Namarupa vigyana is the study of the names and forms of medicinal plants, which is important for their proper identification and use. Ancient Indian texts used synonyms to describe the salient features, properties, and actions of plants. Proper nomenclature helps distinguish one plant from others and understand its hidden meanings. There is debate around synonyms that describe multiple plants over time. Studying namarupa vigyana provides insights into plant morphology, pharmacology, uses, and other important details to accurately identify medicinal plants.
Nighantus of Ayurveda help in the right identification of the plant species used in treatment. It is essential to understand the basics of the evolution of Dravyaguna right from the Vedic period to the current era for a Materia Medica scholar in the field of Ayurveda.
METHODOLOGY OF STUDYING CONTROVERSIAL DRUGS-1.pptxhelipatel85
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Controversy is very important subject to study for ayurvedic drug .Many drugs we are using for medicinal puprpose have controversy so here i tried to explain basic method to resolve controversy and every physician should follow it .
Anukta dravya- Unexplored or Undocumented Medicinal PlantsAditi Gandhi
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Determination of Anukta Dravya or Undocumented medicinal plants in ayurveda and criteria of nomenclature and how to expand the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.
Nighantus of Ayurveda help in the right identification of the plant species used in treatment. It is essential to understand the basics of the evolution of Dravyaguna right from the Vedic period to the current era for a Materia Medica scholar in the field of Ayurveda.
METHODOLOGY OF STUDYING CONTROVERSIAL DRUGS-1.pptxhelipatel85
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Controversy is very important subject to study for ayurvedic drug .Many drugs we are using for medicinal puprpose have controversy so here i tried to explain basic method to resolve controversy and every physician should follow it .
Anukta dravya- Unexplored or Undocumented Medicinal PlantsAditi Gandhi
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Determination of Anukta Dravya or Undocumented medicinal plants in ayurveda and criteria of nomenclature and how to expand the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.
DESCRIPTION ABOUT ANUKTA DRAVYA/EXTRAPHARMACOPIAL DRUGS WITH AYURVEDA AS WELL AS MORDERN PARAMETERS OF IDENTIFICATION...WITH SURVEY EXAMPLES REVIEWED FROM RESEARCH ARTICLES
the concept of virya gives the knowledge of potency of drugs it is well explained by Virya. the action of the drugs depends on the potency presents in it.
Vipaka comes under the five concepts under the study of a dravya (Rasapanchakas). In Ayurveda the digestion & metabolism of any substance is explained in two stages:
Avasthapaka
Nishtapaka
Avasthapaka is the first phase considered as digestion.
In charaka the word âprapakaâ is used as the synonym for avasthapaka.
Nishtapka or Vipaka is the second phase and considered as metabolism.
Dravyaguna Vignyan Syllabus PPT ( CCIM 2012 ) -- By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
⢠This PPT â Based on New Syllabus of CCIM ,implemented from 2012 .This is like ATP â Advanced Teaching programme of that particular subject .Very useful for Teachers & Students of Ayurved college .Student can recite this syllabus ,which can boost up their confidence to get success in that subject .Teachers & students can download this PPT in their smart phone ,to keep eye on their subject goal .
⢠Visit â www.ayurvedicfriend.com
⢠Phone â 922 68 10 630
Ayurveda strongly believes in using drugs with particular tastes in treating diseases. This presentation will help you understand the basics of rasa and its applied aspects in planning treatment protocol.
Nighantu are the collection of synonym,guna and,karma of dravyas.Proper knowledge of Nighantu helps in selecting correct drug for treatment in ayurveda. Hraday deepak nighantu is one of the oldest and helps for aushadha and aahar varga synonyms.
A large percentage of plants used in Ayurvedic practices and herbal medicines are subjected to controversy. Controversial drugs or Sandigdha Dravyas is term used for medicinal plants having controversial botanical sources due to polynomial nomenclature system of Sanskrit, non availability of plants and parallel evolved knowledge.
Adulterants and Substitutes are the common practices in herbal raw material trade. Adulteration is a debasement of article intentionally for commercial purpose or accidentally due to lack of knowledge of identification and proper collection.
Substitution is a replacement of equivalent drugs in place of original drugs on the basis of similar Rasa, Guna, Veerya, Vipak and mostly on Karma.
in ayurvedic pharmacology some drugs have action according to their aura. this aura treat patients in various aspects eg wearing of jems and different stones
DESCRIPTION ABOUT ANUKTA DRAVYA/EXTRAPHARMACOPIAL DRUGS WITH AYURVEDA AS WELL AS MORDERN PARAMETERS OF IDENTIFICATION...WITH SURVEY EXAMPLES REVIEWED FROM RESEARCH ARTICLES
the concept of virya gives the knowledge of potency of drugs it is well explained by Virya. the action of the drugs depends on the potency presents in it.
