This document discusses water pollution, its sources, and prevention methods. It defines water pollution as the contamination of water bodies like lakes, rivers, and oceans. The main sources of water pollution discussed are industry, oil pollution, and radioactive waste. Industry releases pollutants into waterways without treatment, harming plants and animals. Oil spills from shipping and extraction damage marine life. Nuclear waste from power plants and mining pollutes oceans. Prevention methods include proper treatment of industrial and residential waste before discharge and reducing plastic use near waterways.

2. WATER POLLUTIONWATER POLLUTION
 Water pollutionWater pollution is the contamination of wateris the contamination of water
bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).
 Water pollution affects plants and organisms livingWater pollution affects plants and organisms living
in these bodies of water; and, in almost all casesin these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases
the effect is damaging either to individual speciesthe effect is damaging either to individual species
and populations, but also to the natural biologicaland populations, but also to the natural biological
communities.communities.
 Water pollution occurs when pollutants areWater pollution occurs when pollutants are
discharged directly or indirectly into water bodiesdischarged directly or indirectly into water bodies
without adequate treatment to remove harmfulwithout adequate treatment to remove harmful
compounds.compounds.

3. SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION.SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION.
 1)1) INDUSTRYINDUSTRY
 Industry is a huge source of water pollution, it produces pollutants that areIndustry is a huge source of water pollution, it produces pollutants that are
extremely harmful to people and the environment.extremely harmful to people and the environment.
 Many industrial facilities use freshwater to carry away waste from the plant andMany industrial facilities use freshwater to carry away waste from the plant and
into rivers, lakes and oceans.into rivers, lakes and oceans.
 Pollutants from industrial sources include:Pollutants from industrial sources include:
– Asbestos – This pollutant is a serious health hazard . Asbestos fibres canAsbestos – This pollutant is a serious health hazard . Asbestos fibres can
be inhaled and cause illnesses such as asbestosis, lung cancer, intestinalbe inhaled and cause illnesses such as asbestosis, lung cancer, intestinal
cancer and liver cancer.cancer and liver cancer.
– Lead – This is a metallic element and can cause health and environmentalLead – This is a metallic element and can cause health and environmental
problems. It is a non-biodegradable substance so is hard to clean up onceproblems. It is a non-biodegradable substance so is hard to clean up once
the environment is contaminated. Lead is harmful to the health of manythe environment is contaminated. Lead is harmful to the health of many
animals, including humans, as it can inhibit the action of bodily enzymes.animals, including humans, as it can inhibit the action of bodily enzymes.

4. 2)2) OIL POLLUTION IN WATEROIL POLLUTION IN WATER Oceans are polluted by oil on a daily basis from oil spills, routineOceans are polluted by oil on a daily basis from oil spills, routine
shipping, run-offs and dumping.shipping, run-offs and dumping.
 Oil spills make up about 12% of the oil that enters the ocean. The restOil spills make up about 12% of the oil that enters the ocean. The rest
come from shipping travel, drains and dumping.come from shipping travel, drains and dumping.
 An oil spill from a tanker is a severe problem because there is such aAn oil spill from a tanker is a severe problem because there is such a
huge quantity of oil being spilt into one place.huge quantity of oil being spilt into one place.
 Oil spills cause a very localised problem but can be catastrophic toOil spills cause a very localised problem but can be catastrophic to
local marine wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters.local marine wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters.
 Oil cannot dissolve in water and forms a thick sludge in the water. ThisOil cannot dissolve in water and forms a thick sludge in the water. This
suffocates fish, gets caught in the feathers of marine birds stoppingsuffocates fish, gets caught in the feathers of marine birds stopping
them from flying and blocks light from photosynthetic aquatic plants.them from flying and blocks light from photosynthetic aquatic plants.

5. 3)3) RADIO ACTIVE WASTERADIO ACTIVE WASTE
 Nuclear waste is produced from industrial, medical andNuclear waste is produced from industrial, medical and
scientific processes that use radioactive material. Nuclearscientific processes that use radioactive material. Nuclear
waste can have detrimental effects on marine habitats.waste can have detrimental effects on marine habitats.
Nuclear waste comes from a number of sources:Nuclear waste comes from a number of sources:
 Operations conducted by nuclear power stations produceOperations conducted by nuclear power stations produce
radioactive waste. Nuclear-fuel reprocessing plants inradioactive waste. Nuclear-fuel reprocessing plants in
northern Europe are the biggest sources of man-madenorthern Europe are the biggest sources of man-made
nuclear waste in the surrounding ocean. Radioactive tracesnuclear waste in the surrounding ocean. Radioactive traces
from these plants have been found as far away asfrom these plants have been found as far away as
Greenland.Greenland.
 Mining and refining of uranium and thorium are alsoMining and refining of uranium and thorium are also
causes of marine nuclear waste.causes of marine nuclear waste.

