Power has become one of the most important paradigms of design convergence for multi gigahertz communication systems such as optical data links, wireless products, microprocessor & ASIC/SOC designs. POWER consumption has become a bottleneck in microprocessor design. The core of a microprocessor, which includes the largest power density on the microprocessor. In an effort to reduce the power consumption of the circuit, the supply voltage can be reduced leading to reduction of dynamic and static power consumption. Lowering the supply voltage, however, also reduces the performance of the circuit, which is usually unacceptable. One way to overcome this limitation, available in some application domains, is to replicate the circuit block whose supply voltage is being reduced in order to maintain the same throughput .This paper introduces a design aspects for low power phase locked loop using VLSI technology. This phase locked loop is designed using latest 45nm process technology parameters, which in turn offers high speed performance at low power. The main novelty related to the 45nm technology such as the high-k gate oxide ,metal-gate and very low-k interconnect dielectric described. VLSI Technology includes process design, trends, chip fabrication, real circuit parameters, circuit design, electrical characteristics, configuration building blocks, switching circuitry, translation onto silicon, CAD, practical experience in layout design
A High-Speed, Low Power Consumption Positive Edge Triggered D Flip-Flop for H...VLSICS Design
A high speed low power consumption positive edge triggered Delayed (D) flip-flop was designed for increasing the speed of counter in Phase locked loop, using 180 nm CMOS technology. The designed counter has been used in the divider chip of the phase locked loop. A divide counter is required in the feedback loop to increase the VCO frequency above the input reference frequency. The proposed circuit is faster than conventional circuit as it has fast reset operation. The circuit consumes less power as it prevents short circuit power consumption. The circuit operates at 1.8V power supply. This work has been used in the design. of 2.4 GHz CMOS PLL targeting OFDM application. The CMOS based fast D-ff circuit has designed and simulated by Virtuoso tool of CADENCE spectre
VLSI power estimation is vital component of the modern electronic designs. Rapid changes in the advanced electronic infrastructure may causes the power to become paramount important in the VLSI designs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
THIS PPT IS GIVEN BY EC FINAL YEAR STUDENTS OF BCE-MANDIDEEP TO PROF. RAVITESH MISHRA ON CHARGED PUMP PLLS AS AN ASSIGNMENT FROM RAZAVI,DESIGN OF ANALOG CMOS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN TRANSMISSION LINE USING DPFCvivatechijri
This project presents the MATLAB Simulation model of the Distributed Power Flow Controller in Transmission line. This work will be a new component with the flexible ac transmission system, called as distributed power flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC will be derived from the unified power flow controller system (UPFC). The DPFC can be considered as a UPFC with a common dc link which is eliminated. The active power exchange between the series and shunt converters, through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC has the same control ability as the UPFC, which adjusts line impedance, bus voltages, and the transmission lines.
A High-Speed, Low Power Consumption Positive Edge Triggered D Flip-Flop for H...VLSICS Design
A high speed low power consumption positive edge triggered Delayed (D) flip-flop was designed for increasing the speed of counter in Phase locked loop, using 180 nm CMOS technology. The designed counter has been used in the divider chip of the phase locked loop. A divide counter is required in the feedback loop to increase the VCO frequency above the input reference frequency. The proposed circuit is faster than conventional circuit as it has fast reset operation. The circuit consumes less power as it prevents short circuit power consumption. The circuit operates at 1.8V power supply. This work has been used in the design. of 2.4 GHz CMOS PLL targeting OFDM application. The CMOS based fast D-ff circuit has designed and simulated by Virtuoso tool of CADENCE spectre
VLSI power estimation is vital component of the modern electronic designs. Rapid changes in the advanced electronic infrastructure may causes the power to become paramount important in the VLSI designs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
THIS PPT IS GIVEN BY EC FINAL YEAR STUDENTS OF BCE-MANDIDEEP TO PROF. RAVITESH MISHRA ON CHARGED PUMP PLLS AS AN ASSIGNMENT FROM RAZAVI,DESIGN OF ANALOG CMOS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN TRANSMISSION LINE USING DPFCvivatechijri
This project presents the MATLAB Simulation model of the Distributed Power Flow Controller in Transmission line. This work will be a new component with the flexible ac transmission system, called as distributed power flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC will be derived from the unified power flow controller system (UPFC). The DPFC can be considered as a UPFC with a common dc link which is eliminated. The active power exchange between the series and shunt converters, through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC has the same control ability as the UPFC, which adjusts line impedance, bus voltages, and the transmission lines.
Power reduction techniques are important for the modern VLSI designs. Power is the today's major concern when we come to optimal trade off between area, performance and power.
Design and implementation of pll frequency synthesizer using pe3336 ic for ir...elelijjournal
The design and experimental verification of a low phase noise phase locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizer using Peregrine’s PE83336 IC is presented. This PLL is used as frequency synthesizer which generates stable and low phase noise signal for space applications. A stable reference frequency of 22.8MHz is provided to the PLL through a temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO). Experimental results of the PLL frequency synthesizer shows the excellent performance achieved at Xband. The PLL model implemented with frequency resolution of 5.8MHz, and phase noise better than -
81dBc/Hz @ 1 kHz offset at X-band. The complete model is fabricated on RT-duroid 6010 substrate
Low Power Electronic design is basically compromised with power aware digital system designs techniques. Especially VLSI power architecture with advanced power reduction techniques are discussed in details here
Design and Analysis of Sequential Circuit for Leakage Power Reduction using S...ijsrd.com
The rapid growth in semiconductor device industry has led to the development of high Performance potable systems with improve reliability. In such applications, it is extremely important to minimize current consumption due to the limited availability of battery Power. Consequently, power dissipation is becoming recognized as a top priority issue for VLSI circuit design. Leakage power makes up to 50% of the total power consumption in today's high performance microprocessors. Therefore leakage power reduction becomes the key to a low power design. Leakage power dissipation is the power dissipated by the circuit when it is in Sleep mode or standby mode. A significant portion of the total power consumption in high performance digital circuits in deep submicron regime is mainly due to leakage power. Leakage is the only Source. of power consumption in an idle circuit. Therefore it is important to reduce leakage power in portable system.
