Herbal Drug Technology.(slideshare). Pdf

Herbs as raw materials
13-02-2024 Mr. Kamlesh A. Kadam 1

Contains
• Introduction
• Biodynamic Agriculture
• Indian Systems of Medicine
• Pharmacognosy in various systems of medicine:

Introduction
Herbs
Herbs include crude plant material such as leaves, flowers, fruit, seed, stems, roots,
rhizomes or other plant parts, which may be entire, fragmented or powdered.
Herbal medicines
include herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations and finished herbal products
which are used for to change physiological functions of body.
Ex- Hing Goli, Zendu Balm, Navratna Taiya
Herbal material
Herbal materials include herbs, fresh juices, gums, fixed oils, essential oils, resins
and dry powders of herbs.
In some countries, these materials may be processed by various local procedures,
such as steaming, roasting, or stirbaking with honey, alcoholic beverages or other
materials.

Herbal preparations
Herbal preparations are the basis for finished herbal products and may include powdered herbal
materials, or extracts, tinctures and fatty oils of herbal materials.
They are produced by extraction, fractionation, purification or concentration or by other physical or
biological processes.
They also include preparations made by steeping or heating herbal materials in alcoholic beverages
and/or honey, or in other materials.
Ex- Asava , Arista, Medicated wine, paste
Finished herbal products
Finished herbal products consist of herbal preparations made from one or more herbs.
If more than one herb is used, the term mixed herbal product can also be used.
Finished herbal products and mixed herbal products may contain excipients in addition to the active
ingredients.
In some countries, herbal medicines may contain, by tradition, natural organic or inorganic active
ingredients that are not of plant origin (e.g. animal materials and mineral materials). Generally, how
added, including synthetic compounds and/or isolated constituents from herbal materials, are not
considered to be herbal.
ever, finished products or mixed products to which chemically defined active substances have been
Ex- Himalaya eye drop, Patanjali Dantkanti, Vatika Shapoo

Biodynamic Agriculture
Good agricultural practices in cultivation of medicinal plants (GAP)
A good agricultural practices is the set of document in which medicinal plants cultivation Programme
designed to ensure optimal yield in terms of both quality and quantity of any crop intended for health
purposes.
Objectives
• Contribute to the quality assurance of medicinal plant materials used as the source for herbal
medicines .which aims to improve the quality, safety and efficacy of finished herbal products
• Guide the formulation of national and/or regional GACP guidelines and GACP monographs for
medicinal plants and related standard operating procedures.
• Encourage and support the sustainable cultivation and collection of medicinal plants of good
quality in ways that respect and support the conservation of medicinal plants and the environment
in general.

Good agricultural practices for medicinal plants
1. Identification/authentication of cultivated medicinal plants
Selection of medicinal plants
species or botanical variety selected for cultivation should be the same as that specified in the
national pharmacopoeia
In the case of newly introduced medicinal plants, the species or botanical variety selected for
cultivation should be identified and documented
Botanical identity
Scientific name (genus, species, subspecies/variety, author, and family) of each medicinal plant under
cultivation should be verified and recorded.
Specimens
Specimen should be submitted to a regional or national herbarium for identification.
Where possible, a genetic pattern should be compared to that of an authentic specimen.
Documentation of the botanical identity should be included in the registration file.

2. Seeds and other propagation materials
Seeds and other propagation materials should be specified, and suppliers of seeds and other
propagation materials should provide all necessary information relating to the identity, quality and
performance of their products, as well as their breeding history, where possible.
The propagation or planting materials should be of the appropriate quality and be as free as possible
from contamination and diseases in order to promote healthy plant growth.
Seeds and other propagation materials used for organic production should be certified as being
organically derived.
3. Cultivation
Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management. The conditions and duration
of cultivation required vary depending on the quality of medicinal plant materials required.
If no scientific published or documented cultivation data are available, traditional methods of
cultivation should be followed.
The principles of good plant husbandry, including appropriate rotation of plants selected according to
environmental suitability.
Conservation Agriculture (CA) techniques should be followed where appropriate, especially in the
build-up of organic matter and conservation of soil humidity.

