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND STRESS AMONGST COLLEG...IAEME Publication
Emotional Intelligence has been associated with positive outcome process in various professions. In the field of management, Emotional Intelligence has been a popular topic of debate in recent years. Plethoras of literatures on the subject are available especially in the educational sector. Emotional intelligence (EI) is the capacity for understanding one’s own feelings and the feelings of others, for motivating self, and for managing the emotions of self effectively to sustain relationships. Rather than being a single characteristic, emotional intelligence can be thought of as a wide set of competencies that are organized into a few major clusters.
Job stress is a real phenomenon and it is associated with job satisfaction level of a worker in any place. In the case of educators handling college students in Coimbatore city is considered for this study. There are many factors leading the respondents in stressful situation.
Simulation Of A 4-Switch,3-Phase Inverter Fed Induction Motor (IM) Drive Systemijiert bestjournal
This document summarizes a research paper on simulating a 4-switch, 3-phase inverter driving an induction motor. It begins with an abstract describing the research goal of developing a more cost-effective induction motor drive using a 4-switch inverter instead of a conventional 6-switch inverter. It then provides details on the drive system components, the 4-switch inverter topology, a space vector pulse width modulation control approach, and simulation results showing the speed, torque and current characteristics meeting performance needs while reducing costs. The conclusion is that the 4-switch inverter fed induction motor drive is acceptable considering cost reduction without compromising operation.
This manuscript deals with the simulation of AC - DC Zeta converter for high power drive application with greater efficiency, lesser losses and power factor correction. It involves simpler control circuitry with less external components. The explanation of Fundamental function of Zeta converter is given in this paper. To condense the harmonic content the PI, PID and Fuzzy Logic controller are used. The operation of Zeta converter in open loop, closed loop is obtained. Closed loop system of zeta converter proves better performance over open loop system. Open and closed loop circuits are simulated by using MATLAB simulink. By giving disturbance in closed loop and open loop systems, feat of Zeta converter is compared.
IRJET- Vector Control of Three Phase Induction MotorIRJET Journal
This document discusses vector control of a three-phase induction motor. Vector control, also called field-oriented control, allows independent control of torque and flux in induction motors, similar to DC motors. The document describes:
1) How vector control works by transforming stator currents into orthogonal d-q components representing flux and torque.
2) The principle of field-oriented control which locks the d-q reference frame to the rotor flux vector for decoupled control of flux and torque.
3) The simulation model built in MATLAB/Simulink to test vector control, including blocks for Clarke/Park transformations, current control, and a PI speed controller.
Unified Power Quality Conditioner Model Based with Series and Shunt FiltersIAES-IJPEDS
With the increase of the complexion in the power distribution system, it is very possible that several kinds of power quality disturbances are happened in a power distribution system simultaneously.This paper proposes a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) including a series and a shunt active power filter (APF) to compensate harmonics in both the distorted supply voltage and nonlinear load current. In the series APF control scheme, a proportional-integral (PI) controller, meanwhile a PI controller and are designed in the shunt APF control scheme to relieve harmonic currents produced by nonlinear loads. The DC voltage is maintained constant using Two degree of freedom proportional integral voltage controller (2DoFPI). The performance of the proposed UPQC is significantly improved compared to the conventional control strategy. The feasibility of the proposed UPQC control scheme is validated through the simulations.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a fuzzy logic controller for controlling the speed of a permanent magnet brushless DC motor (PMBLDC motor) used to drive an air conditioner compressor. The paper describes developing a fuzzy logic controller in MATLAB and simulating a PMBLDC motor drive system using it. Simulation results for motor speed, torque, current and inverter voltages are analyzed and compared to experimental results from a TMS320F2808 digital signal processor to validate the effectiveness of the fuzzy logic controller. The document also provides details on modeling the proposed PMBLDC motor drive system, including the motor, voltage source inverter and fuzzy logic based controller.
Direct Torque Control of Induction Motor Drive Fed from a Photovoltaic Multil...IJERA Editor
This paper presents Direct Torque Control (DTC) using Space Vector Modulation (SVM) for an induction motor drive fed from a photovoltaic multilevel inverter (PV-MLI). The system consists of two main parts PV DC power supply (PVDC) and MLI. The PVDC is used to generate DC isolated sources with certain ratios suitable for the adopted MLI. Beside the hardware system, the control system which uses the torque and speed estimation to control the load angle and to obtain the appropriate flux vector trajectory from which the voltage vector is directly derived based on direct torque control methods. The voltage vector is then generated by a hybrid multilevel inverter by employing space vector modulation (SVM). The inverter high quality output voltage which leads to a high quality IM performances. Besides, the MLI switching losses is very low due to most of the power cell switches are operating at nearly fundamental frequency. Some selected simulation results are presented for system validation.
onlinear Compensation Empyoing Matrix Converter with DTC Controller Yayah Zakaria
This document describes a nonlinear compensation method using a matrix converter with direct torque control (DTC) for an induction motor. The matrix converter combined with DTC aims to reduce torque ripples and minimize steady state error. The simulation results show that the proposed technique of a matrix converter with a fixed switching frequency DTC scheme is effective at reducing torque noise and suppressing steady state error in the motor's input torque. Key aspects of the direct torque control, matrix converter, and their combination are discussed, along with simulation results analyzing the induction motor drive performance.