Design of 64 bit SRAM using Lector Technique for Low Leakage Power with Read ...IOSRJVSP
: In complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) the power dissipation predominantly comprises of dynamic as well as static power. Prior to introduction of “Deep submicron technologies” it is observed that in case of technology process with feature size larger than 1micro meter, the consumption of dynamic power out of the overall power consumption of any circuit is more than 90%,while that of static power is negligible. But in the present deep submicron technologies in order to, reduce the dynamic power consumption in VLSI circuits, the power supply is being scaled down, keeping in view the principle that the dynamic power dissipated is directly proportional to the square of the supply voltage (Vdd).The threshold voltage also needs to be reduced since the supply voltage is scaled down. Overcoming the inherent limitations in the existing method for leakage power reduction, The Lector (Leakage controlled transistor) technique which works efficiently both in active and idle states of the circuit and results in better leakage power reduction is now proposed. The proposed system presents the analysis of power on “64-bit SRAM array using leakage controlled transistor technique
An Efficient Execution of Clock Gating Technique for Logic CircuitsIJTET Journal
Clock gating has been heavily used in reducing the power consumption of the clock network by limiting its activity factor. Fundamentally, clock gating reduces the dynamic power dissipation by disconnecting the clock from an unused circuit block. This result in three major components of power consumption: power consumed by combinational logic whose values are changing on each clock edge; power consumed by flip-flops; power consumed by the clock tree in the design. Here clock gating approach is done for various logic circuits in response to examine its application.
An important task for a digital communications receiver is to remove any frequency/phase offsets that might exist between the transmitter and receiver oscillators. The use of a Phase Locked Loop enables the receiver to adaptively track and remove frequency/phase offsets. The pll consists of loop filter, VCO and amplifier. The paper describes the designing of this loop filter using CMOS. The use of this element reduces cost drastically and has a good response. An experiment was conducted through this component which provided better result. The main advantage of designing low pass filter by CMOS is that it offers improvements in design simplicity and programmability when compared to op-amp based structures as well as reduced component count. It has high noise immunity and low static power consumption. Hence the overall efficiency increases as well producing the desired effect.
Anything we transmit without protection is being raid by the intruders. Hence it is necessary to impart
security to the signal transmitted. In this paper we present the concept of giving security to the transmitted
power signal which is to be received by a receiver in a wireless medium. The present techniques of wireless
power transmission consists of a pair of strongly magnetically coupled resonators that allow power
transmission of tens of watts over a few meters, but anything without security becomes unreliable. With the
goal in achieving security to the power signal, we introduce the concept of encryption decryption algorithm
using RF module.
AREA EFFICIENT 3.3GHZ PHASE LOCKED LOOP WITH FOUR MULTIPLE OUTPUT USING 45NM ...VLSICS Design
This paper present area efficient layout designs for 3.3GigaHertz (GHz) Phase Locked loop (PLL) with four multiple output. Effort has been taken to design Low Power Phase locked loop with multiple output, using VLSI technology. VLSI Technology includes process design, trends, chip fabrication, real circuit parameters, circuit design, electrical characteristics, configuration building blocks, switching circuitry, translation onto silicon, CAD and practical experience in layout design. The proposed PLL is designed using 45 nm CMOS/VLSI technology with microwind 3.1. This software allows designing and simulating an integrated circuit at physical description level. The main novelties related to the 45 nm technology are the high-k gate oxide, metal gate and very low-k interconnect dielectric. The effective gate length required for 45 nm technology is 25nm. Low Power (0.211miliwatt) phase locked loop with four multiple outputs as PLL8x, PLL4x, PLL2x, & PLL1x of 3.3 GHz, 1.65 GHz, 0.825 GHz, and 0.412 GHz respectively is obtained using 45 nm VLSI technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
DESIGN OF DIGITAL PLL USING OPTIMIZED PHASE NOISE VCOVLSICS Design
In order to keep electronic world properly PLL plays a very important role. Designing of low
phase noise and less jittery PLL in generation of clock signals is an important task. Clock signals
are required for providing reference timing to electrical system and also to ICs. So in this paper
PLL is designed with improved Phase noise and also jitter. Where such types of design is
important when sophisticated timing requirements are needed to provide synchronization and
distribution of clocks like in ADC, DAC, high speed networking, medical imaging systems. The
clock signal’s quality depends upon jitter and phase noise. An ideal clock source has zero phase
noise and jitter but in reality it has some modulated phase noise. This modulated phase noise
spreads the power to the adjacent frequencies, hence produces noise sidebands. The phase noise
is typically frequency domain analysis which is expressed in terms of dBc/Hz measured at offset
frequency with respect to ideal clock frequency. The low phase noise is important factor mainly
in RF and ADC applications. In RF wireless high speed applications, increased PN will leads to
channel to channel interference, attenuates quality of signal. In ADC, increased PN limits the
SNR and data converter’s equivalent no. of bits (ENOB). Jitter is time domain meas
Power reduction techniques are important for the modern VLSI designs. Power is the today's major concern when we come to optimal trade off between area, performance and power.