Site selection- Medicinal plant materials derived from the same species can show significant differences in
quality when cultivated at different sites. The impact of past land uses on the cultivation site, including the
planting of previous crops
Ecological environment and social impact- The cultivation of medicinal plants may affect the ecological
balance and, in particular, the genetic diversity of the flora and fauna in surrounding habitats. The social
impact of cultivation on local communities should be examined to ensure that negative impacts on local
livelihood are avoided.
Climate- Climatic conditions, for example, length of day, rainfall (water supply) and field temperature,
significantly influence the physical, chemical and biological qualities of medicinal plants.
Soil- The soil should contain appropriate amounts of nutrients, organic matter and other elements to ensure
optimal medicinal plant growth and quality. Optimal soil conditions, including soil type, drainage,
moisture retention, fertility and pH, will be dictated by the selected medicinal plant species and/or target
medicinal plant part.
Irrigation and drainage- Irrigation and drainage should be controlled and carried out in accordance with
the needs of the individual medicinal plant species during its various stages of growth. Water used for
irrigation purposes should comply with local, regional and/or national quality standards
Plant maintenance and protection- The timely application of measures such as topping, bud nipping,
pruning and shading may be used to control the growth and development of the plant, thereby improving
the quality and quantity of the medicinal plant material being produced.
agrochemicals used to promote the growth of or to protect medicinal plants should be kept to a minimum,
and applied only when no alternative measures are available

4. Harvest
Medicinal plants should be harvested during the optimal season or time period to ensure the
production of medicinal plant materials and finished herbal products of the best possible quality.
The time of harvest depends on the plant part to be used
The best time for harvest should be determined according to the quality and quantity of biologically
active constituents rather than the total vegetative yield of the targeted medicinal plant parts.
During harvest, care should be taken to ensure that no foreign matter, weeds or toxic plants are mixed
with the harvested medicinal plant materials.
Medicinal plants should be harvested under the best possible conditions, avoiding dew, rain or
exceptionally high humidity.
If harvesting occurs in wet conditions, the harvested material should be transported immediately to an
indoor drying to prevent spoilage.
All containers used at harvest should be kept clean and free from contamination by previously
harvested medicinal plants and other foreign matter. If plastic containers are used, particular attention
should be paid to any possible retention of moisture that could lead to the growth of mould.

5. Personnel
Growers and producers should have adequate knowledge of the medicinal plant
This should include botanical identification, cultivation characteristics and environmental
requirements (soil type, soil pH, fertility, plant spacing and light requirements), as well as the means
of harvest and storage.
All personnel (including field workers) involved in the propagation, cultivation, harvest and post-
harvest processing stages of medicinal plant production should maintain appropriate personal hygiene
and should have received training regarding their hygiene responsibilities.
Only properly trained personnel, wearing appropriate protective clothing (such as overalls, gloves,
helmet, goggles, face mask), should apply agrochemicals.

Organic Farming.
 As per USDA “a system the application of a set of cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that
support the cycling of on-farm resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity.
These include maintaining or enhancing soil and water quality; conserving wetlands, woodlands, and
wildlife; and avoiding use of synthetic fertilizers, sewage sludge, irradiation, and genetic
engineering.
 As per FAO “It is a holistic production management system that promotes and enhances health of
Agro-ecosystem, including biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity”.
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Mr. Kamlesh A. Kadam(SSGMCOP,BULDANA) 11