The study made in this paper concerns the use of the voltage-oriented control (VOC) of three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier with constant switching frequency. This control method, called voltage-oriented controlwith space vector modulation (VOC-SVM). The proposed control scheme has been founded on the transformation between stationary (α-β) and and synchronously rotating (d-q) coordinate system, it is based on two cascaded control loops so that a fast inner loop controls the grid current and an external loop DC-link voltage, while the DC-bus voltage is maintained at the desired level and ansured the unity power factor operation. So, the stable state performance and robustness against the load’s disturbance of PWM rectifiers are boths improved. The proposed scheme has been implemented and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The control system of the VOC-SVM strategy has been built based on dSPACE system with DS1104 controller board. The results obtained show the validity of the model and its control method. Compared with the conventional SPWM method, the VOC-SVM ensures high performance and fast transient response.
Basically, the direct torque control (DTC) drive system is operated at light load. At light load, supplying the drive system with rated flux will decrease the efficiency of the system. To maximize the efficiency of drive system, an optimal flux has been applied during steady-state but when a torque is suddenly needed, for example during acceleration, the dynamic of the torque response would be degraded. Therefore, a modification to the voltage vector as well as look-up table has been proposed for the torque response improvement. The proposed voltage vector is generated by adding two adjacent conventional voltage vectors and implemented by using duty ratio. The duty ratio is used to estimate the activation time of each conventional voltage vector in order to produce the proposed voltage vector.
OPTIMAL TORQUE RIPPLE CONTROL OF ASYNCHRONOUS DRIVE USING INTELLIGENT CONTROL...elelijjournal
This document summarizes a research paper on optimizing torque ripple in an asynchronous drive using intelligent controllers. It describes using a hybrid controller combining PI and fuzzy logic control with direct torque control and space vector modulation of a three-level cascaded inverter to power an induction motor drive. Simulation results showed the hybrid controller approach minimized torque ripple compared to using just PI or fuzzy logic control alone under no-load and loaded conditions. The optimized torque control method provides benefits for general purpose induction motor applications.
In the proposed approach,instead of a conventional 3- Phase inverter a component minimized single pha se inverter is utilized which reduces the cost of the inverter,th e switching losses,and the complexity of interface circuits to generate logic signals. A performance comparison of the prop osed inverter fed drive with a conventional 3Phase inverter fed drive is also mode in terms of speed response and t otal harmonic distortion (THD) of the stator curren t. The proposed inverter fed IM drive is found acceptable consideri ng its cost reduction and other advantageous featur es. A general pulse width modulation (PWM) method for c ontrol of 1-phase inverters is presented. The vecto r PWM offers a simple method to select three or four vectors tha t effectively synthesize the desired output voltage,even in presence of voltage oscillations across the two dc-link capacit ors. The influence of different switching patterns on output voltage symmetry,current waveform,switching frequency and common mode voltage can be examined. The paper als o discusses how the use of the wye and delta connecti ons of the motor windings affects the implementatio n of the pulse width modulator.
Design and Analysis of Power System Stabilizer and Unified Power Flow Control...IRJET Journal
The document describes modeling and analysis of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR), power system stabilizer (PSS), and unified power flow controller (UPFC) in a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system to enhance transient stability and improve power transfer capability. Case studies are conducted by changing the reference voltage, infinity bus voltage, mechanical torque, and introducing faults. The responses of rotor angle, slip, excitation voltage, and electrical torque are simulated. The control strategies of UPFC include phase voltage control, quadrature voltage control, quadrature current control, and real current control, except for phase angle control. Modeling equations are provided for the generator, AVR, PSS, and UPFC and their control strategies.
This document describes a control strategy for a PWM voltage source converter (PWM-VSC) using fuzzy logic to provide variable DC voltage for controlling the speed of a DC motor. A fuzzy logic controller is proposed to minimize errors in the DC voltage and stabilize it by regulating the amplitude of the network current. Simulation results show the fuzzy logic controller produces a stable DC voltage without overshoot to drive the DC motor, with less than 5% total harmonic distortion in the network current and a power factor near unity. The DC motor speed is also stable without overshoot in response to variations in the controlled DC voltage.
A Novel Control Strategy of Indirect Matrix Converter Using Space Vector Modu...IJPEDS-IAES
This document presents a novel control strategy for an indirect matrix converter using space vector modulation. The control strategy aims to stabilize frequency variations. It was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and showed better performance than conventional techniques with lower THD, higher output voltage at the same modulation index, lower switching stress and losses. The complete control strategy including DC link formation, commutation scheme, dwell time calculation and simulation results validating the theoretical analysis are described in the document.
Power flow control in parallel transmission lines based on UPFCjournalBEEI
The power flow controlled in the electric power network is one of the main factors that affected the modern power systems development. The unified power flow controller (UPFC) is a FACTS powerful device that can control both active and reactive power flow of parallel transmission lines branches. In this paper, modelling and simulation of active and reactive power flow control in parallel transmission lines using UPFC with adaptive neuro-fuzzy logic is proposed. The mathematical model of UPFC in power flow is also proposed. The results show the ability of UPFC to control the flow of powers components "active and reactive power" in the controlled line and thus the overall power regulated between lines.