Design and implementation of pll frequency synthesizer using pe3336 ic for ir...elelijjournal
The design and experimental verification of a low phase noise phase locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizer using Peregrine’s PE83336 IC is presented. This PLL is used as frequency synthesizer which generates stable and low phase noise signal for space applications. A stable reference frequency of 22.8MHz is provided to the PLL through a temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO). Experimental results of the PLL frequency synthesizer shows the excellent performance achieved at Xband. The PLL model implemented with frequency resolution of 5.8MHz, and phase noise better than -
81dBc/Hz @ 1 kHz offset at X-band. The complete model is fabricated on RT-duroid 6010 substrate
Low Power Electronic design is basically compromised with power aware digital system designs techniques. Especially VLSI power architecture with advanced power reduction techniques are discussed in details here
Design and Analysis of Sequential Circuit for Leakage Power Reduction using S...ijsrd.com
The rapid growth in semiconductor device industry has led to the development of high Performance potable systems with improve reliability. In such applications, it is extremely important to minimize current consumption due to the limited availability of battery Power. Consequently, power dissipation is becoming recognized as a top priority issue for VLSI circuit design. Leakage power makes up to 50% of the total power consumption in today's high performance microprocessors. Therefore leakage power reduction becomes the key to a low power design. Leakage power dissipation is the power dissipated by the circuit when it is in Sleep mode or standby mode. A significant portion of the total power consumption in high performance digital circuits in deep submicron regime is mainly due to leakage power. Leakage is the only Source. of power consumption in an idle circuit. Therefore it is important to reduce leakage power in portable system.
Design of 64 bit SRAM using Lector Technique for Low Leakage Power with Read ...IOSRJVSP
: In complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) the power dissipation predominantly comprises of dynamic as well as static power. Prior to introduction of “Deep submicron technologies” it is observed that in case of technology process with feature size larger than 1micro meter, the consumption of dynamic power out of the overall power consumption of any circuit is more than 90%,while that of static power is negligible. But in the present deep submicron technologies in order to, reduce the dynamic power consumption in VLSI circuits, the power supply is being scaled down, keeping in view the principle that the dynamic power dissipated is directly proportional to the square of the supply voltage (Vdd).The threshold voltage also needs to be reduced since the supply voltage is scaled down. Overcoming the inherent limitations in the existing method for leakage power reduction, The Lector (Leakage controlled transistor) technique which works efficiently both in active and idle states of the circuit and results in better leakage power reduction is now proposed. The proposed system presents the analysis of power on “64-bit SRAM array using leakage controlled transistor technique
An Efficient Execution of Clock Gating Technique for Logic CircuitsIJTET Journal
Clock gating has been heavily used in reducing the power consumption of the clock network by limiting its activity factor. Fundamentally, clock gating reduces the dynamic power dissipation by disconnecting the clock from an unused circuit block. This result in three major components of power consumption: power consumed by combinational logic whose values are changing on each clock edge; power consumed by flip-flops; power consumed by the clock tree in the design. Here clock gating approach is done for various logic circuits in response to examine its application.
An important task for a digital communications receiver is to remove any frequency/phase offsets that might exist between the transmitter and receiver oscillators. The use of a Phase Locked Loop enables the receiver to adaptively track and remove frequency/phase offsets. The pll consists of loop filter, VCO and amplifier. The paper describes the designing of this loop filter using CMOS. The use of this element reduces cost drastically and has a good response. An experiment was conducted through this component which provided better result. The main advantage of designing low pass filter by CMOS is that it offers improvements in design simplicity and programmability when compared to op-amp based structures as well as reduced component count. It has high noise immunity and low static power consumption. Hence the overall efficiency increases as well producing the desired effect.
Anything we transmit without protection is being raid by the intruders. Hence it is necessary to impart
security to the signal transmitted. In this paper we present the concept of giving security to the transmitted
power signal which is to be received by a receiver in a wireless medium. The present techniques of wireless
power transmission consists of a pair of strongly magnetically coupled resonators that allow power
transmission of tens of watts over a few meters, but anything without security becomes unreliable. With the
goal in achieving security to the power signal, we introduce the concept of encryption decryption algorithm
using RF module.