13-02-2024

Types of organic farming
 Pure organic farming: It includes use of organic manures and biopesticides with complete
avoidance of inorganic chemicals and pesticides.
 Integrated Farming: It involves Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) and Integrated Pest
Management (IPM).
 Integrated Farming Systems: In this type, local resources are effectively recycled by involving
other components such as poultry, fish pond, mushroom, goat rearing etc. apart from crop
components. It is a low input organic farming.
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Principles of organic farming
Principle of health-
Organic Agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible.
Healthy soils produce healthy crops that foster the health of animals and people.
Health is the wholeness and integrity of living systems.
Principle of ecology-
Organic Agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help
sustain them.
This principle roots organic agriculture within living ecological systems.
Principle of fairness-
Organic Agriculture should build on relationships that ensure fairness with regard to the common environment and life
opportunities.
Fairness is characterized by equity, respect, justice and stewardship of the shared world, both among people and in their
relations to other living beings
Principle of care-
Organic Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of
current and future generations and the environment.
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Benefits of organic farming
1. Increase long-term fertility of the soil.
2. It helps in maintaining environment health by reducing the level of pollution.
3. It reduces human and animal health hazards by reducing the level of residues in
the product.
4. It helps in keeping agricultural production at a higher level and makes it
sustainable.
5. It reduces the cost of agricultural production and also improves the soil health.
6. It ensures optimum utilization of natural resources for short- term benefit and
helps in conserving them for future generation.
7. It not only saves energy for both animal and machine, but also reduces risk of
crop failure.
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Basic Steps of Organic Farming
Organic farming approach involves following five principles:
1. Conversion of land from conventional management to organic management
2. Management of the entire surrounding system to ensure biodiversity and sustainability of the
system
3. Crop production with the use of alternative sources of nutrients such as crop rotation, residue
management, organic manures and biological inputs.
4. Management of weeds and pests by better management practices, physical and cultural means and
by biological control system
5. Maintenance of live stock in tandem with organic concept and make them an integral part of the
entire system
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Main crops Organically grow in India
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Cereals Paddy ( Raise), Wheat Maize
Pulses Red gram, Black gram, green gram, Bengal
gram
Spices Cardamon, Blackpapper, Ginger, Turmeric,
Clove, vanilla
Vegetables Okara, Brinjal, Pottato, Tomato, Onion, Garlic
Fruits Mango, banana, Pineapple, Grape, Orenge
Commodity Tea, Cofee

Pest & Pest control
A pest is an organism that causes epidemic disease associated with high mortality.
Hence pest are harmful to man physically and to his crop causing economic losses.
Types of pest-
The different types of pests infecting medicinal plant are
Fungi and Viruses
Insects –
Flying (moths / flies & larvae)
Crawling (beetles / weevils / cockroaches)
Rodents: Mice (field / house), Rats: (roof / Norway)
Birds: Pigeons / crows / starling
Other mammals: Snakes / cats & dogs
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Mr. Kamlesh A. Kadam 20

Methods of pest control
A. Mechanical method
B. Agricultural method
C. Chemical method
D. Biological method
E. Natural pest control method
F. Environmental method
G. Biopesticide & Bioinsecticide
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A. Mechanical Methods
It employs manual labour along with different devices for collection and destruction of pest.
Examples include: 1. Hand picking to remove insects
2. Pruning
3. Burning
4. Trapping of pests
B. Agricultural Methods
Agricultural control is ploughing which should be sufficiently deep so as to eradicate weeds, as well as early stages of insects.
By Crop rotation
It also covers advance plant breeding techniques capable of inducing genetic manipulation resulting in production hybrid
varieties, which are resistant to fungal and bacterial attack
C. Chemical Methods
Pests are controlled by using chemical pesticides.
Examples:
1.Insecticides: to control insect (DDT, gammaxine, parathione, malathione)
2.Fungicides: to control fungus diseases (Bordeaux mixture, chlorophenols, antibiotics)
