a work on history of nighantu and nighantu adarsh.

1. A Brief Study Of Nighantu Adarsh
Dr.Gagendra Gautam
M.D Scholar(Dravyaguna)
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2. Definition
 Aupamanyu:- The lexicographical collections of vedic
work were called Nighantavah which means to
determine the meaning of the texts.
 Shabdkalpdruma:-Nighantu looks beautiful/shines.
 Hemchandra:-Nighantu is collection of Nouns.
 Thus a glossary containing synonymous groups,the
name of drugs, plant, animals, mineral or anything
that is administered either as food /medicine to the
human body.
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3. Synonyms of Nighantu
 Nirukt:- To Point out Concealed meaning of
vedas(yask)
 Nirgranthi (Jain Literature):-Devoid of Knot.
 Nigama:-Brings out extremely Concealed meaning.
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4. Chronological order of Nighantu
A. Ancient Period upto 7th century AD
No. Name of Nighantu Writer Period
1 Vedic Nighantu
2 Sausrutra Nighantu Sushruta 5th AD
3 Rasa Vaisesika Nagarjuna 5th AD
B.Medieval Period 8th to 15th
1 Astang nighantu Vahtacarya 8th BC
2. Paryayratnamala Indukara 9th
3 Sidhsar Nighantu Ravigupta 9th
4 Haramekhla Mahuka 10th
5 Chamatkar nighantu Rangacarya 10th
6 Madanadi nighantu Chandrnandan 10th
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5. Continue…
7 Dravyaguna Raja Bhoj 10th
8 Dravyaguna Chakrapani 11th
9 Dhanwantari nighantu Dhanwantari 11th
10 Indu nighantu Indu 11th
11 Nimi nighantu Nimi 11th
12 Arun dutt nighantu Arun dutt 11th
13 Shabdchandrika Chakradutt 11th
14 Bapyachandra nighantu Bapchandra 12th
15 Anekarth kosh Manak 12th
16 Nighantu shesh Hemchandra 12th
17 Sodhal nighantu Sodhal 12th
18 Madhav dravyaguna Madhav 1250
19 Abhidhanratnamala Caturrasita 13th
20 Sidhmantra Acarya keshav 13th
21 Hridaydipak nighantu Bopdev 13th
22 Shatshloki Bopdev 13th
23 Madanpal nighantu Madanpal 1374
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6. Continue……
24 Ayurveda Mahodadhi Susen 14th
25 Raj nighantu Narhari pandit 14th
26 Guna Sangrah Trimalla 14th
27 Kaidev Nighantu Kaidev 1425
C Modern period from 16th AD
1 Bhavprakash nighantu Bhav mishra 16th AD
2 Dhanjaya 16th
3 Saraswati Nighantu 16th
4 Ayurveda Saukhyam Todaranand 16th
5 Shivkosh & Shiva Prakash Shiva Dutt Misra 1674
6 Vaidyavatamsa Lolimbraja 17th
7 Kalpadrukosh Keshav 17th
8 Dravyaguna Shatak Trimalla Bhatt 17th
9 Cudamani Nighantu Surya 17th
10 Hikamataprakas Madhav Dev 1773
11 Rajabalabh Nighantu Rajaballabh 18th
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12 Nighantu Ratnakar Vishnu-Basudev godbole 18th
13 Dravya Ratnawali 18th
14 Laghu Nighantu Vyaskeswaram 18th
15 Nighantu Sangrah Kato Bhatt 1893
16 Shaligram Nighantu Lala Shaligram 19th
17 Vanaspati Shastra Jai krishna indraji Thakur 19th
18 Vanousdhi Darpan Brijchandra Gupta 19th
19 Vanousdhi Gunasarsh Shankarda ji Pade 1900-13
20 Haritkyadi Nighantu Pt. Shivram 1926
21 Nighantu Adarsh Bapalal Vaidya 1928
22 Rupa Nighantu Rupalal Vaisya 1934
23 Shankar Nighantu Shankar Dutt Gouda 1935
24 Ayurveda Cintamani Baldev Pd Misra 1937
25 Vanousdhi Chandrodaya Chandraj Bhandari 1938
26 Abhinav Nighantu Dattaram Choubey 19th
27 Mahaousdhi Nighantu Pt.Arya kumar Das 1971
28 Priya Nighantu P .V. Sharma 1983
29 Dravyaguna Kosha P .V. Sharma 1997
30 Bedi Vanaspati Kosh Ramesh Bedi 1997
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8. Nighantu Adarsh
 Writer :-Dr.Bapalal G. Vaidya
 1st published in Gujrati language in 1928 in two
volume.
 2nd edition was published in 1966.
 It is translated in hindi in 1968 & published by
chaukhamba sanskrit sereies.
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9. Presentation of book
 Two volume.
Volume 1 Volume 2
a.History of indian flora a.Description of medicinal plants.
b.Basic principles of dravyaguna
c.Short description of controversial
drugs
d.Difination of terms used in Bhaishajya
kalpana & Dravyaguna in hindi.
e.Description of medicinal plants.
At the end of each volume:-
1.Latin name index
2.Index of sanskrit word
3.Index of hindi & other languages word
4.Index of drugs a/c rog(diseases)
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10. Description of drugs
 Introduction
 Nirukt
 Place of origin
 Useful parts
 When to collect?
 Chemical composition
 External features of plants
 Guna
 Rasa-virya-vipaka-doshghnta
 Karma
 Clinical usages(collection from ancient books)
 Modern view
 Doses
 Yog/kalp (Yunani kalp also)
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11. Characteristics of Nighantu Adarsh
a.Natural order(modern classification)
b.Name of drugs:-aplicable,authentic & conformative sanskrit name.
c.Mentioned some new varga and coined the term like isphagoladi
varga,gokshuradi varga,kokenadi varga etc.
d.Drugs of allopathy, yunani & other drugs not described in ancient
literature.
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12. e.Nirukti of sanskrit name of plants.
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13. f.List of controversial drugs.(91)
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14. g.No.of varga:-126, No.of drug :-571
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Varga Properties
1.Vatsnabhadi varga
(Ranunculaceae)-6
1.Flowers- exquisite & visible.
2.Entomophilous
Eg.vatsnabh,atis,kalaunji,piyaran
ga etc.
2.Bhavyadi varga (Dilleniaceae)-1 1.Mostly in Australia
2.Medicinally not important group.
3.Swarnchampakadi varga
(Magnoliaceae)-02
1.Name based on french botanist
Piare Magnol of 17th century.
2.katu,sugandhit,grahi,balya,utez
ak,swedal,& jwarghn.
4.Sitaphaladi varga (Anonaceae)-02 1.seeds-jantughn
5.Guduchyadi varga
(Menispermaceae)- 04
1.Mainly-jwaraghn
2.Fruits-generally poisonous