AREA EFFICIENT 3.3GHZ PHASE LOCKED LOOP WITH FOUR MULTIPLE OUTPUT USING 45NM ...VLSICS Design
This paper present area efficient layout designs for 3.3GigaHertz (GHz) Phase Locked loop (PLL) with four multiple output. Effort has been taken to design Low Power Phase locked loop with multiple output, using VLSI technology. VLSI Technology includes process design, trends, chip fabrication, real circuit parameters, circuit design, electrical characteristics, configuration building blocks, switching circuitry, translation onto silicon, CAD and practical experience in layout design. The proposed PLL is designed using 45 nm CMOS/VLSI technology with microwind 3.1. This software allows designing and simulating an integrated circuit at physical description level. The main novelties related to the 45 nm technology are the high-k gate oxide, metal gate and very low-k interconnect dielectric. The effective gate length required for 45 nm technology is 25nm. Low Power (0.211miliwatt) phase locked loop with four multiple outputs as PLL8x, PLL4x, PLL2x, & PLL1x of 3.3 GHz, 1.65 GHz, 0.825 GHz, and 0.412 GHz respectively is obtained using 45 nm VLSI technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
DESIGN OF DIGITAL PLL USING OPTIMIZED PHASE NOISE VCOVLSICS Design
In order to keep electronic world properly PLL plays a very important role. Designing of low
phase noise and less jittery PLL in generation of clock signals is an important task. Clock signals
are required for providing reference timing to electrical system and also to ICs. So in this paper
PLL is designed with improved Phase noise and also jitter. Where such types of design is
important when sophisticated timing requirements are needed to provide synchronization and
distribution of clocks like in ADC, DAC, high speed networking, medical imaging systems. The
clock signal’s quality depends upon jitter and phase noise. An ideal clock source has zero phase
noise and jitter but in reality it has some modulated phase noise. This modulated phase noise
spreads the power to the adjacent frequencies, hence produces noise sidebands. The phase noise
is typically frequency domain analysis which is expressed in terms of dBc/Hz measured at offset
frequency with respect to ideal clock frequency. The low phase noise is important factor mainly
in RF and ADC applications. In RF wireless high speed applications, increased PN will leads to
channel to channel interference, attenuates quality of signal. In ADC, increased PN limits the
SNR and data converter’s equivalent no. of bits (ENOB). Jitter is time domain meas
CMOS ring oscillator delay cell performance: a comparative studyIJECEIAES
A common voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) architecture used in the phase locked loop (PLL) is the ring oscillator (RO). RO consist of number of inverters cascaded together as the input of the first stage connected to the output of the last stage. It is important to design the RO to be work at desired frequency depend on application with low power consumption. This paper presents a review the performance evaluation of different delay cell topologies the implemented in the ring oscillator. The various topologies analyzed includes current starved delay cell, differential delay cell and current follower cell. Performance evaluation includes frequency range, frequency stability, phase noise and power consumption had been reviewed and comparison of different topologies has been discussed. It is observed that starved current delay cell have lower power consumption and the different of the frequency range is small as compared to other type of delay cell.
A NOVEL LOW POWER HIGH DYNAMIC THRESHOLD SWING LIMITED REPEATER INSERTION FOR...VLSICS Design
In Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), interconnect design has become a supreme issue in high speed ICs. With the decreased feature size of CMOS circuits, on-chip interconnect now dominates both circuit delay and power consumption. An eminent technique known as repeater/buffer insertion is used in long interconnections to reduce delay in VLSI circuits. This paper deals with some distinct low power alternative circuits in buffer insertion technique and it proposes two new techniques: Dynamic Threshold Swing Limited (DTSL) and High Dynamic Threshold Swing Limited (HDTSL). The DTSL uses Dynamic Threshold MOSFET configuration. In this gate is tied to the body and it limits the output swing. High Dynamic Threshold Swing Limited (HDTSL) also uses the same configuration along with a high threshold voltage(high-Vth). The simulation results are performed in Cadence virtuoso environment tool using 45nm technology. By simulating and comparing these various repeater circuits along with the proposed circuits it is analyzed that there is trade off among power, delay and Power Delay Product and the 34.66% of power is reduced by using the high- Vth in HDTSL when compared to DTSL.
A novel low power high dynamic threshold swing limited repeater insertion for...VLSICS Design
In Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), interconnect design has become a supreme issue in high speed ICs.
With the decreased feature size of CMOS circuits, on-chip interconnect now dominates both circuit delay
and power consumption. An eminent technique known as repeater/buffer insertion is used in long
interconnections to reduce delay in VLSI circuits. This paper deals with some distinct low power
alternative circuits in buffer insertion technique and it proposes two new techniques: Dynamic Threshold
Swing Limited (DTSL) and High Dynamic Threshold Swing Limited (HDTSL). The DTSL uses Dynamic
Threshold MOSFET configuration. In this gate is tied to the body and it limits the output swing. High
Dynamic Threshold Swing Limited (HDTSL) also uses the same configuration along with a high threshold
voltage(high-Vth). The simulation results are performed in Cadence virtuoso environment tool using 45nm
technology. By simulating and comparing these various repeater circuits along with the proposed circuits it
is analyzed that there is trade off among power, delay and Power Delay Product and the 34.66% of power
is reduced by using the high- Vth in HDTSL when compared to DTSL.
Design and Implementation of Digital PLL using Self Correcting DCO SystemIJERA Editor
The mainstay of the paper is to use a PLL using self healing pre-scalar. When a CMOS technology approaches to a nanometer scale, the non-idealities like variability and leakage current may affect the circuit performances. The process variability leads to the large variations to degrade the device matching and performances. The leakage current is highly dependent upon the process variations. In the existing method the key parameter is to be change the modulus value of the pre- scalar. By changing the value of the pre-scalar the PLL frequency range will be extended. In the proposed design we are planning to implement the digital PLL technique with self correcting DCO. The structure utilizes the DDR synthesizer as a base for generating the DCO frequency, so many methods are there to correct the DCO errors , here we detect the error or delay and correct it by using smooth jumping method. The DPLL varies from minimum system clock frequency 60 to 1489 MHZ (Minimum) maximum of GHZ frequency of any range we can generate, since our design act as a general platform for any kind of application.