3. Herbicides: to control weeds (2,4-di chlorophenoxy acetic acid, Sulphuric acid)
4.Rodenticides: to control rodents (Warfarin, Strychnine, Red squill)
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D. Biological Control methods
This method is practiced by combating the pests, mostly the insects, with other living organisms.
If this method is properly designed, it may emerge as an effective, safe and economical method of pest
control.
The chemical substances produced and released by some female insects are capable to elicting (reaction) a
sexual response from the opposite sex, which could be exploited for biological control of pests called sex
pheromones .
Example : 7, 8-epoxy 2- methyloctadecane from gypsm moth.
E. Natural pest control agents
Natural pest control agents : Example of natural agents acting as pesticide:
1.Tobacco
2. Nux-vomica
3. Pyrethrum
4. Neem
5. Citronella
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F. Environmental method
It is most effective method of pest control. In which environmental resources to
control the pest.
This method is based on integrated knowledge of ecological principles & life
history , population of the pests.
Examples-
To provide food to pests which obstructing there life cycle, like Oil speeding on
water to prevent from mosquitoes.
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G. Biopesticide & Bioinsecticide
Biopesticide
Biopesticide is a formulation made from naturally occurring substances that
controls pests by non toxic mechanisms and in ecofriendly manner.
Biopesticides may be derived from animals (e.g. nematodes), plants
(Chrysanthemum, Azadirachta) and micro-organisms (e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis,
Trichoderma, nucleopolyhedrosis virus), and include living organisms (natural
enemies) etc.
However, biopesticides are generally less toxic to the user and are non-target
organisms, making them desirable and sustainable tools for disease management.
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Advantages of Biopesticides
 Inherently less harmful and less environmental load.
 Designed to affect only one specific pest or, in some cases, a few target organisms.
 Often effective in very small quantities and often decompose quickly, thereby resulting
in lower exposures and largely avoiding the pollution problems .
 When used as a component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs,
biopesticides can contribute greatly.
Types of Biopesticides
• Microbial pesticides
• Plant-incorporated-protectants (PIPs)
• Biochemical pesticides
• Botanical pesticides
• Biotic agents (parasitoids and predators)
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Bioinsecticide
Bio-insecticides are organic formulations recommended for the management of insects that feed
on crops.
Certain micro organism or toxins produced by them, which can control insect are called
microbial insecticide or bio-insecticide.
Bio-insecticides are the best remedies where the growers were not able to control the insects in
spite of using heavy doses of chemical pesticides.
They cure the plant and soil from disease causing pathogens.
Characteristics of Bioinsecticides -
➢ High specificity
➢ Virulence
➢ Persistence
➢ Viability
➢ Economic
➢ Quality control
➢ Safety
➢ Stability
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Types of Bio-insecticides
➢ Bacterial insecticide
➢ Viral insecticide
➢ Fungal insecticide
➢ Protozoa insecticide
➢ Nematode insecticide
Advantages of Bio- Insecticides
They do not persist long in the environment.
They are effective in small quantities .
Safer to humans and animals compared to synthetic insecticides.
They are very specific, often affecting only a single species of insect.
Have a very specific mode of action.
Disadvantages of Bio- Insecticides
Most of these bio-insecticide agents are living organisms, their success is affected by several factors like temperature,
pH, moisture, UV, soil conditions, and other microbial competitors present in the environment.
Slow in action means much longer time for it to eradicate pathogens compared to synthetic pesticides.
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History:-
In the ancient time for exploration of medicinal plant used same technique -
1.Trail & error method – used surrounding plant to cure any disease or disorder
2. While Searching food- Various medical Plant explore during searching food.
3. Signature of nature- Similarity between plant part structure & human body organs.
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1 2 3
1. Carrot- the carrot slice look like human eye & It is use to increases eye vision
2. Mushroom- the Mushroom Slice look like our ear & it is use for to improve hearing
quality.
3. Walnut- the walnut look like our brain & it is use for to maintain brain heath

