This document provides information on Ayurvedic herbal cultivation and processing standards. It discusses: 1. The current export market for Ayurvedic medicines, with 60% being crude herbs and 30% finished products. 2. Ten commonly exported medicinal plants and their active chemical constituents. 3. Factors to consider for proper herbal cultivation and processing, including climate, soil type, harvesting time, drying and storage methods. 4. The importance of quality control, standardization, and preserving traditional knowledge while expanding the global Ayurvedic industry.

1. Dr Bidhan Mahajon
PG Scholar
Department of Dravyaguna
Vijnanam
VPSV Ayurveda
College,Kottakkal
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2. PRESENT SCENARIO :
Exports of Ayurvedic medicines have reached
a value of 100 million dollars a year.
60% of this is crude herbs.
30% is finished product.
10% is partially prepared products.
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3. Cont........
1. Adhatoda vasica (0.5% Vasicine)
2. Andrographis paniculata (10% Andrographolide)
3. Azadirachita indica (2% Azadiractin)
4. Bacopa monneri (20% Bacoside)
5. Centella asiatica (3% Asiaticoside)
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4. 6. Glycyrrihiza glabra (20% Glycyrrhizin)
7. Gymnema sylvestre (25% Gymnemic Acid).
8. Withania somnifera (1.5% withanolides)
9. Curcuma longa (95% Curcumin)
10. Embelia ribes (8% Embellin)
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5. 5

6. 6

7.  In Ayurveda Desha refers to two factors:
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9. “
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12. “
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13.  Land: Clear sky,small hills,Dry and strong wind
 Soil: Rough,sandy and mixed with gravels
 Rain,Air: Less rain fall,horsh and hot air
 Plants: Few, small, thorny trees
 People: Stable and lean,strong body,vata pitta
predominant dosa
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16.  Land: Uneven, river, mountain, covered with forest
 Air: Mild, soft, cold winds
 Rain: Heavy rainfall, lot of water resources
 Plants: Large trees, land covered with soft plant
 People: Mrudu,sukumar,well built,kapha vata dosa
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17. 
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18. “
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19.  Sheeta, Varsaa,Ushma,Maaruta remain balanced
 Tridosa are also remain balanced in body
 People are healthy, well built structure
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20. 
Xerophytic
 Hydrophytic
 Mesophytic
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21. “
”
(
)
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22.  Jaangala Desha
 Jangala-sadhaarana Desha
 Sadharana Desha
 Aanupa saadharana Desha
 Anupa Desha
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23.  According to P.V Sharma:
1.
Jangala(Forest)- Vata predominant
2.
Parvatya(Hilly)-Vata.kapha
3.
Saikat(Arid)-Vata,pitta
4.
Saindhav(Oceanic)-Kapha,pitta
5.
Anupa(Sub-aquatic)-Kapha
6.
Madhya(Central)-Saadharana
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24. “
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25. “
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26. 1. Bhumi should be devoid of:
Gravel,stones,Anthill,Grave yard, siaughter house,
temple,sand brittle
2. Aduradakaa
3. Snigdha,mrudu,sthira,gauri,lohita
4. Sama-even land
5. Prarohavati-Ability to germinate seeds
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27. 
(
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Paarthiva Bhumi
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28. 
(
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Aapya Bhumi
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29. 
(
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Aagneya Bhumi
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30. 
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Vaayavya Bhumi
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31. 
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Aakashiya Bhumi
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32. (
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33. Soil
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34.  Physiographic Divisions of India:
1. Northern Himalaya
2. Great Northern plain
3. Central Highlands
4. Deccan Plateu
5. Costal Plains
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35. 35

36.  Solid space-50%
Mineral-45%
Organic-5%
 pore space-50%
Water-25%
Air-25%
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37.  Types of soil:
Stone
Gravel
Sand
Slit
Clay
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38.  Kalaka vana: Western himalaya
 Caitrarath vana: Central himalaya
 Kirata vana: Eastran himalaya
 Panchananda: Northern plain sat foothills of
Himalaya
 Praacya: Indo- Gangetic plain
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39.  Vedikarusaka: Central highland
 Angireya: Sundarvana,Nagahills,Mikershills.
 Kalingaka: In Vindya & Citrakuta
 Dasharnaka: Nilgiri hills, Anaimalai
 Aparanta: Western ghaat
 Saurastra: Belongs to Avanti & daruvati
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40. 
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
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41. -
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42. 42

43. Industrialization
Commercialization
World wide demand of medicinal plant
Extinction, Adulteration,
Substitution
GCP
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44. 
Ensure quality and purity of medicinal plant
 Assure regular supply of crude drug
 Leads to Industrialization to a greater extent
 Permits the application modern technological
(mutation, polyploidy & hybridization)
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45. 1. Sexual methods
2. Asexual methods
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46. 46

