This document discusses substitution of herbal drugs in Ayurveda. It begins by noting that 195 medicinal plant species are red listed due to threats to their populations. Substitution is generally done when the original material is unavailable or in insufficient quantity, and the substitute should have similar therapeutic effects. Criteria for substitution include similarity in taste, qualities, and pharmacological effects. Validation of a substitute involves confirming these properties as well as its effects in formulations. Cultivated varieties and locally available alternative species are suggested as potential substitutes. The document examines specific examples of substitution and evaluates them based on chemical and effect profiles.

1. WELCOME
1

2. Chatushpada
Bhishak Dravya Upasthatha Rogi
Bahuta
Sampat
Yogyatvam
Aneka
vidha kalpana
2

3. Evidence regarding increased number
of dravyas.
Soma
3

4. How can we meet this quality of
drug “Bahuta”?
4

5. Cultivation
Substitution
5

6. Substitution and its adaptation in current
scenario:- A review
Scholar Guide
Vipin Chaurasiya Dr. N Manoj Kumar
2nd MD Associate professor
Department of Dravyaguna Vijnanam
VPSV Ayurveda college Kottakkal
6

7. Contents
Introduction
Criteria for substitution
How to substitute a drug
Conclusion
7

8. Introduction
Substitution and adulteration of herbal
drug is the burning problem in herbal
industry
Natural sources of plants are often
unable to meet demand for popular
herbal products.
8

9. 195 medicinal plants species are red listed
(ENVIS centre on medicinal plants)
Red listed :- Threatened species
Threatened:- Vulnerable to be endangered
in near future.
9

10. Redlisted plants
• Aconitum heterophyllum :- Ativisha
• Aconitum ferox :- Vatsanabha
• Acorus calamus :- Vacha
• Adhatoda beddomei :- Vasa
• Aegle marmelos :- Bilva
• Alpinia galanga :- Rasna
• Baliospermum montanum :- Danti
• Berberis aristata :- Daruharidra
• Coscinium fenestratum :- Daruharidra
• Commiphora mukul :- Guggulu
• Celastrus paniculatus :- Jyotismati
• Bauchanania lanzan :- Priyala
• Embelia ribes :- Vidanga
• Embelia tsjeriam-cottam :-Vidanga
• Garcinia indica :- Amlavetasa
• Inula recemosa :- Pushkaramoola etc
10

11. Abhava dravya :-
Meaning of word Abhava is :-
Non-existent
Not readily available
11

12. Pratinidhi dravya
प्रतितिधीयिे सदृशीतियिे इति // (Sa. Ka. dr )
Similar action
Representative
Substitute
12

13. “ कदातिि द्रव्यमेकम् वा योगे यत्र ि लभ्यिे /
ित्तद्गुणयुिं द्रव्यं परिवत्तेि गृह्यतिे”// (Bh. R.)
The substance required in various formulations can
be, in case of their need, replaced by other
substances having similar properties .
13

14. “यत्र यद् द्रव्यमप्राप्तं भेषजे पिपूवविः /
ग्राह्यतं िद् गुणसाम्यात्तु ि ित्र क्वातप दूषणम्” //
(Bh. R.)
There are no bad effects on the quality of the
preparation if the herb and other things in need are
substituted through herbs and other matters
possessing equal quality.
14

15. “त्रयंतिशतदति प्रोक्ता वगावस्िेषुस्त्ववलाभिः /
युञ्ज्यात्ततिधमन्यच्ि द्रव्यं जह्यतादयकतगकम्” //
(A.H.Su.)
The dravyas which are not available may be
substituted with other, having similar
properties and dravyas which are not
appropriate may be rejected .
15

16. • Bhavaprakasha :-
Plant origin :- 47 dravyas
Animal origin :- 2 dravyas
Food :- 5 dravyas
Minerals :- 7 dravyas
16

17. Substitutes
• Substitution is generally done when original
materials are not available or if available in
insufficient quantity. Substitute should have
proven efficacy as near as original drug .
17

18. Needs for substitution
1. Non –availability
2. Uncertain identity
3. Cost of dravyas
4. Geographical distribution
5. Adverse reaction
6. Seasonal availability
18