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3. Zoo Pharmacognosy- To study and observe the self medication power of animal.
example- Cat , dog eat grass in case of any poisoning.
4. Accidental Discovery- some of drug discover accidentally.
Example- Quinine, cannabis, Penicillin, insulin.

Pre-history & Written history
Pre-history- the use of medicinal plants or herbs or animals was not to where, why, how to
use is unknown.
The pre-history of most of drugs lost almost lost.
Some information was recorded by transmission from one generation to other.
Written History- in written history the information of medicine was store based on region,
religion & culture etc.
1. The western medicine
2. The unani (Islam)
3. The ayurveda (India)
4. The Orient ( Chinese, Japanese, Tibet)
5. The Greek system
6. The African system
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The western medicine
This is originated in Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Mesopotamia is considered as the first origin of human civilization.
The Sumerians (peoples of ancient Mesopotamia) developed cuneiform tablet of herbal
medicines. Those tablets is preserved in British museum.
In Egypt, information had written on paper – Papyrus ebers (1600BC). It consisted of 800
prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs.
The first pharmacopoeia named London Pharmacopoeia was published in 1618 and then
British Pharmacopoeia was published in 1864.
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Cuneiform Tablet
Papyrus ebers

The Unani (Islam)
This herbal system was developed by Arabian Muslim Ibn Sina (980 – 1037 AD).
He was a prince and ruler. He was a very brilliant pharmacist and physician who wrote a book – “Kitab-Al-Shifa”,
means ‘Book of Healing’.
The book was written on Arabic language.
This is a great contribution of Ibn Sina on medical and pharmaceutical sciences.
The ayurveda (India)
Ayurveda is the term for traditional medicine of ancient India.
The word “Ayur” means ‘Life’ and “veda” means ‘The study of’ that is “Study of Life”.
The Ayurvedic writings were divided into three systems:
1) Charaka Samhita
2) Sushruta Samhita
3) Astanga Samhita ( eight limbs of yoga)
The oldest writing was Charaka Samhita (six to seven century before Christ).
The book describes uses of many metallic drugs eg., iron, mercury, sulphur, cupper etc with herbs.
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The Orient
This is originated from Chinese, Japanese and Tibet etc.
The orient herbalism was very old (142 – 220 BC) and called “Kampo”.
The written documents were made by the King ‘Shen Nung’ (2700 BC) and Shang (1766 – 1122 BC) etc.
Shen Nung investigated medicinal value of several herbs and written a book – “Pen T-Sao” or native herbal
The Greek system
Hippocrates (Father of Medicine): He was the first natural doctor who utilized simple remedies such as
vinegar, honey, herbs etc. in healing. He is also known to have collected and identified a number of medicinal
plants.
Aristotle: He gave the philosophy of medicine. He listed more than 500 plants of medicinal importance.
Theophrastus : gave scientific basis of use of plants as medicine.
Galen : a Greek pharmacist-physician. He developed the methods of preparing and compounding medicines by
mechanical means. He was the originator of the formulae for a cold cream.
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The African system
They keep information in their groups or tribes.
The information transmitted from one generation to another.
These regions are richest sources of medicinal plants and needs to explore for new drug discovery.
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Different Source of Drugs.
Source Example
1.Vegetable Cinnamon, Neem , Talsi, Vinca, Clove
2.Animal Bees Wax, Cod liver oil, gelatin , honey
3.Mineral Chalk, Bentonite, Talc, asbestos, kaolin
4.Antibiotics Penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline
5.allergens Pollen Grain, mold spore
6. Immunizing agents Vaccines, Antitoxin
7. Pesticide Nicotine, Pyrethrin
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Traditional Systems of medicine
 It is oldest system of medicine use for to cure disease or disorder
1. Ayurveda
2. Homeopathy
3. Siddha
4. Unani
5. Naturopathy & Yoga
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1. Ayurveda
 The system of Ayurveda ancient of life originated in India about 3000 yrs ago.
 It is one of the oldest system use for prevention & to cure the aspects of life.
 The principal of positive health and therapeutic measure is in these system
relate to mental, physical, social & Spiritual welfare of human beings.
 Ayurveda is Derived form two words Ayu-Life, Veda- Science
 Ayurveda is upveda of atharva veda
 It deals with different type of plant product, anatomy & Physiology of
different organs of the body And Principals of treatment of Diseases
 Charka Samhita(1900BC)- it is the oldest texts Written by Charka ,it contain
about 395 pants origin, 57 animal, 4 mineral origin drugs.
 Sushruta Samhita(600BC)- he introduce the methods of surgery in Ayurveda
there for Sushutra is father of Surgery.
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History of Ayurveda
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Principles of Ayurveda
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Principles
Panchamahabuta
Prithavi Jala
Vayu Agni
Akasha
Tridosha
Vata Pitta
Kapha
Dravya, Guna-Rana-
Siddhanta (saptha padarthah)
Dravya Guna
Karma Rasa
Vipaka Virya
Prabhava
Saptha Dhatu- Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Meda, Asti, Majja, Shukra

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Guna Food Characteristics
1. Sattvic Fruits, Vegetable, Milk,
Ghee
Leadership, intelligence,
independence
2. Rajasic Garlic, Onions, Coffee, Tea Anger, Ambitions,
Aggressiveness
3. Tamasic Non-veg, Alcohol,
cigarettes,
Hate, Lust, laziness,
psychotic behavior
Three Guna

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Three Dosha
Dosha Symptoms Food Create
Dosha
Food Reduce
Dosha
1.Vatta Anxiety, Insomnia,
Flatulence, Dry
Skin, Hair Lips
Pomegranates,
Potato's, Corn,
Honey
Pepper, Ginger,
Cardamon
2. Pitta Headache, acidity,
inflammation in
joint, bad breath
Alcohol, Meat,
Sugar, apple, garlic,
onions
Mint, Dill,
Cinnamon,
Turmeric ,
3. Kapha Heaviness, Nausea,
Poor appetite
Bananas, Dates,
Cucumber, Potato,
sugar
Chilli, Mustard,

Diagnosis
 Observation of Dhosha (Vata, Pitta, Kapha)
 Observation of skin, eye, hair, nail & Tongue.
 Recording of the pulses.
 Investigation of mala ( Urine, Stool & Sweat)
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Treatment
❖ Elimination therapy
❖ Alleviation therapy
❖ Psychic therapy
❖ Surgery therapy

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 Ayurveda encompasses the knowledge of
Kayachikista(Internal medicine)
Kaumarbartiya(Paediatrics)
Trahchikista(Psychological medicine)
Shalakya tantra( Opthalmology)
Shalya Tantra ( Surgury)
Agada Tantra ( Toxicology)
Formulation use in Ayurveda- Decoction , Infusion, Juices, Powder, Pill, Tablets,
medicated oils.

