Deinococcus radiodurans
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The worlds toughest bacterium in the Guinness book of world record, conan the bacterium. Discusses its taxonomic classification, history, its unique structures that can resist high dose of radiation.
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PHYSIOLOGY OF ORGANISMS LIVING IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS- THERMOPHILES
Thermophiles are organisms that can thrive in high temperatures between 60-80°C. They include bacteria and archaea found in hot springs, hydrothermal vents, and other hot environments. Thermophiles have adapted through mechanisms such as membrane lipids with ether linkages that increase melting temperatures, heat shock proteins that prevent unfolding at high heat, and higher GC nucleic acid content. Their adapted proteins and enzymes also allow catalytic activity at extreme temperatures. Thermophiles have applications in industries like baking, brewing, and paper production that utilize high heat.
Thermophile
Thermophiles are microorganisms that thrive in relatively high temperatures between 45-80°C. They are classified based on their optimal growth temperatures into thermophiles, extreme thermophiles, and hyperthermophiles. Thermophiles have adapted enzymes and proteins that allow them to function at high temperatures. They are found in geothermally heated areas like hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents. Cyanobacteria are a common thermophile that can photosynthesize in hot spring waters up to 70°C. Thermophiles have applications in producing thermostable enzymes for uses like PCR and detergents.
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This presentation is made for the students of B.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology. The presentation includes the details about archaea and the characteristics of archaea bacteria
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Bioleaching, also known as biomining or microbial leaching, is the process of extracting metals like copper, gold, and uranium from ores using microorganisms. Important microorganisms used in bioleaching include Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans. Bioleaching involves either direct contact between bacteria and mineral surfaces, or indirect leaching where bacteria generate chemical oxidants. Major industrial processes for bioleaching include heap, dump, and in situ leaching. Bioleaching provides an environmentally friendly alternative for extracting metals from low-grade ores.
Downstream processing - industrial microbiology
Steps involved in fermentation products producing a viable product output.various steps and process were explained in them. A semester syllabus of undergraduate microbiology student in his/her semester -5 in paper -6 . I think this might be helpful to you and have a good response after reading this .thank you.
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This document discusses various types of extremophiles and their adaptations to extreme environments. It describes acidophiles, alkaliphiles, thermophiles, psychrophiles and their ability to thrive in highly acidic, alkaline, hot, and cold conditions respectively. Acidophiles maintain a neutral pH inside their cells while alkaliphiles actively pump out hydroxide ions. Thermophiles have heat-stable membranes and proteins while psychrophiles can grow in temperatures as low as -15°C through various metabolic pathways. The document provides examples of extremophile organisms from all domains of life that have adapted to survive in these extreme conditions through specialized cellular mechanisms.
Scope of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
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PHYSIOLOGY OF ORGANISMS LIVING IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS- THERMOPHILES
Thermophiles are organisms that can thrive in high temperatures between 60-80°C. They include bacteria and archaea found in hot springs, hydrothermal vents, and other hot environments. Thermophiles have adapted through mechanisms such as membrane lipids with ether linkages that increase melting temperatures, heat shock proteins that prevent unfolding at high heat, and higher GC nucleic acid content. Their adapted proteins and enzymes also allow catalytic activity at extreme temperatures. Thermophiles have applications in industries like baking, brewing, and paper production that utilize high heat.
Thermophile
Thermophiles are microorganisms that thrive in relatively high temperatures between 45-80°C. They are classified based on their optimal growth temperatures into thermophiles, extreme thermophiles, and hyperthermophiles. Thermophiles have adapted enzymes and proteins that allow them to function at high temperatures. They are found in geothermally heated areas like hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents. Cyanobacteria are a common thermophile that can photosynthesize in hot spring waters up to 70°C. Thermophiles have applications in producing thermostable enzymes for uses like PCR and detergents.
Bioleaching of iron, copper, gold. uranium
This document summarizes the process of bioleaching, which uses microorganisms to extract metals like copper, gold, iron, and uranium from ores. It discusses how different bacteria are used to oxidize the metal sulfides in ores, making the metals soluble and able to be extracted. The main methods used are heap leaching and in-situ leaching. Bioleaching has advantages of being low-cost and able to process low-grade ores, but is also time-consuming. Specific examples of how bacteria aid in leaching copper, iron, gold, and uranium are also provided.