DESIGNING PHASE FREQUENCY DETECTOR USING DIFFERENT DESIGN TECHNOLOGIESIAEME Publication
This paper presents the designs of phase frequency detector. The simulation results are focused on accounting the frequency operation, power dissipation and noise. The various PFDs are designed using 0.35 m CMOS technology on SPICE simulator with 3.3V supply voltage. The transfer curve of the different logic designed PFDs shows that the mentioned designs are dead zone free. In the first section, a basic introduction ab out phase locked loop and the importance of PFD is discussed. In the second section, a brief description about the different logic designs used in this paper is given. Subsequently, in the third section, simulation results of various models optimized are observed, explained and finally based on these observations results have been concluded at the end.
speed control of three phase induction motor using IOTswaroop009
The main aim is to control and monitor the speed of the three-phase induction motor by using the Arduino, node MCU controller and 3-phase inverter circuits.
A High-Swing OTA with wide Linearity for design of self-tunable linear resistorVLSICS Design
Low power consumption, long battery life and portability are essential requirements of modern health monitoring products. Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) operating in subthreshold region is an basic building block for low power health monitoring products design. An modified design of OTA which incorporates better linearity and increased output impedance has been discussed in this paper. The proposed OTA uses High-swing improved-Wilson current mirror for low power and low-frequency applications. The achieved linearity is about ± 1.9 volt and unity gain bandwidth (UGB) of 342.30 KHz at power supply of 0.9 volt which makes OTA to consume power in range of nanowatts. The proposed low voltage OTA implementation in design of self- tunable linear resistor has been presented in this paper. The circuit implementation has been done using standard 0.18 micron technology provided by TSMC on BSIM 3v3 level-53 model parameter and verified results through use of ELDO Simulator.
A High-Swing OTA with wide Linearity for design of self-tunable linear resistorVLSICS Design
Low power consumption, long battery life and portability are essential requirements of modern health monitoring products. Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) operating in subthreshold region is an basic building block for low power health monitoring products design. An modified design of OTA which incorporates better linearity and increased output impedance has been discussed in this paper. The proposed OTA uses High-swing improved-Wilson current mirror for low power and low-frequency applications. The achieved linearity is about ± 1.9 volt and unity gain bandwidth (UGB) of 342.30 KHz at power supply of 0.9 volt which makes OTA to consume power in range of nanowatts. The proposed low voltage OTA implementation in design of self- tunable linear resistor has been presented in this paper. The circuit implementation has been done using standard 0.18 micron technology provided by TSMC on BSIM 3v3 level-53 model parameter and verified results through use of ELDO Simulator.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PHASE-LOCKED LOOP AND PERFORMANCE PARAMETERSIJMEJournal1
In this paper, we are present design and analysis of PLL, which is simulated in CMOS 0.18μm technology.The digital phase locked loop achieves locking within about 100 reference clock cycles. The pure digital
phase locked loop is attractive because it is less sensitive to noise and operating conditions than its analog
counterpart.In this PLL circuit successfully achieved 1.55GHz frequency. Jitter is 1.09ns achieved is very
less. Also achieve low phase noise -98.5827 at 1MHz Frequency
Dynamic Power Reduction of Digital Circuits by ClockGatingIJERA Editor
In this paper we have presented clock gating process for low power VLSI (very large scale integration) circuit design. Clock gating is one of the most quite often used systems in RTL to shrink dynamic power consumption without affecting the performance of the design. One process involves inserting gating requisites in the RTL, which the synthesis tool translates to clock gating cells in the clock-path of a register bank. This helps to diminish the switching activity on the clock network, thereby decreasing dynamic power consumption within the design. Due to the fact the translation accomplished via the synthesis tool is solely combinational; it is referred to as combinational clock gating. This transformation does not alter the behavior of the register being gated.
A low quiescent current low dropout voltage regulator with self-compensationjournalBEEI
This paper proposed a low quiescent current low-dropout voltage regulator (LDO) with self-compensation loop stability. This LDO is designed for Silicon-on-Chip (SoC) application without off-chip compensation capacitor. Worst case loop stability phenomenon happen when LDO output load current (Iload) is zero. The second pole frequency decreased tremendously towards unity-gain frequency (UGF) and compromise loop stability. To prevent this, additional current is needed to keep the output in low impedance in order to maintain second pole frequency. As Iload slowly increases, the unneeded additional current can be further reduced. This paper presents a circuit which performed self-reduction on this current by sensing the Iload. On top of that, a self-compensation circuit technique is proposed where loop stability is selfattained when Iload reduced below 100μA. In this technique, unity-gain frequency (UGF) will be decreaed and move away from second pole in order to attain loop stability. The decreased of UGF is done by reducing the total gain while maintaining the dominant pole frequency. This technique has also further reduced the total quiescent current and improved the LDO’s efficiency. The proposed LDO exhibits low quiescent current 9.4μA and 17.7μA, at Iload zero and full load 100mA respectively. The supply voltage for this LDO is 1.2V with 200mV drop-out voltage. The design is validated using 0.13μm CMOS process technology.