2.Homeopathy
 Homeopathy is a pharmaceutical science. The remedies used are regulated by the FDA in the USA.
 Homeopathy was founded in the 18th century by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, a physician and chemist.
 The ruling principle of homeopathy is the Law of Similars, which states, “Let likes be cured by likes.”
 Principle of single remidy
 Principle of minimum dose
 Principal of individualisation
 Low of providing
 Vital forces
 One remedy should be prescribed at a time based on similarity to the patient’s symptoms.
 The smallest possible dose should be administered that will produce a healing response.
The Source of the Remedies
The remedies come from the animal, mineral, and plant kingdoms.
They are also made from bacteria and viruses, or disease products
Ex-
Arsenic Album- cold ,fever, mental condition
Avena sativa- paralysis
Belladonna- Convulsion , pain
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3. Siddha System of medicine
 The term siddha means achievement, who attained proficiency in medicine through the
practice of bhakti & Yoga
 Rishi Agastya is the father of Siddha System, he wrote a book “agattiyar charkku”
 These system is based on Vata, Pitta, Kapha Principles.
 These system believes that all objects in universe are made up of five basic elements namely
, Earth, Water, Sky , Fire & Air.
 The identification of causative factor of Diseases is done through pulse reading, Colour of
body, Study voice, Tongue examination
 Literature of siddha is mostly in Tamil.
 Some natural drug use in siddha system of medicine-
Abini- Papaver- Somniferum
Ethi- Strychnous ( Nux-Vomica)
Gomathi-Datura
Rotha Polam- aloe
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Diet in Siddha System
 Siddha system give importance of restrictions in diets, is known as “Pathya”.
 Non Restricted foods- Wheat, milk, ghee, pulses, goat meet, Jaggery ,etc.
 Restricted foods- Chicken, mangoes, coconuts, fenugreek, mustard, sesame, almonds etc.
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4. Unani System of medicine
 The Unani System of Medicine has a long and impressive record in India.
 It was introduced in India by the Arabs and Persians sometime around the eleventh century.
 Principles & Concepts - According to the basic principles of Unani the body is made up of the four
basic elements i.e earth ,air, water, fire which have different temperaments i.e. cold, hot, wet, dry.
 After mixing and interaction of four elements a new compound having new temperament existence. i.e
Hot & wet(air), hot & dry (Fire), cold & wet(Water), and cold & dry ( Earth).
 Diagnosis -The Diagnostic process in Unani system is dependent on observation and physical
examination.
 Diagnosis involves investigating the causes of disease thoroughly and in detail. For this, the physicians
depend mainly on pulse reading and examination of urine and stool.
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Ayurvedic Preparations & There Standardization
 These are the ayurvedic formulation which are by using various Herbs, Minerals
incorporated in suitable vehicle.
Bhasma
Asava
Arishta
Leha
Churna
Taila
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Bhasma
 Bhasma is a solid Ayurvedic preparation in which metals, minerals, and animal products are
burnt to ash. Bhasmas are generally white, pale yellow, black or red.
 The color of preparation mostly depends upon the parent material. Examples are
Suvarnabhasma, Pravalbhasma, Lauhbhasma, Shankhbhasma, etc.
Preparation of Bhasma
Bhasmas are prepared by a two stage method, i.e., Shodhana and then Marana.
1. Shodhana-
In Ayurveda, the very first stage of metal purification is called Shodhana.
Chemical purification is different from this purification. In chemical purification, there is only
elimination of foreign matters.
Shodhana eliminates harmful matter, modifies or converts undesirable properties to desirable &
enhanced therapeutic actions.
Shodhana is of two types, Samanya shodhana and Vishesh shodhana.
Samanya shodhana involves the immersion of thin sheets of metals in taila, gomutra or dukdha,
etc.
Vishesh shodhana is applicable only to certain drugs and certain preparations.
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2. Marana-
Now, the purified drug has to be put into a stone mortar (Khalva) and grounded with the
specified metal, mineral, and animal product (Kasaya) for a specified period of time.
Then small cakes are made (Cakrikas) and dried under the sunlight.
The heavier the drug, thinner are the cakes.
The dried cakes are placed in a single layer in a mud tray and closed with another tray and
the clay smeared with cloth of seven consecutive layers.
A pit of appropriate size has to be dug in the open space according to the metal which is to