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This presentation is made for the students of B.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology. The presentation includes the details about archaea and the characteristics of archaea bacteria
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Bioleaching, also known as biomining or microbial leaching, is the process of extracting metals like copper, gold, and uranium from ores using microorganisms. Important microorganisms used in bioleaching include Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans. Bioleaching involves either direct contact between bacteria and mineral surfaces, or indirect leaching where bacteria generate chemical oxidants. Major industrial processes for bioleaching include heap, dump, and in situ leaching. Bioleaching provides an environmentally friendly alternative for extracting metals from low-grade ores.
Downstream processing - industrial microbiology
Steps involved in fermentation products producing a viable product output.various steps and process were explained in them. A semester syllabus of undergraduate microbiology student in his/her semester -5 in paper -6 . I think this might be helpful to you and have a good response after reading this .thank you.
Extremophiles
This document discusses various types of extremophiles and their adaptations to extreme environments. It describes acidophiles, alkaliphiles, thermophiles, psychrophiles and their ability to thrive in highly acidic, alkaline, hot, and cold conditions respectively. Acidophiles maintain a neutral pH inside their cells while alkaliphiles actively pump out hydroxide ions. Thermophiles have heat-stable membranes and proteins while psychrophiles can grow in temperatures as low as -15°C through various metabolic pathways. The document provides examples of extremophile organisms from all domains of life that have adapted to survive in these extreme conditions through specialized cellular mechanisms.
Scope of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Industrial microbiology defined as the study of the large-scale and profit motivated production of microorganisms or their products for direct use, or as inputs in the manufacture of other goods.
Endospore
Bacterial spores are dormant, resistant structures formed by certain bacteria under stressful conditions. They have a thick coat that allows them to survive extreme heat, lack of water, toxins, and radiation. There are two types of spore formation: endospores form inside the parent cell while exospores bud off externally. Endospores contain dipicolinic acid which makes them highly resistant. Germination occurs in three stages - activation by damage to the coat, initiation by effectors in a rich environment, and outgrowth involving degradation of spore layers and emergence of a new vegetative cell.
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INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANT MICROBES .pptx
The document discusses important industrial microorganisms used in biotechnology and their applications. It describes how industrial microbes like bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae and viruses are employed in mass production of chemicals, foods, fuels, enzymes and antibiotics. Specific examples mentioned include using lactobacillus bacteria in yogurt production, streptomyces bacteria for antibiotics like erythromycin, penicillium fungi for penicillin, and yeast for ethanol fermentation. The document outlines properties of useful industrial microbes and how they are categorized based on their metabolic products and the industries they impact.
Psychrophile
Psychrophiles are cold-loving microorganisms that can survive and grow in extremely cold environments like polar regions and glaciers. They have adapted mechanisms like maintaining membrane fluidity through unsaturated fatty acids and proteins that preserve RNA structures at cold temperatures. Psychrophiles possess enzymes that remain active at low temperatures through higher alpha-helix content and compounds like trehalose that prevent protein denaturation. Their adaptations allow psychrophiles and their cold-active enzymes to have applications in various industries like detergents, food processing, and bioremediation.
Bioleaching
This document discusses bioleaching, which uses microorganisms to dissolve metals from ores. The most common microorganisms used are Thiobacillus thiooxidants and Thiobacillus ferrooxidants. Bioleaching can occur directly via microbial contact with ores or indirectly by microbes producing leaching agents. Common applications include copper, uranium, gold and silver, and silica leaching. Bioleaching is used commercially in slope, heap, and in situ leaching with ores placed in piles or left in the ground and irrigated with microbes.
Plants as bioreactors
Plants can be used as bioreactors to produce valuable compounds. Transgenic plants and plant cell cultures can produce large quantities of proteins, vaccines, and other molecules through biochemical reactions using techniques like genetic engineering. Some key advantages of plant bioreactors are that they are cost-effective, can produce high biomass, and allow storage of products for a long time. However, differences in plant and bacterial genetics can impact expression efficiency and safety testing is required.
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Screening of microorganism.
Definition
types of screening.
Methods with examples.
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Reference- Dr.Neha Batra.
Industrial Microorganisms
Basic Knowledge about industrial microorganism. why industry choose microorganism rather than chemical. isolation technique of microorganism. source of microorganisms. Process of using microorganism. Disadvantages of using microorganisms in industry. Process of genetic modification of microorganisms. Storage process of microorganism. preservation methods of microorganism. Reculture methods of microorganism.