A 20 gbs injection locked clock and data recovery circuitVLSICS Design
This paper presents a 20 Gb/s injection-locked clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit for burst mode
applications. Utilizing a half rate injection-locked oscillator (ILO) in the proposed CDR circuit leads to
higher speed operation and lower power consumption. In addition, to accommodate process, voltage, and
temperature (PVT) variations and to increase the lock range, a frequency locked loop is proposed to use in
this circuit. The circuit is designed in 0.18 μm CMOS and the simulations for 27-1 pseudo random bit
sequence (PRBS) show that the circuit consumes 55.3 mW at 20 Gb/s, while the recovered clock rms jitter
is 1.1 ps
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Similar to DESIGN OF LOW POWER PHASE LOCKED LOOP (PLL) USING 45NM VLSI TECHNOLOGY (20)
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Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
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DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A CAR SHOWROOM USING E TABS
DESIGN OF LOW POWER PHASE LOCKED LOOP (PLL) USING 45NM VLSI TECHNOLOGY
1. International journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems ( VLSICS ), Vol.1, No.2, June 2010
10.5121/vlsic.2010.1201 1
DESIGN OF LOW POWER PHASE LOCKED LOOP
(PLL) USING 45NM VLSI TECHNOLOGY
Ms. Ujwala A. Belorkar 1
and Dr. S.A.Ladhake2
1
Department of electronics & telecommunication ,Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal’s
College of Engineering & Technology, Amravati. Maharashtra.
ujwalabelorkar@rediffmail.com
2
Sipana’s College of Engineering & Technology, Amravati, Maharashtra.
sladhake@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
Power has become one of the most important paradigms of design convergence for multi
gigahertz communication systems such as optical data links, wireless products, microprocessor &
ASIC/SOC designs. POWER consumption has become a bottleneck in microprocessor design. The core
of a microprocessor, which includes the largest power density on the microprocessor. In an effort to
reduce the power consumption of the circuit, the supply voltage can be reduced leading to reduction of
dynamic and static power consumption. Lowering the supply voltage, however, also reduces the
performance of the circuit, which is usually unacceptable. One way to overcome this limitation, available
in some application domains, is to replicate the circuit block whose supply voltage is being reduced in
order to maintain the same throughput .This paper introduces a design aspects for low power phase
locked loop using VLSI technology. This phase locked loop is designed using latest 45nm process
technology parameters, which in turn offers high speed performance at low power. The main novelty
related to the 45nm technology such as the high-k gate oxide ,metal-gate and very low-k interconnect
dielectric described. VLSI Technology includes process design, trends, chip fabrication, real circuit
parameters, circuit design, electrical characteristics, configuration building blocks, switching circuitry,
translation onto silicon, CAD, practical experience in layout design
KEYWORDS
Phase locked loop (PLL), voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), 45nm technology, VLSI technology, low
power.
1. INTRODUCTION
The electronics industry has achieved a phenomenal growth over the last two
decades, mainly due to the rapid advances in integration technologies, large-scale
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systems design - in short, due to the advent of VLSI [1]. The number of applications of
integrated circuits in high-performance computing, telecommunications, and consumer
electronics has been rising steadily, and at a very fast pace. Typically, the required
computational power (or, in other words, the intelligence) of these applications is the
driving force for the fast development of this field.
A new MOS model, called BSIM4, has been introduced in 2000 [2]. A
simplified version of this model is supported by Microwind 3.1, and recommended for
ultra-deep submicron technology simulation. The role of oscillators is to create a
periodic logic or analog signal with a stable and predictable frequency. Oscillators are
required to generate the carrying signals for radio frequency transmission, but also for
the main clocks of processors. The output is equal to the input, and the phase difference
is equal to one fourth of the period (π/2) according to the phase Detector principles.
The phase-lock-loop (PLL) is commonly used in microprocessors to generate a
clock at high frequency ( Fout = 2GHz for example) from an external clock at low
frequency ( Fref = 100MHz for example) [3]. The PLL is also used as a clock recovery
circuit to generate a clock signal from a series of bit transmitted in serial without
synchronization clock.
The PLL uses a high frequency oscillator with varying speed, a counter, a phase
detector and a filter. The PLL includes a feedback loop which lines up the output clock
ClkOut with the input clock ClkIn through a phase locking stabilization process. When
locked, the high input frequency fout is exactly N* fin as shown in figure.1. A variation
of the input frequency fin is transformed by the phase detector into a pulse signal which
is converted in turn into variation of the analog signal Vc [3].This signal changes the
VCO frequency which is divided by the counter and changes clkDiv according to fin.
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Figure 1. A PLL used for frequency demodulation.
A basic PLL is a feedback system composed of three elements: a phase detector,
a loop filter and a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The VCO is the most important
functional unit in the PLL. Its output frequency determine the effectiveness of PLL. In
addition to operating at highest frequency, this unit consumes the most of the power in
the system [4].
Obviously, this unit is of particular focus to reduce power consumption. PLL
with multiple outputs means to VCO with multiple output. This paper particularly focus
on study and design of phase-locked loop with low power consumption using VLSI
technology.
The voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) generates a clock with a
controllable frequency [4] . The VCO is commonly used for clock generation in
phase lock loop circuits . The clock may vary typically by +/-50% of its central
frequency. The current-starved inverter chain uses a voltage control Vcontrol to
modify the current that flows in the N1, P1 branch as shown in figure.2. The
current through N1 is mirrored by N2, N3 and N4. The same current flows in P1. The
current through P1 is mirrored by P2, P2, and P4. Consequently, the change in
4. International journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems ( VLSICS ), Vol.1, No.2, June 2010
4
Vcontrol induces a global change in the inverter currents, and acts directly, the
delay.