47.  Seedlings are long lived & bear more heavily
 Comparatively cheaper and easy to raise
 Great importance to some specific products
 May only method of choice
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48.  Not uniform in growth & yielding capacity
 Require more to bear
 Cost of harvesting, spraying of pesticides etc are
more
 Not possible to avail of modifying influence of
root stock or scion
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49.  There is no variation of plant
 Only way of making seedless variety of fruits
 Plants start bearing earlier
 Budding or grafting encoverages diseases
 Modifying influence of root-stock or scion can be
availed
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50.  Not vigorous in growth and are not long lived
 No new varieties can be evolved
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51. 1. Altitude, temperature and humidity
2. Rainfall or irrigation
3. Soil and soil fertilizers
4. Fertilizers
5. Pests and pest control
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52.  Tea- 1000-1500 metres
 Cinchona - 1000-2000 metres
 Eucalyptus - 1000-2000 metres
 Cinnamom and cardamom-500-1000 metres
 Senna-at sea level
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53. Optimum Temperature for drug cultivation:
 Tea- 70 to 90(F)
 Cinchona – 60 to 75(F)
 Cinnamom and cardamom-50-100 (F)
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54. Except xerophytes plants like aloe, acacia etc.
Proper arrangements for irrigation
Or
Sufficient rainfall
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55.  Depending upon the size of mineral:
Fine clay-less than 0.002 mm
Course clay-0.002 to 0.02 mm
Fine sand- 0.02 to 0.2 mm
Course sand- 0.2 to 2.00 mm
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56. Depending upon the percentage covered by clay:
1. Clay soil- more than 50% of clay
2. Loamy soil- 30 to 50% of clay
3. Slit loam soil- 20 to 30% of clay
4. Sandy loam soil- 10 to 20% of clay
5. Sandy soil- more than 70%
6.Calcarious soil- more than 20% of lime
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57. 1. Chemical fertilizers: Primary nutrients
Secondary nutrients
2. Manures: FYM/composet
Castor seed cakes, Neem karanja seed etc
3. Bio fertilizers: Rhizobium
Azotobactor
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58.  Fungi and Viruses- Alternaria tenuis
Pythopthora sp
Cercospora canescens
Cercospora jasminicola
Curularia lunatus
etc etc
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59.  Insects- 1.bitting and chewing
2.piercing and sucking
Eg:
Diaphania nilgiri
Indomia cretaceus
Gonocephalum species etc
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60.  Weeds- Ragweed
Medican tea
Yellow doc
western poison oak
Varnish tree
Poison sumac
hay fever
Dermatitis
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61.  Non-insect pest-
1. Vertebrates
2. Invertebrates
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62.  Mechanical methods
 Agricultural methods
 Biological control
 Chemical control
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63. 63

64. Method
Various criteria
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65.  Criteria for Drug collection:
1. Characteristics of drug to be collected
2. Part of the plant
3. Time of collection
4. Purpose
5. Potency of drug
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66. 
Characteristics of drug to be collected
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67. (
)
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68.  Part of the plant to be used:
Patra shaaka:
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69. Kanda(Tuber):
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70.  Phala(Fruit):
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71. 
Time of collection:
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72. Ra.Ni-Dharanyaadi varga
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73. -
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74. According to Purpose:
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75.  According to Purpose:
Shaarangadhara:
For shodhana karma- Vasanta
For shamana karma- Sharada
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76.  Potency of drug:
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77.  Potency of drug:
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78. (
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79.  Uttara(North): God of drug
 Poorva(East): God of sun
 Sumanaa,suchi.snaan: Hygiene
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80.  Rhubarb: No anthraquinone in winter
 Rhamnus purshiana: C-glycoside, O-glycoside
 Camphore: At 40 years age
 Poppy, Argot, Solanaceae plants: Day night
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81. 1. Leaves and flowering top- just before flowering
2. Flowers- before pollination or full expansion
in day time preferably during morning hours
3. Bark- Early summer or spring, sometimes in
autumn or rainy season.
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82.  Rhizome: reserve food material
 Gall: after the escape of gall warm
 Unorganized drug: as soon as they ooze
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83.  Three different methods of collecting bark:
1. Felling
2. Uprooting
3. Coppicing
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84.  Knowledge of physical and chemical properties
 Water proof, fire proof, rodent proof
 Air tight containers or air replaced by a inert gas
 Temperature
 Fumigation
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85. Several operation or treatment
 Preparation of Drug:
 Cleaning & Washing
 Sliced: large part
 Mucilaginous fruits: Free from pulp
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86. Drying
Artificial Drying
Temperature:
Leaves,Flower,herbs: 20-40 degree C
Barks: 30-65 degree C
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87.  Direct sun drying:
Constituents are quite stable
 Shed drying:
Retaining natural colour and volatile content
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88.  Oven or tray dryers:
Hot air & desired temperature circulated
Eg- Belladona root, Cinchona bark
 Vacuum dryers:
Drug sensitive to high temparature
Eg-Tannic acid, Digitalis leaves
 Spray dryers:
Quick drying of economically important
constituents. Eg-Papya latex, pectine etc
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89.  Removal of extraneous matter
Excessive stem: lobelia and stramonium
Stalks: cloves
Iron pieces: Castor seed before crushing
By shifting- Vince and senna
Bark pieces: Gum acacia
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90.  Dependable factor:
Morphology
Chemical nature
Ultimate use
Effect of climatic condition
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91.  Aloe: goat skin
 Colophony, balsam of tolu: Kerosene tins
 Asafoetida: Closed containers
 Leaf drug senna vinca: pressed & baled
 Cinnamomam bark: One inside the other quill
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92.  Date: Picked and dryed
 Name: Latin,Botanical.Common
 Method of drying:
Oven dry: +
Sun dry: 0
 Part of the herb: Root,stem etc
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93. 93

94. -
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95.  Stored house should be in suitable place with proper
ventilation.
 It should not be situated at or near circle and junction.
 Everyday should be worshipped after cleaning.
 Should be devoid of fire, water,moister,smoke,dust,rats
and other insects.
 Containers should have similar qualities.
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97.  Preservation techniques:
Plota, karpata: Ragged cloth
Mridbhanda, mrittika pata: Earthen pot
Phalaka, pattaka: Plank
Shanku: stake/pillar/post/pale
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98.  Proper Ayurvedic treatment
 Quality control and standardization
 Globalization of ayurveda
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99. THANK
YOU
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