Review of the DTC Controller and Estimation of Stator Resistance in IM DrivesIAES-IJPEDS
In recent years an advanced control method called direct torque control
(DTC) has gained importance due to its capability to produce fast torque
control of induction motor. Although in these systems such variables as
torque, flux modulus and flux sector are required, resulting DTC structure is
particularly simplistic. Conventional DTC does not require any mechanical
sensor or current regulator and coordinate transformation is not present, thus
reducing the complexity. Fast and good dynamic performances and
robustness has made DTC popular and is now used widely in all industrial
applications. Despite these advantages it has some disadvantages such as
high torque ripple and slow transient response to step changes during start
up. Torque ripple in DTC is because of hysteresis controller for stator flux
linkage and torque. The ripples can be reduced if the errors of the torque and
the flux linkage and the angular region of the flux linkage are subdivided into
several smaller subsections. Since the errors are divided into smaller sections
different voltage vector is selected for small difference in error, thus a more
accurate voltage vector is selected and hence the torque and flux linkage
errors are reduced. The stator resistance changes due to change in
temperature during the operation of machine. At high speeds, the stator
resistance drop is small and can be neglected. At low speeds, this drop
becomes dominant. Any change in stator resistance gives wrong estimation
of stator flux and consequently of the torque and flux. Therefore, it is
necessary to estimate the stator resistance correctly. This paper aims to
review some of the control techniques of DTC drives and stator resistance
estimation methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Industrial Power Control by Integral Cycle Switching without Generating Harmo...IRJET Journal
This document discusses integral cycle switching control for industrial power control. It begins by introducing integral cycle control and its advantages over traditional phase control, such as introducing fewer harmonics into the power system. It then describes the principle of operation, including connecting the load to the power source for some number of cycles and then disconnecting it for off-cycles. The paper presents the simulation results showing waveforms and harmonic profiles that demonstrate reduced harmonics. It concludes that integral cycle control provides a low-cost and easy to operate method for AC power control with better efficiency and reduced losses compared to traditional phase control approaches.
Total Harmonic Distortion Analysis of a Four Switch 3-Phase Inverter Fed Spee...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper investigates the performance of a Model reference adaptive system (MRAS) based cost-effective drive system of an induction motor (IM) for low-cost applications - high performance industrial drive systems. In this paper, the MRAS is used as a speed estimator and the motor is fed from a four-switch three-phase (FSTP) inverter instead of a conventional six- switch three-phase (SSTP) inverter. This configuration reduces the cost of the inverter, the switching losses, and the complexity of the control algorithms and interface circuits, the proposed control approach reduces the computation for real-time implementation. The robustness of the proposed MRAS-based FSTP inverter fed IM drive is verified by Experimental results at different operating conditions using digital signal processor (DSP1103) for a 1.1 Kw motor. A performance comparison of the proposed FSTP inverter fed IM drive with a conventional SSTP inverter system is also made in terms of speed response and total harmonic distortion (THD) of the stator current. The proposed FSTP inverter fed IM drive is found quite acceptable considering its performance, cost reduction and other advantages features.
El documento lista varias excursiones ofrecidas por la agencia de viajes Daminato Viajes y Cambios S.A., incluyendo detalles sobre el transporte, comidas incluidas, actividades y precios. Las excursiones incluyen el Parque Temático, el Zoológico de Buenos Aires, la Isla Martín García, el Parque de la Costa y Tierra Santa.
TO INVESTIGATE THE LEVEL OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND STRESS AMONGST COLLEG...IAEME Publication
Emotional Intelligence has been associated with positive outcome process in various professions. In the field of management, Emotional Intelligence has been a popular topic of debate in recent years. Plethoras of literatures on the subject are available especially in the educational sector. Emotional intelligence (EI) is the capacity for understanding one’s own feelings and the feelings of others, for motivating self, and for managing the emotions of self effectively to sustain relationships. Rather than being a single characteristic, emotional intelligence can be thought of as a wide set of competencies that are organized into a few major clusters.
Job stress is a real phenomenon and it is associated with job satisfaction level of a worker in any place. In the case of educators handling college students in Coimbatore city is considered for this study. There are many factors leading the respondents in stressful situation.
Miten uudistimme alle 16 vuotiaan vammaistuen verkkotekstejäKela
Kela osallistui Virkakielikampaan pilotilla, selkeytettiin alle 16-vuotiaan vammaistuen verkkotekstejä.
Heini Lehikoinen, Virkakielipilotin päätösseminaari 13.10.2015
REVIEW ON GENERIC OBJECT RECOGNITION TECHNIQUES: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IAEME Publication
Recognizing objects automatically from an image is a fundamental step for many real-world computer vision applications. It is the task of identifying an instance of object in an image or video sequence without or least human intervention and assistance. In-spite of very high complexity, human beings perform this task with very less effort and even in the state of least attention. Little effort is needed for the humans to recognize huge number of and various categories of objects in images, though ‘object’ in the image may be different with respect to size / scale, viewpoint, position or orientation. We are even able to recognize the objects from an image, when they are only partially visible or present against cluttered background. Not only this, the recognition can be for specific instance of object or object category/class. When the task is done for classes of the object it is known as Generic object recognition or object-class detection or category-level object recognition. It has been found that over the years many techniques have evolved for recognizing object classes from images, but any automated object recognition system till date has not gained this capability fully at par with human beings. This very fact makes recognition of objects from an image, the most basic and fundamental challenge in the field of computer vision research. The purpose of this study is to give an overview and categorization of the approaches used in the literature for the purpose of Generic Object Recognition and various technical advancements achieved in the field. Mostly the survey focusses on the leading work since year 2000.
The project involves study of cloud computing basics and terminologies. The aim is to show how services are deployed to the internet users as well as organization via a medium or concept called as cloud. Cloud computing increases optimized use of resources such as servers, software and infrastructure. Cloud is simply a concept of putting services on a common central point so that it can be distributed across several users at any place. Having several advantages cloud computing is a trending discipline which must be adopted by users so as to increase optimized use of services in form of software, hardware and infrastructure which benefits to the user or organization in form of cost effectiveness, reusability, choice making and change management.