The Software microwind 3.1used in paper allows us to design and simulate an
integrated circuit at physical description level [5]. The package contains a library of
common logic and analog ICs to view and simulate. It also includes all the commands
for a mask editor as well as original tools never gathered before in a single module such
as 2D and 3D process view, Verilog compiler, tutorial on MOS devices. We can gain or
access to Circuit Simulation by pressing one single key. The electric extraction of the
circuit is automatically performed and the analog simulator produces voltage and
current curves immediately.
2. TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW & DESIGN ISSUES
Figure.2 Basic Phase locked loop
Analog PLLs are generally built of a phase detector, low pass filter and voltage-
controlled oscillator (VCO) placed in a negative feedback configuration as shown in
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5
fig.2 . There may be a frequency divider in the feedback path or in the reference path, or
both, in order to make the PLL's output clock an integer multiple of the reference [6]. A
non integer multiple of the reference frequency can be created by replacing the simple
divide-by-N counter in the feedback path with a programmable pulse swallowing
counter. This technique is usually referred to as a fractional-N synthesizer or fractional-
N PLL.
The oscillator generates a periodic output signal. Assume that initially the
oscillator is at nearly the same frequency as the reference signal. Then, if the phase from
the oscillator falls behind that of the reference, the phase detector causes the charge
pump to change the control voltage, so that the oscillator speeds up. Likewise, if the
phase creeps ahead of the reference, the phase detector causes the charge pump to
change the control voltage to slow down the oscillator. The low-pass filter smooth out
the abrupt control inputs from the charge pump. Since initially the oscillator may be far
from the reference frequency, practical phase detectors may also respond to frequency
differences, so as to increase the lock-in range of allowable inputs.
Depending on the application, either the output of the controlled oscillator, or
the control signal to the oscillator, provides the useful output of the PLL system.
A phase locked loop (PLL) with a single voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is
generally configured to lock multiple internal clocks to multiple incoming data signals
of different frequencies. Because of low power scalability with lambda based rules, very
high levels of integration and high performance, PLL with low power output is to be
implement using 45nm deep submicron technology of VLSI [7].
Following are the main objective.
2.1 Low Power
For low power, low leakage transistors will be used and a little variation in
frequency will be compromise on [8]. For low power, low leakage transistors is used
and compromised on little frequency. Also there will be a shutdown input in proposed
circuit which will being the PLL to hold or there can be a pin, which if enabled then will
make the PLL frequency to half [9].
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2.2 Advanced VCO
The VCO is the most important functional unit in the PLL Its output frequency
determines the effectiveness of PLL. In addition to operating at highest frequency this
unit consumes the most of the power in the system. Obviously this unit is a particular
focus to reduce power consumption.It is objective of this work to demonstrate that
gigahertz frequency range and milliwatt power consumption of a monolithic CMOS
VCO with good phase noise performance can be achieved.
The phase detector of the PLL is the XOR gate. The XOR gate output produces
a regular square oscillation VPD when the clock input circuit and signal input div1n have
one quarter of period shift (or 900
or /2)π /2 ) For other angles, the output is no more
regular. At initialization, the average value of XOR output VPD is close to 0. When the
phase between clkDiv and ClkIn is around)π /2, PDV is VDD/2 . Then it is increases up
to VDD. The gain of the phase detector is the ratio between PDV and φ∆ . When the
phase difference is larger than π , the slope sign is negative until 2π . When locked, the
phase difference should be close to π /2 [9].
Average value
Of VPD
(c) ππ =∆
VDD (b) Ideal position
VDD/2 Phase difference φ∆
(a) πφ =∆ clkIn-ClkDiv
0
0 π /2 π 3π /2 2π Phase difference φ∆
Figure3.The XOR Phase detector
This is shown in figure 3. Obsequently, PDV and the phase difference are
linked by expression
π
φ∆
=
.DD
PD
V
V
7. International journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems ( VLSICS ), Vol.1, No.2, June 2010
7
The filter of PLL is used to transform the instantaneous phase difference PDV
into an analog voltage VC which is equivalent to the average voltage PDV . The rapid
variations of the phase detector output are converted into a slow varying signal VC by
filter, which will later control the voltage controlled oscillator.
The current mirror is one of the most useful basic block inn analog design. It is
primarily used to copy currents. The VCO is commonly used for clock generation in
phase lock loop circuits. The clock may vary typically by +/- 50percent of its central
frequency for which current mirror/current started circuits will be used. Besides this
charge pump circuits will also be used to convert digital error pulse to analog error
current.
3. SIMULATION SETUP
This paper describes the improvement related to the CMOS 45nm technology
and the implementation of this technology in Microwind 3.1. For technology mode
45nm[4], effective gate length is 25nm with metal gate and SiON gate dielectric. There
may exist several variants of the 45-nm process technology. One corresponds to the
highest possible speed, at the price of a very high leakage current. This technology is
called “High speed” as it is dedicated to applications for which the highest speed is the
primary objective: fast microprocessors, fast DSP, etc.
The Software Microwind 3.1 used in paper allows us to design and simulate an
integrated circuit at physical description level. The package contains a library of
common logic and analog ICs to view and simulate. It also includes all the commands
for a mask editor as well as original tools never gathered before in a single module such
as 2D and 3D process view, Verilog compiler, tutorial on MOS devices. You can gain
access to Circuit Simulation by pressing one single key. The electric extraction of your
circuit is automatically performed and the analog simulator produces voltage and
current curves immediately.