19. 1.Non –availability of the Dravyas
Astavarga Dravyas
Meda & Mahameda :- Satavari
मेदाजीवककाकोलीऋति िन्िेऽतप वाऽसति /
विीतवदायवश्वगन्धावािाहीश्च िमाि् तिपेि् //
19

20. 2.Uncertain identity of dravyas
Bala
Sida cordifolia
Sida rhombifolia
Sida rhombifolia ssp. retusa
Sida spinosa
Abutilon indicum
Sida acuta
20

21. Cont...
Antioxidant activity
Lipophilic fraction :-
Sida acuta
Hydrophilic fraction :-
Sida cordifolia
Sida alnifolia
(The use of Sida plant in the preparation of Nayopayam Kashayam : M D
Ajitha bai et al.2012)
21

22. 3.Cost of dravyas
Kumkum
( (Crocus sativus)
“कु म्कु माभावे दद्यात्वकु सुम्भ” ..../
Kusumbha
(Carthamus tinctorius)
22

23. 4.Geographical distribution of drug:-
Rasna
Pluchea lanceolata
Alpinia galanga
Vanda roxburghii
23

24. 5.Adverse reaction of dravya
Vasa
Raktapittahara
Adhatoda vasica
Pregnant Ashoka &Laksha
women
24

25. 6.Seasonal availability of dravya
Aragvadha
(Cassia fistula)
Phala majja Stem bark
25

26. Criteria for substitution
26

27. Criteria for substitution
1. In a formulation Pradhana dravya should
never be substituted
2. Similarity in Rasaadipanchaka
3. Exhibit similar therapeutic effects
4. Substitution with species belonging to
same family
27

28. Cont...
5.Substitution with different plants
6.Substitution of different parts of same plant
7.Context specific substitution
8.Usage of synthetic drug
28

29. 1. Pradhana dravya
Nishakatakaadi kashaya :-
Nisha
Kataka
Avipatti choornam :-
Trivrit
Agastya hareetaki:-
Hareetaki
29

30. 2.Similarity in Rasaadipanchaka
Bharangi kantakari
Rasa Katu ,Tikta Tikta, Katu
Guna Laghu ,Ruksha Laghu , Ruksha
Veerya Ushna Ushna
Vipaka katu Katu
Dosha karma Kaphavataghna Kaphavataghna
30

31. 3.Exhibit similar therapeutic effects
Pashanabheda :-
Bergenia lingulata
Aerva lanata
Aerva javanica
Rotula aquatica
Bridelia montana
Coleus aromaticus
Scoparia dulcis.
31

32. 4.Substitution with species belonging to
same family
1.Datura metel and Datura stramonium
 Alkaloid of both species :-
a. Bronchodilators
b. Inhibits secretion of mucus
membrane of respiratory tract
 Anthelmintic action :-
Datura metel
32

33. Cont...
2.Agnimantha
Clerodendrum phlomidis
Premna integrifolia
Premna latifolia
Premna serratifolia
Premna mucronata
33

34. Cont...
• Clerodendrum phlomidis :-
Anthelmintic
Antihyperglycaemic
Anti arthritic
Post coital anti-implantation
( Post-coital antifertility activity of dichloromethane extract of
Clerodendrum phlomidis root: Dinesh et al.2010 )
34

35. Cont...
 Premna latifolia :- Anti-inflammatory
( A comparative experimental evaluation of anti-inflammatory activities of
Premna obtusifolia linn. And Premna latifolia roxb. leaves in Charles foster
rats : H Kumari et.al 2009)
 Premna serratifolia :- Obesity
( Therapeutic efficacy of Agnimantha (Premna serratifolia linn. )in
obesity(Sthaulya ) :Rina Ghosh et al. 2008)
35

36. 5.Substitution with different plants
Gokshura
Tribulus terrestris Pedalium murex
Both the species are proved for
Nephroprotective, Lithotriptic, Diuretic and
Hepatoprotective activities.
36

37. 6.Substitution of different parts of
same plant
Shyonaka (Oroxylum indicum)
Root bark & stem bark :- Baicalein
Oroxindin
Oroxylinum A
Myristic acid
37