Archeabacteria presentation
The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
Background
Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al
Biofouling
Biofouling describes the accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae, and animals on submerged structures like ship hulls. It is a major problem for shipping and industrial processes. Biofouling occurs in four stages - formation of a conditioning film, accumulation of microorganisms, growth of bacteria and diatoms, and overgrowth by algae and invertebrates. It increases drag on ships and maintenance costs. Traditional antifouling methods using chemicals like TBT have been banned due to environmental effects. Newer non-toxic methods use natural substances from marine organisms or physical removal, but these are less effective or more costly. Corrosion is also a major issue for ships and needs ongoing prevention
Sources of microorganisms in air
The document discusses sources of microorganisms in air. It states that the main sources are soil, water, plant and animal surfaces, and human beings. Microbes from these sources enter the air through environmental factors like wind and water, or human activities like digging and talking. Once airborne, microbes can exist as droplets, droplet nuclei, or infectious dust, with droplet nuclei able to remain suspended the longest. The largest source is human beings through sneezing, coughing, and other activities that expel microbes from our respiratory tracts in bioaerosols.
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Introduction
Type of pesticides
Advantage & disadvantages of pesticides
Degradation of pesticide
Microbial degradation of pesticides
Mode of microbial metabolism of pesticides
Strategies for biodegradation
Approaches for biodegradation of pesticide
Chemical reaction leading biodegradation of pesticide
Metabolism of pesticides by MO
Metabolism of DDT
Aeromicrobiology
this will put a light on air microbiology, air microbes, airborne diseases and factors that influence the bioaerosols.
Alkaliphiles
This document summarizes key information about alkaliphiles:
- Alkaliphiles are microorganisms that grow optimally at pH values above 9 but not at near-neutral pH of 6.5. They can be isolated from normal environments like soil but are more common in alkaline environments.
- There are both aerobic and anaerobic alkaliphiles as well as haloalkaliphiles that require high pH and salt concentrations. Common genera include Bacillus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces.
- Studies of alkaliphiles were fairly recent, with only 16 papers on the topic when the author began experiments on alkaliphilic bacteria in 1968.
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The document is a series of numbers labeled "KKR1116" with no other text or context provided. It contains 24 lines consisting only of the label "KKR1116" followed by a number, suggesting it may be a list, schedule, or other numerical coding with no other discernible meaning based on the limited information given.
Extremopilic microorganisms
Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
Degradation of lignin and cellulose using microbes
Lignocelluloses, the major component of biomass, makes up about half of the matter produced by photosynthesis. It consists of three types of polymers – cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – that are strongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent forces and by covalent cross-linkages. A great variety of fungi and bacteria can fragment these macromolecules by using a battery of hydrolytic or oxidative enzymes. In native substrates, binding of the polymers hinders their biodegradation. Molecular genetics of cellulose-, hemicellulose- and lignin-degrading systems advanced considerably during the 1990s. Most of the enzymes have been cloned, sequenced, and expressed both in homologous and in heterologous hosts. Much is known about the structure, genomic organization, and regulation of the genes encoding these proteins.
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This document provides an overview of a seminar on microbes that thrive in extreme environments. It begins with an introduction to microbes in general, then describes 5 main types of microbes. The bulk of the document focuses on 5 categories of microbes that thrive in extreme environments: thermophiles, which prefer high temperatures; psychrophiles, which prefer cold temperatures; halophiles, which thrive in high salt concentrations; acidophiles, which thrive in acidic conditions; and alkaliphiles, which thrive in alkaline conditions. Examples of microbes in each category are provided. The document concludes with references for further information.
Industrial microbiology
A broad module on industrial microbiology is summarized with pictures .It includes the production of vitamins,vaccine ,alcohol,vinegar,steroids,amino acids ,antibiotics .it also includes the general idea on history ,media,equipment,fermentation,procedure ,uses of industrial microbiology .The production of wine,beer and vinegar are mine core interest .Hope may help ....Thank you .
Single Cell Protein - Slideshare PPT
Single cell proteins (SCP) are dried cells of microorganisms that can be used as protein supplements for humans and animals. SCP production was first commercialized in the 1950s using bacteria cultured on methanol. Common microorganisms used for SCP production include fungi, yeast, algae and bacteria. Production involves selecting a suitable microorganism strain, fermenting it under controlled conditions, harvesting the cells, processing them, and isolating the protein. SCP have potential applications as nutritional supplements, health foods, and animal feed due to their protein and nutrient content.
Radiosensitivity mechanism of damage and recovery
1) The document discusses the mechanisms of damage from radiation and recovery in microorganisms. Radiation can directly damage DNA through energy transfer or indirectly by producing free radicals from radiolysis of water.