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6.Daruharidradi varga
(Berberidaceae)-02
1.Berberi (alkaloid)
2.Roots and bark are virechak.
7.Kamladi varga (Nymphoeaceae)-02 1.shital,poustic mutral and swedal.
8.Ahiphenadi varga
(Papaveraceae)-02
1.vishrup,madak
,grahi,nidrajanak.
9.Parpatadi varga (Fumariaceae)-01 1.Balya and rasayana
10.Rajikadi varga (Cruciferae)-09 1.Volatile oil
11.Kariradi varga (Capparidaceae)-06 1.Same above group
12.Vanfshadi varga (Violaceae)-01 1.Flowers – exquisite & visible
2.Root –vamak
13.Katiradi varga (Cochlospermeceae)-1 Medicinally not important.
14.Tuwrakadi varga
(Flacourtiaceae)-01
1.Krimighna & tandraprad
2.Chalmogra oil
15.Lonikadi varga (Portulacaceae)-01 Only one- lonika

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16.Jhabukadi varga
(Tamaricaceae)-01
Poustic & grahi
17.Nagpuspadi varga (Guttiferae)-07 Medicinal oil.kankusth
18.Chay varga (Ternstraemiaceae)-01 Caffine & theophylline(alkaloid)
19.Shaladi varga (Dipterocarpaceae)-04 Gum and oil
20.Karpasadi varga (Malvaceae)-11 All plants are eatables
21.Shalmalyadi varga (Bombacaceae)-4 Gums
22.Muchkundadi varga(Sterculiaceae)-4
23.Dhanvanadi varga (Tiliaceae)-05 Poustic & Pramehnasak-(parushak)
24.Rudraksh varga (Eliocarpaceae)-01 Phal majja –apsmar
25.Atsyadi varga (Linaceae)-01 Snigdh & Poustic
26.Kokenadi varga (Erythroxylaceae)1 Balya, grahi,uttejak,snigdh
27.Madhvilatadi varga(Malpighiaceae)1 Pittaghn,kaphaghn & kusthaghn
28.Laghugokshuradi varga
(Zygophillaceae)-02
Mutral swedal & rasayana