Vipaka comes under the five concepts under the study of a dravya (Rasapanchakas). In Ayurveda the digestion & metabolism of any substance is explained in two stages:
Avasthapaka
Nishtapaka
Avasthapaka is the first phase considered as digestion.
In charaka the word âprapakaâ is used as the synonym for avasthapaka.
Nishtapka or Vipaka is the second phase and considered as metabolism.
Dravyaguna Vignyan Syllabus PPT ( CCIM 2012 ) -- By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
⢠This PPT â Based on New Syllabus of CCIM ,implemented from 2012 .This is like ATP â Advanced Teaching programme of that particular subject .Very useful for Teachers & Students of Ayurved college .Student can recite this syllabus ,which can boost up their confidence to get success in that subject .Teachers & students can download this PPT in their smart phone ,to keep eye on their subject goal .
⢠Visit â www.ayurvedicfriend.com
⢠Phone â 922 68 10 630
Ayurveda strongly believes in using drugs with particular tastes in treating diseases. This presentation will help you understand the basics of rasa and its applied aspects in planning treatment protocol.
Nighantu are the collection of synonym,guna and,karma of dravyas.Proper knowledge of Nighantu helps in selecting correct drug for treatment in ayurveda. Hraday deepak nighantu is one of the oldest and helps for aushadha and aahar varga synonyms.
A large percentage of plants used in Ayurvedic practices and herbal medicines are subjected to controversy. Controversial drugs or Sandigdha Dravyas is term used for medicinal plants having controversial botanical sources due to polynomial nomenclature system of Sanskrit, non availability of plants and parallel evolved knowledge.
Adulterants and Substitutes are the common practices in herbal raw material trade. Adulteration is a debasement of article intentionally for commercial purpose or accidentally due to lack of knowledge of identification and proper collection.
Substitution is a replacement of equivalent drugs in place of original drugs on the basis of similar Rasa, Guna, Veerya, Vipak and mostly on Karma.
in ayurvedic pharmacology some drugs have action according to their aura. this aura treat patients in various aspects eg wearing of jems and different stones
Punarnava is a controversial plant. I mention some important parts of it. Punarnava has different types of variety and origin. Punarnava is the best plant for rejuvenation.
Analogical Insights Unveiling the Role of Upamana Pramana in Ayurveda A Reviewijtsrd
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The Ancient Science of Ayurveda explores the significance of Upamana Pramana, a method of knowledge acquisition through comparison or analogy, in clinical practice. Upamana Pramana is referred to as aupamya in the Charak Samhita within the framework of logical reasoning terms vaadamarga . It describes how two objects are similar to each other. Drawing upon the rich heritage of Ayurveda and classical Indian philosophy, this paper delves into the pivotal role that Upamana Pramana plays in enhancing diagnostic accuracy, improving treatment outcomes, and broadening the understanding of clinical conditions. Through a comprehensive review of the historical roots and the theoretical underpinnings of Upamana Pramana, the paper highlights the unique approach it offers in clinical reasoning. Case studies and real world examples demonstrate how clinicians can leverage Upamana Pramana to establish connections between unfamiliar clinical scenarios and well documented reference cases, enabling them to make informed decisions with greater confidence. Dr. Sandeep S. Khandalikar | Dr. Harshali R. Murade | Dr. Ganesh Mundada "Analogical Insights: Unveiling the Role of Upamana Pramana in Ayurveda: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60013.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/60013/analogical-insights-unveiling-the-role-of-upamana-pramana-in-ayurveda-a-review/dr-sandeep-s-khandalikar
Plants a collaboration of art and nature - maharashtra todaymarathitadkanewsnews
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Plants are mainly multicellular organisms, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, plants were treated as one of two kingdoms including all living things that were not animals, and all algae and fungi were treated as plants.
However, all current definitions of Plantae exclude the fungi and some algae, as well as the prokaryotes (the archaea and bacteria). By one definition, plants form the clade Viridiplantae (Latin name for "green plants"), a group that includes the flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms, ferns and their allies, hornworts, liverworts, mosses, and the green algae, but excludes the red and brown algae.
Every science or literature should be perfect without any mistakes.
It should give a perfect clear cut meaning to the reader.
If any defects or the demerit in the meanings, words, construction of sentences, sequence of topics are found in a Shastra then the validity, popularity and importance of that Shastra is lost by its readers.
So every scholar should have the knowledge of these Tantra Doshas while preparing a new compositions, research papers and books etc. or reading a book.