Power Quality Improvement Using Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Based D...IJERA Editor
Cascaded multilevel configuration of the inverter has the advantage of its simplicity and modularity over the
configurations of the diode-clamped and flying capacitor multilevel inverters. This paper presents a threephase,
five-level and seven level cascaded multilevel voltage source inverter based active filter for power line
conditioning to improve power quality in the distribution network. The DSTATCOM helps to improve the
power factor and eliminate the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) drawn from a Non-Liner Diode Rectifier
Load (NLDRL). The compensation process is based on concept of p-q theory. A CHB Inverter is considered for
shunt compensation of a 11 kV distribution system. Finally a level shifted PWM (LSPWM) and phase shifted
PWM (PSPWM) techniques are adopted to investigate the performance of CHB Inverter. The results are
obtained through Matlab/Simulink software package.
A Novel Optimal PI Parameter Tuning Strategy to Improve Constant Switching Pe...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a novel method of optimal Propotional-Intergral (PI)
controller’s parameter tuning strategy in-order to improve the constant
switching performance of 3-phase direct torque control (DTC) shceme. The
DTC sheme is acknowledged to provide fast decoupled control over the
torque output and stator flux via a simple control structure. However, DTC
sheme has two major downsides, which are the inconsistent inverter
switching frequency and high torque output ripple. The main reason that
contributes to these tribulations is the usage of hysteresis comparators in
order to control the output torque. The realization of PI based controller
method as replacement of hyterisis controller in DTC system able to provide
significant solutions to over come the fall back while retaining the simple
control structure of conventional DTC. The combination usage of higher
sampling controller DS1004 and also 3-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel
inverters (CHMI) in this system can further minimize the output torque ripple
by providing higher resolution with lower digital error and greater number of
vectors. This paper presents detail explanation and calculation of optimal PI
parameter tuning strategy consecutively to enhance the performance of 3-
level DTC system. In order to verify the feasibility of the proposed method
experimentation, the proposed method is compared with convention DTC
system via simulation and experiment results.
This document discusses control techniques for three-phase PWM rectifiers. It presents three main control techniques: 1) Hysteresis-band PWM control which uses a hysteresis current controller; 2) Carrier-based sinusoidal PWM control which uses a triangular carrier wave; 3) Voltage oriented control with hysteresis-band PWM which is a vector control technique. MATLAB simulations of each technique are presented and their performance is compared based on total harmonic distortion and power factor. Hysteresis control and voltage-oriented control achieve near unity power factor but with THD over 5%, while carrier-based PWM control achieves less than 5% THD.
A Predictive Control Strategy for Power Factor CorrectionIOSR Journals
This document presents a predictive control strategy for a boost power factor correction (PFC) converter. It begins with an introduction to power factor correction and discusses common control techniques like hysteresis control and linear control. It then describes the boost converter topology used for the PFC converter and discusses the design of key components. The predictive control strategy is presented, which predicts the duty cycle needed over a half line period to achieve unity power factor. Simulation results show the control strategy maintains near unity power factor and low total harmonic distortion under different operating conditions.
Performance comparison of different control strategies for the regulation of ...IJECEIAES
This document compares three control strategies - voltage mode control (VMC), current mode control (CMC), and sliding mode control (SMC) - for regulating the output voltage of a negative output super-lift Luo converter (NOSLC). Simulation results show that SMC provides the best performance with fast response, low ripple, and ability to maintain a constant output voltage under changing load conditions. SMC also outperforms VMC and CMC in terms of tracking the reference voltage, settling time, rise time, and overshoot. The document concludes that SMC is the most effective control method for the NOSLC.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study and implementation of comparator in cmos 50 nm technologyeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes the comparator circuits used in FLASH Analog to digital converter (ADC). The performance of FLASH ADC is greatly influenced by the choice of comparator. In this paper, first a single ended “Threshold Inverter Quantizer” (TIQ) is presented. The TIQ comparator is based on a CMOS inverter cell, in which voltage transfer characteristics (VTC) are changed by systematic transistor sizing. However, TIQ comparator is very sensitive to power supply noise. Another comparator circuit presented in this paper is “Two stage open loop comparator”. It is implemented in 50 nm CMOS Technology. Pre-simulation of comparator is done in LT-Spice and post layout simulation is done in Microwind 3.1. Keywords: CMOS, Comparator, TIQ (Threshold Inverter Quantizer), LT-Spice.
Design consideration of an mmc hvdc system based on 4500 v:4000a emitter turn...Ghazal Falahi
Excessive power loss is a major concern in high voltage and high power applications and is considered one of the main drawbacks of VSC-HVDC system when compared with traditional HVDC system based on thyristor technology. This is primarily caused by high switching loss associated with switching devices used in the VSC-HVDC. This issue can be largely addressed by using the emerging MMC-HVDC topology, which requires much lower switching frequency than traditional VSC-HVDC. Emitter turn-off thyristor (ETO) is one of the best high power switching devices packed with many advanced features. ETO thyristor based MMC-HVDC system is therefore an extremely attractive choice for ultra-high voltage and high power HVDCs. This paper discusses the operation principle of ETO based MMC-HVDC as well as its design and loss comparison with other solutions.
A Simplified Design and Modeling of Boost Converter for Photovoltaic Sytem IJECEIAES
The Photovoltaic standalone system is gaining its high importance mostly for rural application like pv water pumping, solar lighting, battery charging etc.Considering environmental effects and scarcity of fossil fuel the trend has developed towards the use of more and more renewable energy.In this paper a basic circuit of boost converter is designed in MATLAB/Simulink with constant dc source voltage. However a comparative study has also been done for the converter connected with pv system directly with the converter connected with mppt tracking technique. Perturb and Observance (P&O) algorithm is implemented for providing the necessary duty pulse and makes the system operate at maximum power point.The boost converter connected with PV system without mppt operates at any other point other then the maximum power point and hence the output voltage decreases.But with mppt the proposed system performs better.