be calcinated. Half of the pit is filled with dried cow dung cakes.
The above processed clay tray is placed in it and the pit is again packed with the cow dung
cake.
Fire is lite from all sides and in the middle of the pit. After specified burning, it is allowed
to cool at room temperature.
The clay tray is removed, and the seal is broken.
The contents are taken out and finely powdered.
The final Bhasma should be preserved in an airtight earthen container
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Characteristics of Bhasma
 The final bhasma should be free from metallic luster.
 Bhasma, when rubbed between fingers should be so fine so as to get easily into the lines
or crevices of finger.
 In water, bhasma should float on the surface.
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Asava & Aristha
 Asava and arishtas are the liquid Ayurvedic preparations or self generated herbal
fermentations.
 the powdered drugs are allowed to soak in the herbal juices or decoction (Kasaya) in the
presence of sugar or jaggery for a specified period of time. Fermentation is brought
about by the addition of dhataki (Woodfordia fruticosa) flowers.
 Fermented alcohol facilitates the extraction of active constituents in the drug and also
acts as a preservative.
 Both asava and arishtas contain up to 12% of alcohol, and are also called medicinal
wines.
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Preparation of Arishta
asavas are prepared by direct use of fresh herbal juices.
Preparation
Clean, dry, and powder the crude drug and prepare the decoction in potable water.
Filter the prepared decoction and transfer to wooden pots.
The wooden pots should be fumigated with pimply churna and also smeared with ghee before
addition of parent material or sugar.
Then, add pure sugar (cane sugar), honey or jaggery (very old), according to the preparation, to
the decoction. Now add dravas, other powder ingredients and dhataki pushpa, if mentioned.
Close the vessel with the lid and seal the edges with the clay smeared cloth of seven consecutive
layers.
Place the vessels in the basement (underground cellar) all under a heap of paddy to ensure
constant atmospheric temperature during the whole process of fermentation.
After the specified period, generally from 7-10 days, remove the pot and decant the fluid.
After 2-3 days when the fine particle of sediment is settled down.
Arishta can be stored for any length of time in a well stoppered glass bottle
Examples- Ashokarishta, Draksharishta, Dashmularishta.
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Characteristics of Arishta
 The filtered final arishta should not contain any particle of sediment.
 The taste should not be sour.
 The preparation should have the characteristic odour of fermented liquid.
 If any growth of mould is observed, reject immediately. Mix equal quantity of water and
aristha before consumption.
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Preparation of Asava
 In the preparation of asava, the required quantity of potable water is boiled.
 Sugar, jaggery or honey is added, cooled, and transferred to the wooden vessel.
 Then, the fine powdered drug mentioned in the formula is added.
 The container is covered with a lid and the edges are sealed with seven consecutive
layers of clay smeared cloth.
 The vessel is kept in the basement for a specified period of time, after which the pot is
removed and the liquid is decanted or filtered.
 Asava can be stored for any length of time in a well stoppered glass bottle.
 Examples - Kumaryasava, Chonclanasavo, Lauhasava.
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Characteristics of asava
 The filtered final asava should not contain any particle of sediment.
 The taste should not be sour.
 The preparation should have the characteristic odour of fermented liquid. • If any
growth of mould is observed, reject immediately.
 Mix equal quantity of water and asava before consumption.
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Leha
 Leha, also called as avaleha or paka.
 It is a semisolid Ayurvedic preparation consisting of kasayas or powder drugs along with
jaggery, sugar or Khandasari and ghee or oil or liquid.
Exmples- Vasavaleha, Drakshavaleha, Musalipaka, and Suvarnleha.
Preparation of Arishta
Dissolve jaggery, sugar or sugar-candy in the liquid and strain to remove foreign
particles.
Boil this solution over a moderate fire.
When paka becomes thready (Tantuvat), or when it sinks in water without getting
easily dissolved, it should be removed from the fire.
Then add fine powders of drugs with continuous stirring to form a homogenous
mixture. Add ghee or oil, if mentioned, while the preparation is hot and mix well.