38. Cont...
 Anti-inflammatory :-
Root bark :- 22.70%
(Reducing oedema)
Stem bark :- 26.30%
(Reducing oedema)
( Anti inflammatory activity of root bark and stem bark of Shyonaka:
Krunal Doshi et al.2011)
38

39. 7.Context specific substitution
Shadanga Kashaya
Aragvadhaadi Gana
Citraka Shigru
भल्लािाभावितश्चत्रं ....//
भल्लािकासहत्ववे िु िक्त िन्दितमष्यिे //
39

40. 8.Usage of synthetic drug
1.Kasturi (musk)
 Trinitrobutyltoluol:-
Odour similar to musk
Structure chemically different
 “कस्िुयवभावे कं कोल देयं यत्र तभषग्विः /
कं कोलस्याप्यभावे िु जातिपुष्पं प्रदीयिे”// (Y.R.)
40

41. Cont...
2.Karpoora (Camphor)
 Natural camphor :- Cinnamomum camphora
D- camphor
 Synthetic camphor:-
Optically inactive
L-camphor
41

42. Cont...
Toxicity (100mg/kg)
 D-camphor:- nontoxic
L-camphor:- induced different kinds of toxic
effects and behavioural changes
Mixture (D-camphor 80g + L-camphor 20g):-
similar effects to the L-form
(Camphor: risks and benefits of a widely used natural product :PAOLO
ZUCCARINI et al.2009)
42

43. How to substitute a
dravya
?
43

44. 1. Availability
2. Validation of substitution
44

45. Availability
1. Tissue cultured variety
2. Cultivated variety
3. Locally available other plants
4. Other parts of same plant
45

46. Tissue cultured variety
?
(A comparative study between tissue cultured propagated and conventional
propagated variety of Plumbago rosea: Bino Xavier et al 2007)
46

47. Cultivated variety
?
47

48. Cont...
1.Eranda moola
 Physicochemical data:- No significant
difference
 HPTLC:- Shows similarity
 Alkaloid :-
Cultivated :- 0.34%
Wild :- 0.15%
(Phytochemical evaluation of the wild and cultivated variety of Eranda
moola (root of Ricinus communis ) :Krunal Doshi et al 2013)
48

49. Cont...
2.Amalaki (Emblica officinalis):-
(Physico-chemical properties of Chakiya variety of Amla (Emblica officinalis)
and effect of different dehydration methods on quality of powder: Poonam
Mishra et al.2009)
49
Cultivated Wild
Phenolic content 24.50 g /100g 32.32 g/ 100g
Ascorbic acid 463 mg /100g 560 mg /100g
Size Large Small

50. Locally available other plants
?
50

51. Cont...
Brihati & Kantakari
Solanum indicum (Brihati)
Solanum xanthocarpum (Kantakari)
(Brihati can be substituted by Kantakari and
Kantakari can be substituted by Brihati) Bh.P.
51

52. Cont...
Solanum melongena (Varttaki)
Cheruvazhutina ( Malayalam)
Aerva lanata (Bhadra)
(Antiasthmatic activity of ethanolic extract of Aerva lanata linn.:
Deepak kumar et al 2009.)
52

53. Other parts of same plant
?
Pippali moola & Shoot parts
(A PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF
SHOOT OF PIPER LONGUM LINN : Dr. Nitin Ujjaliya et al.2011)
53

54. Validation of substitution
1. Validation of Rasaadipanchaka.
2. Validation of Pharmacological activity.
3. Validation of substitute in a Yoga.
54

55. Validation of Rasaadipanchaka.
Rasa
Guna
Veerya
Vipaka
Doshakarma
55

56. Validation of Pharmacological activity
1. Phytochemical analysis.
2. Toxicity study.
3. Pharmacological analysis according to
indication of genuine drug and according
to yoga indication.
4. Comparative study.
56

57. Validation of substitute in a
Yoga.
व्याधेियुक्तं यद्द्रव्यम् गणोक्तमतप ि्यजेि् /
अिुक्तमतप युक्तम् जयेत्तद्रसातदतवि्” //
(Bh.P.)
? 57