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29.Changeriyadi varga
(Oxalidaceae)-02
Sour in taste,grahi &
raktstambhan
30.Beejpurkadi varga (Rutaceae)-11 Sankochak ,vatahar and sarak
31.Ingudyadi varga(Simarubaceae)-03 Jwaraghn & katu poustic
32.Gugulwadi varga(Burseraceae)-03 Poustic,vataghn & non-poisonous
33.Nimbadi varga (Meliaceae)-03 Kusthaghn,Krimighn,Jwaraghn
34.Jyotishmatyadi varga
(Celestraceae)-03
Oil
35.Badradi varga (Rhamnaceae)-01 Shothaghn & grahi
36.Drakshadi varga (Vitaceae)-03 Alcohal ,acids ,dahak rasa
37.Pheniladi varga (Sapindaceae)-05 Mainly vamak except-litchi
38.Bhallatakadi varga
(Anacardiaceae)-10
Poustic & Rasayan
39.shigru-aadi varga(Moringaceae)-01 Mutral, Swedal,Asmarighn,Shothaghn

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40.Shimbi varga (Leguminoseae) Largest group
41. Palashadi varga(Papilionaceae)-38 Mainly edibles
42.Putikaranjadi varga
(Caesalpiniaceae)
15
43.Babbuladi varga (Mimosaceae)-08 Lomentum
44.Padmakadi varga (Rosaceae)-12 Dry fruits
45.Pashanbhedadi varga(Saxifragaceae) 01
46. Jakhme hayat varga(Crassulaceae)-1 Keep in house
47.Turushkadi varga (Hamamelidaceae) Shilarasa belongs
48.Haritkyadi varga (Combrataceae)-05 Bark is cardio-tonic
49.Jambwadi varga (Myrtaceae)-08 Oil-jantughn,
50.Dhatkyadi varga (Lythraceae)-03 Famous for colour,grahi & some dahak
51.Dadimadi varga (Punicaceae)-01
52.Shringatakadi varga (Onagraceae)-1 poustic

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53.Saptranghi varga -01 Mridurechak & yakrut-utejak
54.Papaiyadi varga -01
55.Kushmandadi varga-18 Virchak ,poustic,mutral & sothaghn
56.Nagphani varga -01 Rasa-krimighn & dahak
57.Varshabhu varga-01
58.Jirkadi varga-14 Sugandhyukt & Sugandhrahit spices
59.Jinseng varga-02 Vajikar (famous in china)
60.Ankoladi varga-01
61.Manjishthadi varga-14 Jwarghn,raktshodhak,sarak
madak & vishari
62.Jatamansi varga-02 Snayu shaithilyakar
63.Sahdevyadi varga-25 Most useful varga-
artimesia,rasna,kusth
64.Devenal varga-01

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65.Vintergreen varga-01 Tikt grahi mutral madak &
murchak(vintergreen oil)
66.Chitrakadi varga-01 Mainly vidahi,
67.Vidangadi varga-01 Fruit & Seed –krimighn,jwarghn
68.Madhukadi varga(Sapotaceae)-04 Bark- jwar-pratibandhak
69.Tindukadi varga-01 Jwar-pratishedhak & krimighn
70.Rodhradi varga-01 Mainly used in stri-roga
71.Lohban varga-01
72.Jatyadi varga(Oliaceae)-08 Flowers-akshephar
73.Pilwadi varga-01 Vidahi,dahak,uttejak & poustic
74.Kutjadi varga(Apocynaceae)-07 Mainly poisonous
75.Arkadi varga(Asclepidaceae)-11 Generally savish,madak grahi
kshobhak
76.Vishtindukadi varga(Loganiaceae)-4 Extremly costly alkaloids.eg strychnin

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77.Kiratadi varga-03 Tikt & jwarghn
78.Shleshmatkadivarga(Boraginaceae)4 Specially gums
79. Vridhdarvadi varga
(Convolvulaceae)-13
Rechak
80.Kantkaryadi varga (Solanaceae)-13 Main properties- poisonous
81.Tiktlonikadi varga(Scrophulariaceae) -4,Diversity in medicinal properties
82.Patladi varga-03 Pravikahar,mutral,pitta nihsarak
83.Tiladi varga-02 Mutral,poustic and dugdhvardhak
84.Vasadi varga(Acanthaceae)-07
85.Nirgundyadi varga(Verbinaceae)09 Raktshodhak,dugdhvardhak,jwarghn
86.Tulsyadi varga(Lamiaceae)-10 Sugandhit,poustic,uttejak,jwarghn
87.Isabgoladi varga-01
88.Punarnavadi varga-02 Generally ornamental,rechak grahi
89.Apamargadi varga(Amarantaceae)-7 Not balya,mutral,sarak,snigdh &gummy