Wind Energy Conversion Based On Matrix ConverterIAES-IJPEDS
In recent years renewable sources such as solar, wave and wind are used for the generation of electricity. Wind is one of the major renewable sources. The amount of energy from a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) depends not only on the wind at the site, but also on the control strategy used for the WECS. In assistance to get the appropriate wind energy from the conversion system, wind turbine generator will be run in variable speed mode. The variable speed capability is achieved through the use of an advanced power electronic converter. Fixed speed wind turbines and induction generators are often used in wind farms. But the limitations of such generators are low efficiency and poor power quality which necessitates the variable speed wind turbine generators such as Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). A high-performance configuration can be obtained by using a PMSG and a converter in combination AC-DC-AC connect between stator & rotor points for providing the required variable speed operation.
Nonlinear Compensation Empyoing Matrix Converter with DTC Controller IJECEIAES
This paper describes a nonlinear harmful speed and torque controller for fourth order induction motor model. The investigation of optimality and cost function for that base on estimation of Hammerstein-Wiener model with the compensated mathematical model. The matrix converter with direct torque control combination is efficient way to get better performance specifications in the industry.The MC and the DTC advantages are combined together.The reduction of complexity and cost of DC link in the DTC since it has no capacitors in the circuit. However, the controlling torque is a big problem it in DTC because of high ripple torque production which results in vibrations response in the operation of the IM as it has no PID to control the torque directly. The combination of MC with DTC is applied to reduce the fluctuation in the output torque and minimize the steady state error. This paper presents the simulation analysis of induction machine drives using Maltlab/Simulink toolbox R2012a. Design of constant switching frequency MCDTC drive,stability investigation and fault protection as well as controllability and observability with minimum steady state error has been carried out which proved the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Simulation of D-STATCOM to study Voltage Stability in Distribution systemijsrd.com
This document presents a simulation study of a D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) to improve voltage stability in a distribution system. It first provides background on voltage dips and describes the structure of a STATCOM, which includes a voltage source inverter, transformer, and controller. The simulation model of the D-STATCOM and distribution network is developed using SimPowerSystems blocks. Simulation results show that without the D-STATCOM, voltage dips to 0.93 p.u. during a load change, but with the D-STATCOM the voltage is stabilized at 1.0 p.u., demonstrating its effectiveness in mitigating power quality issues like voltage instability.
This document discusses an interleaved boost converter that can achieve high voltage conversion ratios and efficiency. It begins by introducing the need for high step-up DC-DC converters in applications like renewable energy systems. It then describes the structure and operation of an interleaved boost converter, which can reduce input current ripples and output voltage ripples through phase shifting between units. The document outlines the various operating states of the interleaved boost converter and considerations for designing it, such as duty cycle and component sizing. It presents simulation results showing the current through the inductors. The conclusion states that interleaved boost converters can provide higher voltage gains and lower switching losses compared to conventional boost converters.
This document presents the small-signal AC modeling and closed-loop control of a three-phase interleaved boost converter. It begins with an introduction to boost converters and motivates the use of multiphase interleaved topologies. It then describes the development of a state-space averaged model for the three-phase converter by identifying the different circuit states over a switching period and deriving the corresponding state equations. These are then linearized around an operating point to obtain the small-signal AC model. Finally, it discusses the use of a Type III compensator in the closed-loop control system to improve frequency response and regulate the output voltage under load variations.
This document proposes using a PWM voltage source converter with an input filter as a front end converter to improve power quality by drawing a sinusoidal input current with low harmonic distortion and adjustable power factor close to unity. It describes the modeling and control strategy for the converter. The control strategy uses a synchronous reference frame and PI controllers to control the d-q axis currents and maintain the DC bus voltage. Simulation results show the converter achieves near unity power factor with low current harmonic distortion and regulates the DC bus voltage during load changes while allowing power reversal capability. The values of the input inductor and DC bus capacitor are designed based on the system specifications and ripple requirements.
This document summarizes a research paper on simulating a 4-switch, 3-phase inverter for driving an induction motor. It begins with an abstract that outlines using a lower-cost 4-switch inverter instead of a conventional 6-switch design. It then provides details on the drive system components, including the rectifier, inverter, motor, and space vector pulse width modulation control approach. Simulation results are presented showing the speed and torque characteristics of the induction motor driven by the 4-switch inverter. The paper concludes that the proposed 4-switch inverter drive system provides cost savings and acceptable performance for industrial applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) The document describes a synchronous reference frame (DQ) based current control scheme for a four-leg voltage source inverter active power filter to compensate for current harmonics and unbalances from nonlinear loads.
2) The four-leg inverter topology allows compensation of single-phase nonlinear loads that cause unbalanced currents.
3) Simulation results demonstrate the compensation performance of the proposed active power filter and control scheme under steady-state and transient conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to DESIGN, SIMULATION, IMPLEMENTATION AND CONTROL OF PLC BASED INTEGRAL CYCLE CONTROLLER FOR RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING APPLICATION (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
2. N.D. Mehta and Dr. D. K. Bhatt
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1. INTRODUCTION
Basically, two types of ac – to – ac conversion are in use direct conversion and
indirect conversion. In indirect ac- ac conversion involves an intermediate dc stage,
called the dc link or dc bus and the converter are called the dc – link converter.