2) Deinococcus radiodurans is highly resistant to ionizing radiation and desiccation due to its ability to efficiently repair DNA damage and accumulate high levels of protective manganese ions.
3) G-quadruplex DNA structures may be less sensitive to radiation-induced breaks compared to single- and double-stranded DNA, protecting genomic regions abundant in G4-DNA. Accumulation of manganese facilitates recovery from radiation injury in resistant bacteria like D. radiodurans.
Bioremediation using genetically modified organisms
This document discusses bioremediation and the use of microorganisms to degrade organic pollutants and remove contamination. It describes how bacteria, fungi and other microbes break down waste organic matter through metabolic processes. The document also discusses how genetic engineering can be used to design microorganisms capable of degrading specific contaminants more efficiently. Examples are provided of various bacteria and fungi that have been genetically modified or studied for their ability to break down pollutants like benzene, toluene, chlorobenzoate and heavy metals.
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Endospore
Bacterial spores are dormant, resistant structures formed by certain bacteria under stressful conditions. They have a thick coat that allows them to survive extreme heat, lack of water, toxins, and radiation. There are two types of spore formation: endospores form inside the parent cell while exospores bud off externally. Endospores contain dipicolinic acid which makes them highly resistant. Germination occurs in three stages - activation by damage to the coat, initiation by effectors in a rich environment, and outgrowth involving degradation of spore layers and emergence of a new vegetative cell.
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IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
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The document discusses important industrial microorganisms used in biotechnology and their applications. It describes how industrial microbes like bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae and viruses are employed in mass production of chemicals, foods, fuels, enzymes and antibiotics. Specific examples mentioned include using lactobacillus bacteria in yogurt production, streptomyces bacteria for antibiotics like erythromycin, penicillium fungi for penicillin, and yeast for ethanol fermentation. The document outlines properties of useful industrial microbes and how they are categorized based on their metabolic products and the industries they impact.
Psychrophile
Psychrophiles are cold-loving microorganisms that can survive and grow in extremely cold environments like polar regions and glaciers. They have adapted mechanisms like maintaining membrane fluidity through unsaturated fatty acids and proteins that preserve RNA structures at cold temperatures. Psychrophiles possess enzymes that remain active at low temperatures through higher alpha-helix content and compounds like trehalose that prevent protein denaturation. Their adaptations allow psychrophiles and their cold-active enzymes to have applications in various industries like detergents, food processing, and bioremediation.
Bioleaching
This document discusses bioleaching, which uses microorganisms to dissolve metals from ores. The most common microorganisms used are Thiobacillus thiooxidants and Thiobacillus ferrooxidants. Bioleaching can occur directly via microbial contact with ores or indirectly by microbes producing leaching agents. Common applications include copper, uranium, gold and silver, and silica leaching. Bioleaching is used commercially in slope, heap, and in situ leaching with ores placed in piles or left in the ground and irrigated with microbes.
Plants as bioreactors
Plants can be used as bioreactors to produce valuable compounds. Transgenic plants and plant cell cultures can produce large quantities of proteins, vaccines, and other molecules through biochemical reactions using techniques like genetic engineering. Some key advantages of plant bioreactors are that they are cost-effective, can produce high biomass, and allow storage of products for a long time. However, differences in plant and bacterial genetics can impact expression efficiency and safety testing is required.
Screening
Screening of microorganism.
Definition
types of screening.
Methods with examples.
four methods of primary screening.
Reference- Dr.Neha Batra.
Industrial Microorganisms
Basic Knowledge about industrial microorganism. why industry choose microorganism rather than chemical. isolation technique of microorganism. source of microorganisms. Process of using microorganism. Disadvantages of using microorganisms in industry. Process of genetic modification of microorganisms. Storage process of microorganism. preservation methods of microorganism. Reculture methods of microorganism.
Archeabacteria presentation
The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
Background
Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al
Biofouling
Biofouling describes the accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae, and animals on submerged structures like ship hulls. It is a major problem for shipping and industrial processes. Biofouling occurs in four stages - formation of a conditioning film, accumulation of microorganisms, growth of bacteria and diatoms, and overgrowth by algae and invertebrates. It increases drag on ships and maintenance costs. Traditional antifouling methods using chemicals like TBT have been banned due to environmental effects. Newer non-toxic methods use natural substances from marine organisms or physical removal, but these are less effective or more costly. Corrosion is also a major issue for ships and needs ongoing prevention
Sources of microorganisms in air
The document discusses sources of microorganisms in air. It states that the main sources are soil, water, plant and animal surfaces, and human beings. Microbes from these sources enter the air through environmental factors like wind and water, or human activities like digging and talking. Once airborne, microbes can exist as droplets, droplet nuclei, or infectious dust, with droplet nuclei able to remain suspended the longest. The largest source is human beings through sneezing, coughing, and other activities that expel microbes from our respiratory tracts in bioaerosols.