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Figure 4. Shows the phase locked loop using 45nm technology. This PLL is
designed with microwind 3.1 software using 45 nm design rule. The threshold voltage
used is Vhigh equal to 1.00v. This PLL is designed for 7GHz frequency. For low power
8. International journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems ( VLSICS ), Vol.1, No.2, June 2010
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low leakage BSIM4 Transistors are used. This PLL includes current mirror, precharge
and charge pump circuits with filter, phase detector and VCO.
Figure 4. Low power phase locked loop (PLL) using 45nm technology.
The simulation of a low power PLL is shown fallowing figure 5 .This shows the
simulation of a high performance PLL circuit ,frequency verses time .The frequency is 7GHz.
for which power consumed is 57.231 microwatt.
The main drawback of this type of PLL is the great influence of temperature and
VDD supply on the stability of the oscillation. If we change the temperature, the device current
changes, and consequently the oscillation frequency are modified. Such oscillators are rarely
used for high stability frequency generators.
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Figure 5. Simulation of low power pll of figure 4.(Frequency versus time).
5. CONCLUSION
The fundamental difficulty of PLL design using deep submicron technology is to
achieve low power consumption which may due to uncertainty in the value of threshold
or supply voltage.[4].
Since PLLs are widely used in communication application such as frequency
synthesis for missile tracking, noise stability is an important factor which can be
analyzed with the components of filter.
The Software used in paper allows us to design and simulate an integrated circuit at
physical description level. The package contains a library of common logic and analog ICs to
view and simulate. It also includes all the commands for a mask editor as well as original tools
never gathered before in a single module such as 2D and 3D process view, Verilog compiler,
tutorial on MOS devices. You can gain access to Circuit Simulation by pressing one single key.
The electric extraction of your circuit is automatically performed and the analog simulator
produces voltage and current curves immediately.
The layout of PLL which is developed by us is a modified design of low power
high performance VCO. This is a optimum design for use in industries at 45
nanotechnology. In the estimated design, more emphases is given on power
consumption, layout design and many more. This report is a brief study of high
10. International journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems ( VLSICS ), Vol.1, No.2, June 2010
10
performance PLL on 45 nanometer VLSI technology to achieve some objectives as
mention above.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to thank Vinay Sharma, Technical Director, Ni2 logic designs Pvt.
Ltd. Pune , for simulating discussions.
REFERENCES
[1] Wiki pedia, “Phase-locked loop” Free Encyclopedia.
[2] E. Sicard, Syed Mahfuzul Aziz , “Introducing 45 nm technology in Microwind3,” Microwind
application note.
[3] E. Sicard, S. Delman- Bendhia, “Deep submicron CMOS Design”.
[4] Fernando Rangel De Sousa, “A reconfigurable high frequency phase-locked loop” IEEE trans
actions on instrumentation & measurement Vol. 53 No. 4 Aug. 2004.
[5] www.microwind .com.
[6] E. Sicard, S. Delman- Bendhia, “Advanced CMOS Cell Design”, Tata McGraw Hill .
[7] Gorth Nash, “Phase locked loop design fundamentals”, AN535 application note.
[8] Recardo Gonzalex, “Supply and threshold voltage scaling for low power CMOS” IEEE journal
Of solid state circuits Vol. 32 No. 8 April 1997.
[9] R. E. Best, “Phase locked loops design, simulation and application”, Mc Graw Hill 2003,
ISBMO-07-14/20/8.
[10] R. Rogenmoser et al., “1.16 GHz dual-modulus 1.2 _m CMOS prescaler,” in IEEE Custom IC’s
Conf., 1993.
[11] N. Foroudi, “CMOS high-speed dual-modulus frequency divider for RF frequency synthesizers,”
M. Eng. thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, 199.1
[12] M. Banu, “MOS oscillators with multi-decade tuning range and gigahertz maximum speed,” IEEE
J. Solid-State Circuits,vol. 23.
[13] Chih-Ming Hung and Kenneth K. O, “A Fully Integrated 1.5-V 5.5-GHz CMOS Phase-Locked
Loop,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits Vol. 37 No. 4 April 2002.
[14] Navid Azizi, Student Member, IEEE, Muhammad M. Khellah, Member, IEEE, Vivek K. De,
Senior Member, IEEE,and Farid N. Najm, Fellow, IEEE, “Variations-Aware Low-Power Design
And BlockClustering With Voltage Scaling,” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VERY LARGE SCALE
INTEGRATION (VLSI) SYSTEMS Vol. 15 No.7, July 2007 .
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Authors
Short Biography
Ms. Ujwala A. Belorkar was born in Amravati Maharashtra in 1970. She received the
M.E. Degree in Digital Electronics from S.G.B. Amravati University, Amravati in
2004 & pursuing Ph.D. Degree in Electronics Engineering with specialization in VLSI
technology. Currently she is working as a Assistant Professor & Head in Electronics &
Telecommunication Department at H.V.P.M’s College of Engineering & Technology,
Amravati. Also she is working as a visiting faculty for M.Tech. in Advanced Electronics at Govt. College
of Engineering Amravati. Her interests are in Micro Electronic System Design using VLSI /CMOS
Technology.
Dr. S. A. Ladhake was born in Amravati Maharashtra in 1958. He was worked as
Assistant Professor from 1991 to 1998 and Professor from 1998 to 2004 at Professor
Ram Meghe Institute of Technology and research Badnera. Now he is working as
Principal at Sipna’s College of Engineering & Technology Amravati from 2005. He is
research guide for Ph.D. at S.G.B. Amravati University, Amravati. His interests of research are in Micro
Electronic System Design using VLSI technology & VHDL coding .