During direct conversion the ac input waveforms are directly converted into the
desired output waveforms. Phase controlled Switching (PCS) is one of the method of
the direct conversion. PCS is extensively used for adjustable ac-to-ac and ac-to-dc
power conversion [1]. In case of heat controllers of resistive load (R), phase control
circuits cause higher order harmonics and generate radio frequency interference (RFI)
and heavy inrush currents while switching on from cold. At large power levels, it
requires bulky and expensive line filters to minimize RFI [2]. In the case of PCS, the
rms value of output voltage (V o) and power factor (PF) are given by [3]. Fig. 1 (a)
shows the switching arrangement of phase control circuit.
VO = V [1/ π {(π – α) – 1/ 2 sin 2 α}] 1/2
(1)
P F = VO / V (2)
where input supply voltage v(t) = Vm sin ωt; Vm and V are maximum and rms
values of the supply voltage and α is the switching angle of the circuit, as shown in
Fig. 1(b). The expression of total harmonic distortion (THD) is given by [3]
(3)
Where I is the fundamental value of the line or input supply current and Ii are
represents the harmonic current components of I. When α varies between 60 and 120,
the supply voltage is close to its Peak value (86.7% to 100%) and the corresponding
voltage control range is from 44.2% to 89.7%. At the switching instant (ω t = α), the
line current jumps from zero to almost its peak value, as shown in Fig. 1(b). Thus, di
/dt is high over a wide range of control. Moreover, there is heavy inrush current when
furnace element R is heated from cold (due to high temperature coefficient of
resistance of the element). At a higher value of α, PF is also low and THD is
significantly high, as shown in Fig. 2.
(a) (b)
Figure 1 (a) Switching arrangement of phase control circuit,
(b) Waveforms of phase control circuit
3. Design, Simulation, Implementation and Control of PLC Based Integral Cycle Controller for
Resistance Spot Welding Application
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Figure 2 Variation of PF, THD with Switching angle α in Deg.
2. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Integral cycle control (ICC) is used for controlling power to an ac load by permitting
few full cycles to power the load followed by off period. This is repeated cyclically.
The duty cycle is controlled for changing the output power basically it is an on - off
control similar to the obtained through thermostatic switches except that here an
integral number of cycle are passed. In literature, ICC is also described as On - Off
control, Burst firing, Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS), Cycle Selection and Cycle
Syncopation [4]. Fig. 3 shows the output voltage waveform of Integral cycle
controller. When the power is ON, during N cycle the speed or temperature increases
exponentially from a minimum value and reaches a maximum at the end of the Nth
cycle. If N us the number of full cycles passed per M cycles of the source voltage
then it is said to have a duty cycle of D= N / M. The difference between maximum of
temperature and the minimum temperature is called the differential.
Figure.3 Output of Integral Cycle Controller
If M is increased their differential increases and vice versa. Low value of M limit
the variation in the value of N, as the smallest power available is
P min= (Vs2 *
1) / M * R when N =1 (4)
P max = Vs2
/ R when N= M (5)
Control Ratio (CR) = P max / P min = M (6)
ON (N) OFF (M - N)
4. N.D. Mehta and Dr. D. K. Bhatt
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The CR is independent of N but depends on M. ICC gives a much higher
differential than phase control. Therefore it can be applied only to those processes
where the process time constant is large, which keeps the differential low and higher
value of M can be Chosen. Average power consumed by the load can be varied by
Changing N keeping M fixed, Changing M keeping N fixed or changing both. Fig. 4
shows the variation of power and power factor for an ICC in terms of controlled load.
Figure 4 Variation of RMS value and PF
3. PERFORMANCE CHARATERISTIC
SSPC is modeled as an ac voltage source or current source connected to a load
through a network of switches. Switches including diode are assumed to be ideal and
unidirectional, zero on state losses and unrestricted voltage or current carrying
capabilities for a simplified analysis and the criteria for measuring the performance of
the converter operation.
The steady state converter performance measures can be put into four categories:
Voltage Transfer Ratio (VTR), Current Reflection Ration (CRR), harmonic profile,
component stresses.
VTR: The forward voltage transfer ratio is defined as the ratio of the rms voltage
output voltage to the rms input voltage.
CRR: The reflective characteristic gives the effect of load current on the current
drawn by from the source. The CRR is defined as the ratio of the input current to the
rms load current.
Harmonic Profile: The output voltage and source current wave form are non
sinusoidal. The lowest undesired harmonic frequency in the voltage and input power
factor are the measures used for the undesirable Fourier Component.
Component Stresses: Voltage and current in the switch may consist of high
transient which may be considering higher than the normal operating voltage. These
transients voltage dictate the selection of switching devices and hence determine the
cost. The component stress is measured as the ratio of the peak Voltage (Current) to
the rms value of the components.
4. SYSTEM DESIGN
A. Block Diagram
Block Diagram of ICC circuit involves the basic three sections. First section
comprises of a power supply stage to drive all internal amplifier and feed the gate
energy to the power semiconductor devices. In second section a zero voltage detecting
5. Design, Simulation, Implementation and Control of PLC Based Integral Cycle Controller for
Resistance Spot Welding Application
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stage, which sense the instant of zero supply voltage. This stage releases the power
amplifier for a short duration pulse this cross over point so that they may trigger the
power semiconductor if required or separate some other more continuous drive
circuit. Finally in third section an amplifier stage is required which magnifies the
control signal to provide the drive needed to turn on the power switch on. As shown
in the block diagram, the control block consists of control circuit for the ICC, Firing
Circuit and Power Amplifier (FCPA) and power supply for controlling the load.