Add honey, if mentioned, when the preparation becomes cool and mix well until the
paka is obtained.
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Characteristics of Leha
 it should neither be hard nor be a thick fluid.
 It should roll between the fingers.
 It should be kept in glass and porcelain jars
 Normally, it should be used within 1 year.
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Churna
 Churna is a solid Ayurvedic preparation of fine powder of the drug/s which is often
taken with some anupan such as milk, ghee or honey.
 Finer the powder, the better it's therapeutic effect.
Preparation of Churna
Take accurately weighed drugs mentioned in the formula, Clean, dry and powder them.
Then sieve all separately through cloth. This can be also done by a disintegrator or
mechanical sifter.
When there is more than one drug, each drug should be separately powdered, sieved, and
weighed.
As some of the drugs contain more fibrous material than the others, it should be treated by
a special process as mentioned in the formula.
Finally, mix all the powders well together. If salt, sugar, camphor is mentioned, then it
should be powdered and added separately at the end.
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Characteristics of Churna
 Powder should be fine at least of 80 mesh size.
 It should be kept in an air tight container.
 It should be used within 6 months
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Taila
 Taila is a liquid Ayurvedic preparation.
 This incorporates those active principles of natural drugs which gives better therapeutic
effect in presence of oils.
 Examples are Anu taila, Kanaka taila, and Narayan Taila.
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Preparation of Taila
 The three important components involved in the preparation of Taila are drava (a liquid in the
form of Kasaya or swarasa), kalka (fine paste of drug/s) and sneha drava (taila).
 Generally, unless otherwise indicated, kalka, sneha and drava are taken in one, four, and sixteen
parts respectively.
 The kalka and drava are mixed together, sneha is then added, boiled, and stirred well to obtain
desirable paka, i.e., Mrudu (useful for nasya), Madhyama (useful for pana or vasti) and Khara
(useful for abhyanga).
The exceptions for this rule are:
 If no drava is prescribed, 4 parts of water is added to the one part of sneha, the kalka is 1/4th of
the weight of sneha.
 If number of drava are 4 or less than 4, each drava has to be taken 4 times the weight of sneha.
 If the drava are more than 4, each drava will be equal in weight to the sneha.
 If no kalka is prescribed in the formula, then the drugs of kasaya may be used as kalka which
should be 1/4th of sneha.
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Characteristics of Taila
 It will have the color, odour, and consistency of the oil used.
 It should be preserved in a bottle.
 It should be taken with anupan (vehicle).
 It should be used within 16 months,
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Gutika/Vati
 This is a solid Ayurvedic formulation in the form of small tablets of drugs of plant,
animal or mineral origin.
 Examples are Astaksari gutika and agnitundi vati.
Prepration of Gutika & Vati
Dry and powder the mentioned drugs separately.
Reduce the mineral to bhasma or sindura unless otherwise mentioned.
If required, prepare kajjali of some drugs.
The processed kajjali is put in kalba and ground to a soft paste with the prescribed
liquid.
When more than one fluid is mentioned, use them in succession while grinding.
When the mass does not stick to the fingers then mold into the vati, add sugandha
dravas like kasturi, kapoor with continuous grinding.
Now roll the pills and dry under sun or shed.
Pills should be kept in an air tight container
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Characteristics of Gutika & Vati
 It should not lose its original taste, color, smell, and form.
 It should be used within 24 months if prepared by plants, and indefinite
period if prepared by minerals.
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Evaluation parameters for formulation
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Evaluation parameters Type of Ayurvedic Formulation
Determination of pH Asava, aristhas, arka, dravaka, avaleha,
lavana
Determination of refractive index Taila, paka, Ghrita
Specific gravity Asava, aristhas, arka, dravaka
Fineness of particle Bhasma, sindura, churna, lepa, pisti
Disintegration test Gutika, Vati, Lauha, Mandura
Weight uniformity Gutika, Vati, Lauha, Mandura
Ash Value Bhasma, Sindura, Churna, Lepa, Pisti,
Gutika, Vati, Lauha, Mandura, Taila,
Ghrita.

Thank You
13-02-2024

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