Recomendaçþes da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS â Objetivos do Desenvolvimento SustentĂĄvel e a EstratĂŠgia Global para a SaĂşde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pĂłs-natais devem expandir-se para alĂŠm da cobertura e da simples sobrevivĂŞncia, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pĂłs-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados Ă s mulheres e aos recĂŠm-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saĂşde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma âexperiĂŞncia pĂłs-natal positivaâ ĂŠ um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dĂŁo Ă luz e para os seus recĂŠm-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saĂşde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiĂŞncia pĂłs-natal positiva ĂŠ definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recĂŠm-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famĂlias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saĂşde motivados; e onde um sistema de saĂşde flexĂvel e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebĂŞs e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendaçþes novas e jĂĄ bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pĂłs-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pĂłs-parto em unidades de saĂşde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponĂveis.
Ă fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendaçþes para cuidados durante o perĂodo puerperal, com ĂŞnfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recĂŠm-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção Ă qualidade dos cuidados; isto ĂŠ, a entrega e a experiĂŞncia do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendaçþes da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pĂłs-natais da mĂŁe e do recĂŠm-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestĂŁo de complicaçþes pĂłs-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências Ê contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendaçþes no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação sĂł estĂĄ disponĂvel em inglĂŞs atĂŠ o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? â The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowmanâs Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: Whatâs the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
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Are you curious about whatâs new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Womenâs Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
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i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganongâs Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actorâs Wellness Journeygreendigital
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Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
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June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMENâS HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHATâS NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. INTRODUCTION
Importance of namarupa vigyana is a basic need of practitioners to identify the exact drug or plant, they
should be very selective and accurate about the plant ânamaâ and ârupaâ. In this universe every object
has a specific name through which it is identified. Without this we can't introduce anything to
anybody. Nama and Rupa are linked with each other like word and its meaning in order to
distinguish objects. The synonymous word in ayurveda for drug identification is "Nama-rupa gyanaâ
which includes name and features and and properties and action of the drug.
In ancient and medieval times, there was no system of morphological description of plants
as done now a days. This object, however was fulfilled by coining names and synonyms which indicate the
salient features of plants. In old days, plants were like family members participating with the people
mutually on occasions of joy and grief.
Acharya Charaka has emphasized that the best physician should know proper identification of plants,
administration of those plants according to exact place and time keeping in view the individualâs constitution.If
drug is not identified properly by their name, form, properties and action and improperly
administered even if known, both conditions are responsible for complications . So identification of drug
or a plant is one of the important factor in drug research and clinical research.
3. RELATION BETWEEN NAMA AND RUPA-
âNamaâ(Name) is defined by the learned as the word,which on being pronounced
suggests some entity and is also used in alphabets.
In recent times "Nama-rupa"has been designated as a distinct branch of
Dravyaguna Vigyana. The word Namarupa vigyana may be interpreted in three
ways:
1.ď That by which names and forms are known.
2.ď That which imparts knowledge of the forms of substances on the basis of
names.
3.ď That which deals with proper correlation of names and forms so that
the entity can be identified correctly.
4. CONCEPT OF BASONYMS AND SYNONYMS-
MukhyaNaam (Basonym) as well as Paraya (Synonym) denotes special character &
morphology as well as properties and actions of medicinal plants.
ď Basonym is basic name of a plant. e.g.-Guduchi, Haritaki, Kutaja,etc.
ď Synonyms are the different alternative names defined for
particulars in various parts.e.g.-Amrita,Dhatri etc.
Rupa is specific character which defines swaroop or prakriti. It includes
morphology (akriti) as well as properties and actions (guna dharma).Study of
nama and rupa together of medicinal plants constitute the branch known as
âPharmacognosyâ which deals with identification of medicinal plants.
5. Nomenclature of anything is most important because it distinguish a particular thing from others , helps to
communicate to others to identify a substance properly;it also helps to understand hidden meaning which is
present with the name.
Here are few examples of basic name and paryaya-
⢠Apamarga - Adhahsalya, Kharmanjari, Pratyakpuspa.
⢠Arka - Ganarupaka,Sadapuspa, Kshiraparna,Kshirkandaka.
⢠Aragvadha - Svarnanga,Rajavrksha,Dirghaphala.
⢠Eranda - Uttanapatraka,Dirghadanda,Panchangula.
⢠Guduchi - Tantrika,Amrita,Chinnaruha, Chakralaksanika.
Ancients were keen observers of nature and coined exact synonyms to designate specific character of
plants. For example: âkarbudaraâ for âkanchanaraâ coined by charaka suggests the variegated character of
one of the petals,on which the latin name Bauhinia variegata is based .
In nama-rupa vigyana, nama is a part of differences in opinion i.e. for Haritaki-Abhaya and Pathya are used as
synonyms by Charaka while Chetaki and Pranada are seen only in Astangahrdaya, which proves their later
development.
6. NAMARUPA VIGYANA IN NIGHANTUS
There is scattered knowledge about namarupa in Nighantus. Dhanvantri nighantu says names one
or many are assigned to plants according to habitat, form, colour, potency, taste, effect & efficacy etc.