58. Cont...
1. Rasnaerandadi Kashayam
िास्ििण्डबलासहििविीदु:स्पशववासामृिा /
देवाह्वातितवषाघिेिुिशठीतवश्वः कषाय शृिः//
सतपवस्िल तवतमतििं प्रशमयेिायु स शूलं िथा/
जंघोरूतत्रकपृष्ठपाश्ववहिुगिंशोफ ि वािािजम् //
58

59. Cont...
Red listed plant
Price: 4000 / kg
Annual demand :- over 400 MT
Habitat :- Himalaya
मुस्िा िातितवषाभावे ......?
59

60. Cont...
60
Musta Ativisha
Rasa Tikta , katu , Kashaya Tikta ,Katu
Guna Laghu , Ruksha Laghu , Ruksha
Veerya Sheeta Ushna
Vipaka Katu Katu
Karma Kaphapittaghna Tridoshaghna

61. Cont...
• Anti diarrheal effects :-
Aconitum heterophyllum :- 53%
Cyperus rotundus :- 46%
(Cyperus rotundus ,a substitute for Aconitum heterophyllum
: study on the Ayurvedic concept of Abhava dravya – Padma
et al 2010. )
61

62. Cont...
2. Shaddharana Choornam
तित्रके न्द्रयवे पाठा कटुकाऽतितवषाऽभया /
वािव्यातधप्रशमिो योगः षड् धिणः स्मृिः //
(Su.chi.)
मुस्िा िातितवषाभावे ......?
62

63. Cont...
Drug interaction.
Total effect of Yoga.
63

64. Conclusion
Before selecting substitutes :-
Systematic researches are needed
The concept of Abhava Dravya may
not be applicable for single drug
therapy.
64

65. Substitute should ensure
65
Availability
Similar
Pharmacological action
Total effect of Yoga
should not be
changed

66. References
1. Vaidya Lakshamipati shastri , Yogaratnakar Abhava Varga page no. 171 ,Chaukhamba
publication 2011.
2. Sribrahmashankara mishra , bhavaprakasha, Mishra Prakarana Abhava Dravya page
no. 181 ,chaukhamba publication
3. Bhishagranta shri brahmashankar Mishra, Bhaisjyaratnavali volume 1 ,pratinidhi
dravyas page 81 , chaukhamba publication
4. EVALUATION OF ANTI-ASTHMATIC PROPERTY OF SOLANUM
XANTHOCARPUM FLOWER EXTRACTS. Gautam P.Vadnereet al.2008
5 Camphor: risks and benefits of a widely used natural product PAOLO
ZUCCARINI Department of Crop Biology, Sect. Plant Physiology,
University of Pisa,56127, Pisa, Italy2009
6 Concept of Abhava Pratinidhi Dravyas, a Rational Substitution of Drugs- a
Review Charusheela M. Giri Department of Dravyaguna Vidnyan, D.Y. Patil
College of Ayurved & Research Institute, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Publication Date: 19 December 2013
66

67. Cont...
7 POST-COITAL ANTIFERTILITY ACTIVITY OF CLERODENDRUM PHLOMIDIS
LINN. DICHLOROMETHANE ROOT EXTRACT Dinesh Kumar et al Institute of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University,Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana2009
8 Physico-chemical properties of Chakiya variety of Amla(Emblica officinalis) and effect
of different dehydration methods on quality of powder Poonam Mishra1et al 2009
9 A PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING Of SHOOT OF
PIPER LONGUM LINN Dr. Nitin Ujjaliya1 Dr. R. Remadevi2 2011
10 A comparative experimental evaluation of anti-inflammatory activities of Premna
obtusifolia linn. And Premna latifolia roxb. leaves in Charles foster rats : H Kumari et.al
2009
11 Therapeutic efficacy of Agnimantha (Premna serratifolia linn. )in obesity(Sthaulya )
:Rina Ghosh et al. 2008
12 Anti inflammatory activity of root bark and stem bark of Shyonaka: krunal doshi et
al.2011
13 A comparative study between tissue cultured propagated and conventional propagated
variety of Plumbago rosea: Bino Xavier et al 2007
67

68. THANK YOU
68