6. HARMS OF WATER POLLUTIONHARMS OF WATER POLLUTION
 Virtually all types of water pollution are harmful to the health of humansVirtually all types of water pollution are harmful to the health of humans
and animals. Water pollution may not damage our health immediately butand animals. Water pollution may not damage our health immediately but
can be harmful after long term exposure. Different forms of pollutantscan be harmful after long term exposure. Different forms of pollutants
affect the health of animals in different ways:affect the health of animals in different ways:
 Heavy metals from industrial processes can accumulate in nearby lakesHeavy metals from industrial processes can accumulate in nearby lakes
and rivers. These are toxic to marine life such as fish and shellfish, andand rivers. These are toxic to marine life such as fish and shellfish, and
subsequently to the humans who eat them.subsequently to the humans who eat them.
 Industrial waste often contains many toxic compounds that damage theIndustrial waste often contains many toxic compounds that damage the
health of aquatic animals and those who eat them. Some of the toxins inhealth of aquatic animals and those who eat them. Some of the toxins in
industrial waste may only have a mild effect whereas other can be fatal.industrial waste may only have a mild effect whereas other can be fatal.
They can cause immune suppression, acute poisoning.They can cause immune suppression, acute poisoning.
 Microbial pollutants from sewage often result in infectious diseases thatMicrobial pollutants from sewage often result in infectious diseases that
infect aquatic life and terrestrial life through drinking water. Microbialinfect aquatic life and terrestrial life through drinking water. Microbial
water pollution is a major problem in the developing world, with diseaseswater pollution is a major problem in the developing world, with diseases
such as cholera and typhoid fever being the primary cause of infantsuch as cholera and typhoid fever being the primary cause of infant
mortality.mortality.

7. PREVENTIONSPREVENTIONS
 If you want to help keep our waters clean, there are manyIf you want to help keep our waters clean, there are many
things you can do to help. You can prevent water pollutionthings you can do to help. You can prevent water pollution
of nearby rivers and lakes as well as groundwater andof nearby rivers and lakes as well as groundwater and
drinking water by following some simple guidelines in yourdrinking water by following some simple guidelines in your
everyday life.everyday life.
 Conserve water by turning off the tap when running waterConserve water by turning off the tap when running water
is not necessary. This helps prevent water shortages andis not necessary. This helps prevent water shortages and
reduces the amount f contaminated water that needsreduces the amount f contaminated water that needs
treatment.treatment.
 Be careful about what you throw down your sink or toilet.Be careful about what you throw down your sink or toilet.
Don't throw paints, oils or other forms of litter down theDon't throw paints, oils or other forms of litter down the
drain.drain.
 Use environmentally household products, such as washingUse environmentally household products, such as washing
powder, household cleaning agents and toiletries.powder, household cleaning agents and toiletries.

11.  Pre-treatment removes materials thatPre-treatment removes materials that
can be easily collected from the rawcan be easily collected from the raw
wastewater before they damage or clogwastewater before they damage or clog
the pumps and skimmers of primarythe pumps and skimmers of primary
treatment clarifiers.treatment clarifiers.

12.  In the primary sedimentation stage, sewageIn the primary sedimentation stage, sewage
flows through large tanks, commonly calledflows through large tanks, commonly called
"primary clarifiers" or "primary sedimentation"primary clarifiers" or "primary sedimentation
tanks".tanks".
 The tanks are large enough that sludge canThe tanks are large enough that sludge can
settle and floating material such as grease andsettle and floating material such as grease and
oils can rise to the surface and be skimmed off.oils can rise to the surface and be skimmed off.
 The main purpose of the primary sedimentationThe main purpose of the primary sedimentation
stage is to produce both a generallystage is to produce both a generally
homogeneous liquid capable of being treatedhomogeneous liquid capable of being treated
biologically and a sludge that can be separatelybiologically and a sludge that can be separately
treated or processed.treated or processed.