Many synonyms indicate the original source of plants while some are reminiscent of the place of their
trade or commercial transaction.
Example:
⢠Kasmiraka â Kumkum
⢠Kirata â Kiratatikta
⢠Dravidi â Ela
⢠Malayaja â Chandana
⢠Madri - Ativisha
Correlation of name and form is very important as without this one cannot identify the plant even if
seeing it.
Raj Nighantu classified the names of plants according to seven different categories viz. -
⢠Rudhi- Tuntuka, Guduchi
⢠Prabhav- Krimighna,Vatari
⢠Deshyokti-Magadhi,Kalinga
⢠Lanchan-Chitraparni
⢠Upama- Varahkarni
⢠Veerya- Ushana,Katuka
⢠Itarahvya- Kakahvya, Shakrahvya.
8. According to 'Vrkshayurveda, an introduction to Indian Plant Science' have given their views on Criteria for Plant
Nomenculature which, are as follows:
Vrksaruha- Vandaka (Vanda roxburghii) is known as Vrksaruha as it grows on tree (Vrksa-tree; ruha-to-grow) given
an idea about special feature. Granthika-Pippali (Piper longum),its roots have knots like swollen appearance
(Granthi-knots). This gives an idea of its morphological character. âDravidi-Elaâ (Elettaria cardamomum) is a
South Indian Crop(Dravida-South Indian), this name indicates its place of origin. âJalaja-Padmaâ grows
in Water (Jala-Water; Ja-tobe born), indicates habitant of plant. âAsvagandhaâ-Winter cherry emits an odour
resembling the body odour of a horse. (Asva-horse; gandha-odour),this name denotes its
guna(property).Krimighna-Vidanga (Embelia ribes) is a good anti-helmintic(Krimi-worms; ghna-hanti, to kill). This
indicates its karma .Hurhurâ-this has been used as a synonym for Suvarcala which is identified as âGynandropsis
-gynandraâ this word is adopted from popular usage, the word does not have any special meaning but is
derived from adaptation of language. âYagnika'-Palasa (Butea monosperma) is used in sacrifices (Yagnika is
related to sacrifice), this name here denotes its utilty.
'Bodhidruma'-Lord Buddha became enlightened under the sacred tree-asvattha Vrksa. (Bodhi-associated with
knowledge; Druma-tree). This name denotes important event. 'Amrtasambhavaâ-It is said that Guduchi originated
from ambrosia. (Amrta-ambrosia ; samsbhava-that which originated).This name is associated with mythology.
9. IMPORTANCE OF NAMA-RUPA VIGYANA
By nama-rupa vigyana we can gain the knowledge of name, features, properties and actions of the drug. With the help of
various synonyms of plants, one can know its prominent characters that are morphology i.e. bheshajaswaroop and
pharmacology i.e. bheshaja prayoga.
Chakrapani also emphasizes on nama-rupa vigyan as-
⢠Synonyms of Guduchi explain clearly its names, features, and properties of the drug as the synonyms: Amritavalli, Kundali,
Tantrika. These synonyms suggest that Guduchi is a rope like perennial climber ascending on the host in a circular way.
Kandodbhava, Chhina, Chhinarudha- These suggests guduchi is generated from stem and from where it cuts,it regenerates.
⢠Chakralakshanika-suggests transverse section of stem show circular structure.
⢠Chandrahasa- suggests its semi-lunar seeds i.e. moon seeds which is a character of menispermiaceae family.
⢠Madhuparni- suggests viscid juicy honey like leaves.
10. NAMA RUPA VIGYANA AS A SOURCE OF CONTROVERSY
In the medieval period, a large number of synonyms accumulated which denoted more than one plant and thus lost accuracy- ⢠Samanga and Manjishtha are
enumerated separately in different mahakashayas in Charaksamhita.
⢠Amrita which originally denoted guduchi but gradually was extended to Haritaki and Amalki by Dhanwantarinighantu and Raj nighantu respectively.
⢠Vijaya which initially meant Haritaki but later on Bhanga and many other plants.
As synonyms were the only tools for describing the plants the process was continuous and new synonyms were coined from time to time. Hence, working on the
nomenclature is very interesting and a challenging task. It is very important to derive the exact meaning of the synonyms suitable to the plant. These synonyms
are having specific meaning which gives an idea about the-
⢠Morphological features.
⢠Pharmacological properties.
⢠Ethno-botanical use.
⢠Toxicity indication
⢠Traditional use.
⢠Mythological information.
⢠Occurrence of the plant.
11. CONCLUSION
The stability of nomenclature can be possible in future only when "Authoritative
lists" of accepted name are prepared and made widely available by an
internationally recognized body. One should be very selective and cautious and
choose only those synonyms which are meaningful and significant to
identification. Thus nomenclature provides a means of communication and is an
unambiguous reference system about the elements that constitute biodiversity.