FCPA consist of the gate driver for thyristor and triac is used as power devices in
the proposed design.
Figure 5 Block Diagram of the ICC
B. Simulation
Simulation of ICC using MATLAB Simulink has been carried out by the authors
and results are discussed for the various duty cycles. Fig.6 shows the simulation result
for ICC for the circuit topology discussed in Fig. 6 (a). Simulation is carried out in
MATLAB R2006 with simulation parameter configuration of fixed step type ODE 4
type (Runge-Kutta) with unconstrained Periodic Sample time of fixed step size of 1e-
6.
Figure 6 (a) Simulation result for the control topology of ICC
Control Circuit for the
ICC using PLC
Firing Circuit and
Power Amplifier
Load
Power Supply
6. N.D. Mehta and Dr. D. K. Bhatt
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MATLAB program have been developed to calculated the power factor, harmonic
profile of the output waveform up to 16fo where fo is the output frequency. [5]
// MATLAB Programme for Integral Cycle Control //
vs= 220 * sqrt(2);d =0.5; n = 10;
th1 = 0 : pi/100 : n* d * 2* pi;%angle during on cycles
th2 = n * d *2*pi - pi /100: pi/100: n*2*pi;% angle during off
cycle
th = [th1,th2];
vo = [vs*sin(th1) zeros(size(th2))];% output voltage
vorms = sqrt(mean (vo.^2));
pf = sqrt(d); % power factor
plot (th,vo)
% [f,y,ph] = harmonic ( v0/vs,16 );% harmonic profile of the
output voltage waveform upto 16fo
Figure 6 (b) describes the output voltage waveform in ICC with duty cycle D= 0.2 and
harmonic profile
Figure 6 (b) Output Voltage in ICC with D= 0.2 and harmonic profile
7. Design, Simulation, Implementation and Control of PLC Based Integral Cycle Controller for
Resistance Spot Welding Application
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There are some general conclusions about the harmonics from simulations:
The minimum frequency is f i / M and components occurs at an integer multiple
of minimum frequency.
There are no integer harmonics of fo and above fo.
The amplitude of fundamental is always dependent on D and no phase shift
occurs in the fundamentals (fo) current component.
The amplitude of each frequency component is depends on the switching
frequency.
C. Resistance Spot Welding
Welding in the simplest terms is the process of fusing or joining two or more metal
pieces with the application of heat and pressure. [7] Resistance welding uses the
concept of heat generated due to the current flowing through a resistance. The heat
energy generated is large enough to weld two work-pieces together. Automated
resistance welding machines use micro-controller based control systems to regulate
and ensure consistent welds.[8] The amount of heat produced is determined by the
relationship between the electrical resistance and the current being passed and the
time for which the current is allowed to flow. The heat produced is proportional to the
square of the current multiplied by the resistance multiplied by the time duration.[9]
The resistance values are commonly very low and the time cycles are usually required
to be very short.[10] This results in the need for exceptionally high welding currents
up to about 20 KA. Equipments capable of delivering such high currents for closely
controlled brief intervals of time is naturally expensive and the resistance welding
processes are therefore suitable only for mass production applications where the
expense is justified.
The main advantages [11] of resistance welding are it is suitable for mass
production, accurate control, no need for filler metal, fluxes, ability to join dissimilar
metals and negligible metal loss. Some of the types of resistance welding are spot
welding, gun welding, shot welding, flash welding and seam welding and projection
welding. All of these operations are fundamentally the same but the preparation of
metal and the construction of the machines may be different. [12]The process find
extensive use in welding of Mild Steel, Stainless Steel, heat resisting alloys,
Aluminum, high Nickel alloys, Copper alloys, and reactive metals like Titanium.
Dissimilar metal combinations can also be welded.
Automotive accessories, Home and Kitchen appliances, computer and electronics
parts and Industries products are extensively welded by RSW. Normally this process
is used for work thickness of up to 3 mm but steel up to 6 mm thick are occasionally
welded and in rare application the process is reported have been used for plate
thickness up to 22 mm. [13]
D. PLC Programming
PLC languages are designed to emulate and the major goal is the control program
performance. Ladder diagram is easily readable and understood worldwide by
maintenance technicians as well as by engineers. Unlike computer programming, PLC
programming does not require extensive special training. Although, certain special
techniques are important for programming efficiency, they can be easily learned.
Another difference between computers and PLCs is that, PLC exhibits sequential
execution of the program where as computer can execute and scan the programs in
parallel way. Various programming languages are accepted by International Electro
8. N.D. Mehta and Dr. D. K. Bhatt
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technical Commission (IEC) and these are used by different manufacturers of PLC
worldwide.
Structured Text (ST): A high-level text based language similar to Pascal for
developing well-structured control software. Structured Text is a high-level language
for control, which used statements such as IF, THEN, CASE, FOR, WHILE,
REPEAT and object-oriented features.
Instruction List (IL): A low-level instruction list language based on mnemonics
common to current mainstream PLCs. This is like assembly language programming. It
includes Jump and Call instruction, which uses labels. So labels are assigned to the
addresses in the program. A complete instruction is made up of an operator followed
by one or more operands. An operand is the quantity upon which an instruction is
performed. Now a days, many PLC manufacture are using instruction sets which are
their proprietary and differs from the other PLC instruction list.
Ladder Diagram (LD): A graphical programming language evolved from
electrical relay logic circuit method and used by all mainstream PLC manufacturers.