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90.Vastukadi varga
(Chenopodiaceae)-05
Mainly ksharyukt
91.Chukrikadi varga-03 Mutral,rechak,grahi and vidahi
92.Kitmaryadi varga-03 Known for beautiful flowers.
93.Pipalyadi varga(Piperaceae)-05 Sugandhit,uttejak,lalasrawvardhak.
94.Jatiphaladi varga-01 Sugandhi & Uttejak
95.Karpuradi varga(Lauraceae)-06 Sugandhit,Uttejak,Balya & Shamak
96.Agurvadi varga-02 Dahak,Sphotkar & Uttejak
97.Vrikshruhadi varga-02
98.Chandanadi varga-01 Mainly grahi,kasth-
sugandhit,patra-sarak & vamak
99.Aamlakyadi varga(Euphorbiaceae)19 Generally-rechak,vamak,mutral,savish
100.Vatadi varga(Moraceae)-09 Madak,grahi,ruksh,rochak,sarak,sodak
101.Chirbilvadi varga-01

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102.Bhangadi varga-02
103.Akshotkadi varga-01 Uttejak,grahi,rechak & jantughn
104.Katphaladi varga-01
105.Bhurjpatradi varga-02 Generally tree
106.Jalvetasadi varga-01 Generally near river,lake,pond
107.Shaibaladi varga-01
108.Somlatadi varga-01 Balya,swedal,jwar-pratishedhak,
109.Devdarvadi varga(Pinaceae)-06
110.Munjtakadi varga-02 Balya,swedal,jwar-pratishedhak,rphar
111.Adrakadi varga(Zinziberaceae)-09 Poustic,grahi,shamak and sheetal.
112.Kadalyadi varga-01
113.Kesaradi varga-02 Kand-uttejak,vamak,trivrechan,shamak
114.Muslikandadi varga-02 Savish,rechak,vamak,flowers-
beautiful

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115.Annasadi varga-01
116.Varahikandadi varga--01 Savish,kshobhak and vidahi
117.Lashunadi varga(Liliaceae)-09 Poustic,dahak,madkar,gondyukt,mutal
118.Vatspriyadi varga-01
119.Taladi varga(Arecaceae)-08 Economically valuable
120.Ketkyadi varga-01 Not medicinally useful
121.Erkadi varga-01 Mutral,Ropak & shitvirya
122.Vachadi varga(Araceae)-06 Mutral,kshobhak,savish & sarak
123.Mustadi varga-02 Sugandhi,shodhak,swedal,jwarghn
124.Trinadi varga(Poaceae)-22 Poustic ,uttejak,mutral,swedal,jwarghn
125.Hansrajadi varga-03 Small & beautiful plants.
126.Bhuchhtrakadi varga(Fungi)-01
127.Shilapushpadi varga(Lichens)-01

25. Bapalal G.Vaidya
Date of birth:- 17 september 1896
Village:- Sansoli,dist.:-Panchmahal Gujrat
Study:-
a.Shri Amrutlal Pranshankar Pattani 1st principal
of Patan Ayurved College.
b.Vanoushdhi Darpan written by Birja Charan
Gupta
c.Jai Krishn Indrajee:- Famous Botanist
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26. Book published
1.Nighantu adarsh ssha2.Vridhtrayani vanaspatiyo
3. Vanaspatiyono vivran sahkosh 4.Ghargathu vaidak
5.Abhinav kamshastra 6.Sanskrit sahitya ma vanaspatiyon
7.Bhartiye rasshastra 8.Vanaspati varnan-pravesh
9.Gujrat ni vanaspatiyon 10.Ayurveda vyakhanmala
11.Ayurveda vihangavlokan 12.Ayurveda vaijanik vicharna
13.Khorakna tatvon 14.Apno khorak
15.Ayurveda pathawali 16.Dincarya
17.Dama 18.Madhumeh
19.Manvi aarogya 20.Dravyaguna shastra
21.Nasya chikitsa 22.Carak no swadhyay
23.Aushadhopyogi ayurvediye
vanaspati kosh
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27. “Controversial drugs in indian medicine”
Modern technology used are:-
RFLPs
RAPD
SSR
AFLP
SNP
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28. Conclusion
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 Nighantu is a collection of dravya(matter) which
may be synonymous or properties and action
centric.It doesn’t follow any principle in
classification of medicinal plants.Nighantu adarsh
adopts modern classification but failed to maintain
the order but its shine doesn’t fade.It explain the
basic principles of Dravyaguna & terminology of
RSBK in Hindi. Todays world looks towards
traditional medicine and TM requires
standardization.Contribution of Bapalal in the field
of Ethanobotany and Controversial drugs is
unforgetable praiseworthy and pathbreaking.

29. References :-
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 Nighantu Adarsh
 Ayurveda ka vajanik itihas
 An introduction to nighantu
 Google.com
 Youtube.com

30. 30
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