13.  Secondary treatment is designed to substantially degrade theSecondary treatment is designed to substantially degrade the
biological content of the sewage which are derived frombiological content of the sewage which are derived from
human waste, food waste, soaps and detergent.human waste, food waste, soaps and detergent.
 The majority of municipal plants treat the settled sewageThe majority of municipal plants treat the settled sewage
liquor using aerobic biological processes. For this to beliquor using aerobic biological processes. For this to be
effective, the biota require both oxygen and a substrate oneffective, the biota require both oxygen and a substrate on
which to live.which to live.
 There are a number of ways in which this is done. In all theseThere are a number of ways in which this is done. In all these
methods, the bacteria and protozoa consume biodegradablemethods, the bacteria and protozoa consume biodegradable
soluble organic contaminants (e.g. sugars, fats, organicsoluble organic contaminants (e.g. sugars, fats, organic
short-chain carbon molecules, etc.) and bind much of theshort-chain carbon molecules, etc.) and bind much of the
less soluble fractions into floc.less soluble fractions into floc.

14.  There are many methods through whichThere are many methods through which
the wastewater undergoes in thethe wastewater undergoes in the
secondary treatment in order to getsecondary treatment in order to get
purified.the process include:-purified.the process include:-
 Activated sludgeActivated sludge
 Surface-aerated basinsSurface-aerated basins
 Filter beds (oxidizing beds)Filter beds (oxidizing beds)
 Biological aerated filtersBiological aerated filters
 Membrane bioreactorsMembrane bioreactors
 Secondary sedimentationSecondary sedimentation
 Rotating biological contactorsRotating biological contactors

15. There are lots of uses ofThere are lots of uses of
water. They are listedwater. They are listed
below :below :
 Water is used forWater is used for
drinking, washing ,drinking, washing ,
bathing , etc.bathing , etc.
 Its also used forIts also used for
irrigation purpose.irrigation purpose.
 A lot of water is usedA lot of water is used
to make food. Almostto make food. Almost
every food containsevery food contains
waterwater

16. There are lots ofThere are lots of
river action plansriver action plans
taken by thetaken by the
government takengovernment taken
to make the riversto make the rivers
pollution less.pollution less.
In the few slidesIn the few slides
after this you willafter this you will
see about the fewsee about the few
two India's rivertwo India's river
action plans.action plans.

17.  An plan was setup to saveAn plan was setup to save
river Ganga.river Ganga.
 The plan was launched inThe plan was launched in
1985.1985.
 It was aimed to reduce theIt was aimed to reduce the
pollution levels in thepollution levels in the
ganga.ganga.
 But, the increasingBut, the increasing
population andpopulation and
 industrialization haveindustrialization have
already damagedalready damaged
 this mighty river beyondthis mighty river beyond
repair.repair.

18.  This plan was setupThis plan was setup
to save riverto save river
Yamuna.Yamuna.
 It was launched inIt was launched in
1993.1993.
 It had a plan toIt had a plan to
restore the riverrestore the river
yamuna to its pastyamuna to its past
glory.glory.
 There were twoThere were two
plans setup namedplans setup named
as YAP-I and YAP-II.as YAP-I and YAP-II.

20.  Reuse of water wheneverReuse of water whenever
possible, Kitchen waterpossible, Kitchen water
can be used for wateringcan be used for watering
the plant.the plant.
 Plan your kitchen activityPlan your kitchen activity
to avoid wastage of fuelto avoid wastage of fuel
and water.and water.
 Plastic materials can be aPlastic materials can be a
murder weapons formurder weapons for
wildlife, minimise theirwildlife, minimise their
use. Blown from land anduse. Blown from land and
roadsides, they often endroadsides, they often end
up in the water, where theyup in the water, where they
can entangle and kill birdscan entangle and kill birds
and fishes.and fishes.

21.  Avoid throwing flowers,Avoid throwing flowers,
sweets, puja materialssweets, puja materials
into a river. It will degradeinto a river. It will degrade
the quality of water. Thethe quality of water. The
river wont be happy withriver wont be happy with
this.this.
 Avoid throwing deadAvoid throwing dead
bodies in a river. This willbodies in a river. This will
ultimately landing in theultimately landing in the
mouth of dogs, vultures &mouth of dogs, vultures &
other animals.other animals.
 Never dump anything intoNever dump anything into
the water bodies.the water bodies.
 Avoid use of weedicidesAvoid use of weedicides