Function Block Diagram (FBD): A graphical language based on function blocks,
which can be re-used in different parts of application. FBD uses set of interconnected
function blocks. Each function block is represented as a rectangular block with inputs
from the left side and output at the right side. Signal flow is from an output of one
function block to the input of another function block.
Sequential Function Chart (SFC): A graphical language for control sequence
programs that are time and event driven. It is based on Grafcet, a graphical language
for developing sequential control programs. It is actually a French national standard.
Telemechanique and Mitsubishi (Japan) PLCs are using this programming language.
A sequence can be thought of as a series of steps that occur in a defined order. The
sequential function chart represents each step as a rectangular box, which is
associated with a control action. An action can be drawn as a rectangular box that is
attached to a step. Every sequence starts with an initial step that is concerned with
holding the system ready for operation. Connecting lines between steps have a
horizontal box representing a transition condition. When transition condition become
true, the step before the transition is deactivated and step after the transition is
activated.
Statement List (STL): This is a high-level language having some fixed number
of instruction. Programs may be written using these instructions. STL allows the
programmer to solve control task using simple English statements to describe
operation of the controller. The modular nature of the language allows the
programmer to solve complex task in an efficient and self documenting manner.
E. Hardware
Out of the different programming method for PLC, Ladder Diagram method has been
adopted by the authors for the implementation. As timing timer of the PLC is used.
Timer circuit with control ON and OFF time is also used for the variation of the duty
cycle in the circuit. To avoid the dc level in the circuit, duty cycle is varied in such
manner only on the even cycle of the output voltage will be achieved. For the firing of
SCR and reduced the load of the control driving circuit SCR driver is also used in
between control circuit and SCRs, which in turn also provide the isolation between
high power SCR circuit and low power control circuit. For the control circuit and
SCR power circuit and load regulated + 24 V DC Power Supply is used. Fig. 7 shows
the hardware fabrication of the control topology of ICC.
9. Design, Simulation, Implementation and Control of PLC Based Integral Cycle Controller for
Resistance Spot Welding Application
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Figure 7 Hardware fabrication of control topology of ICC
In the proposed experiment 600 V, 5 A powers SCR is used. Single phase 1 KW
heater is used as the load for the experiment. Fig. 8 shows the laboratory Setup for
model of the RSW which includes component like controller, welding transformer
and load.
Figure 8 Laboratory Setup Show the model of RSW.
5. ANALYSIS
Fig. 9 (a) and Fig. 9 (b) show the output load waveform for ICC for duty cycle 0.4
and 0.7 respectively. The power factor is low for the low duty cycle (small value of
D), hence ICC is used for the control only without worrying about the efficiency.
Figure 9 (a) Output Load Waveform of ICC D= 0.4
10. N.D. Mehta and Dr. D. K. Bhatt
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Figure 9 (b) Output Load Waveform of ICC D = 0.7
The power factor and harmonic content are highly unsatisfactory. This type of
control is used in heavy machines and heating systems that have high thermal time
constants. Fig. 6 (b) shows that the harmonic content is present less that the supply
frequency known as inter harmonics. In [6] group frequency (GF) is proposed to
facilitate the analysis of power system inter harmonics as well as conventional integer
harmonics. The concept is applied in the analysis of load currents of integral cycle
controllers (ICCs) and other controlled power applications. A GF can be generalized
for the analysis of load currents or voltages of other power devices. One of the
advantages of the GF is that a large number of frequency components of a load
voltage or current are simplified to a few frequency components without significantly
changing the power quality impact of the load current or voltage.
Figure 10 Graph of THD with different duty cycle
Fig. 10 explains the graph of the THD with D. As it evident, the harmonic profile
of output voltage waveform is very unsatisfactory. In the further stages, as an
improvement of the present circuit can be suggested in future according to
requirement and decreases the THD even lower than ICC which better that PCS. For
the same power output 125% reduction in THD is observed. The switching of the
switches has been done at zero voltage and current so voltage stresses is reduced.
11. Design, Simulation, Implementation and Control of PLC Based Integral Cycle Controller for
Resistance Spot Welding Application
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6. APPLICATIONS
This SSPC is essentially a variable duty cycle switch with zero crossover switching.
Unlike normal power controller which operates on the principle of variable phase
angle triggering, this circuit switches on power to lad nearly zero crossover points.
This controller eminently suited to control of the resistive loads having large thermal
hysteresis, e.g. heaters, toaster, soldering irons, oven, cloth iron etc. Inductive loads
cannot be controlled. This method can be modified for the inductive loads even and
sophisticated display should be incorporated which displays quantities like current,
voltage, duty cycle etc. Higher load can also be controlled by using a triac with larger
current rating with suitable heat sink provided. Back to back thyristor pair is also used
for the even high power rating. ICC can be used in applications where the process
time constant is very large compared to M * t i, that is the reason it is very popularly
used in resistance spot welders where M is large and it results in good quality welding
with uniformity for all jobs.
CONCLUSION
PLC Based ICC has been simulated, design and implemented for the Resistance Spot
Welding. As discussed in the different section the harmonic profile of the ICC is
improved than PCS. In case of heat controllers of resistive load (R), PCS cause higher
order harmonics and generate radio frequency interference (RFI) and heavy inrush
currents while switching on from cold. At large power levels, it requires bulky and
expensive line filters to minimize RFI. These problems easily overcome by using ICC
for heating application. Despite of these advantages, ICC suffering disadvantage of
problem of inter harmonic and only suitable to heavy machines and heating systems
that have high thermal time constants may reduces the uses of this method. Control
circuit is somewhat complex but ease in construction and low hardware cost.
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