Pesticide degradation
Introduction
Type of pesticides
Advantage & disadvantages of pesticides
Degradation of pesticide
Microbial degradation of pesticides
Mode of microbial metabolism of pesticides
Strategies for biodegradation
Approaches for biodegradation of pesticide
Chemical reaction leading biodegradation of pesticide
Metabolism of pesticides by MO
Metabolism of DDT
Aeromicrobiology
this will put a light on air microbiology, air microbes, airborne diseases and factors that influence the bioaerosols.
Alkaliphiles
This document summarizes key information about alkaliphiles:
- Alkaliphiles are microorganisms that grow optimally at pH values above 9 but not at near-neutral pH of 6.5. They can be isolated from normal environments like soil but are more common in alkaline environments.
- There are both aerobic and anaerobic alkaliphiles as well as haloalkaliphiles that require high pH and salt concentrations. Common genera include Bacillus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces.
- Studies of alkaliphiles were fairly recent, with only 16 papers on the topic when the author began experiments on alkaliphilic bacteria in 1968.
Methane production
The document is a series of numbers labeled "KKR1116" with no other text or context provided. It contains 24 lines consisting only of the label "KKR1116" followed by a number, suggesting it may be a list, schedule, or other numerical coding with no other discernible meaning based on the limited information given.
Extremopilic microorganisms
Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
Degradation of lignin and cellulose using microbes
Lignocelluloses, the major component of biomass, makes up about half of the matter produced by photosynthesis. It consists of three types of polymers – cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – that are strongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent forces and by covalent cross-linkages. A great variety of fungi and bacteria can fragment these macromolecules by using a battery of hydrolytic or oxidative enzymes. In native substrates, binding of the polymers hinders their biodegradation. Molecular genetics of cellulose-, hemicellulose- and lignin-degrading systems advanced considerably during the 1990s. Most of the enzymes have been cloned, sequenced, and expressed both in homologous and in heterologous hosts. Much is known about the structure, genomic organization, and regulation of the genes encoding these proteins.
Microbes of extreme environment
This document provides an overview of a seminar on microbes that thrive in extreme environments. It begins with an introduction to microbes in general, then describes 5 main types of microbes. The bulk of the document focuses on 5 categories of microbes that thrive in extreme environments: thermophiles, which prefer high temperatures; psychrophiles, which prefer cold temperatures; halophiles, which thrive in high salt concentrations; acidophiles, which thrive in acidic conditions; and alkaliphiles, which thrive in alkaline conditions. Examples of microbes in each category are provided. The document concludes with references for further information.
Industrial microbiology
A broad module on industrial microbiology is summarized with pictures .It includes the production of vitamins,vaccine ,alcohol,vinegar,steroids,amino acids ,antibiotics .it also includes the general idea on history ,media,equipment,fermentation,procedure ,uses of industrial microbiology .The production of wine,beer and vinegar are mine core interest .Hope may help ....Thank you .
Single Cell Protein - Slideshare PPT
Single cell proteins (SCP) are dried cells of microorganisms that can be used as protein supplements for humans and animals. SCP production was first commercialized in the 1950s using bacteria cultured on methanol. Common microorganisms used for SCP production include fungi, yeast, algae and bacteria. Production involves selecting a suitable microorganism strain, fermenting it under controlled conditions, harvesting the cells, processing them, and isolating the protein. SCP have potential applications as nutritional supplements, health foods, and animal feed due to their protein and nutrient content.
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Degradation of lignin and cellulose using microbes
Degradation of lignin and cellulose using microbes
Similar to Deinococcus radiodurans
Radiosensitivity mechanism of damage and recovery
1) The document discusses the mechanisms of damage from radiation and recovery in microorganisms. Radiation can directly damage DNA through energy transfer or indirectly by producing free radicals from radiolysis of water.
2) Deinococcus radiodurans is highly resistant to ionizing radiation and desiccation due to its ability to efficiently repair DNA damage and accumulate high levels of protective manganese ions.
3) G-quadruplex DNA structures may be less sensitive to radiation-induced breaks compared to single- and double-stranded DNA, protecting genomic regions abundant in G4-DNA. Accumulation of manganese facilitates recovery from radiation injury in resistant bacteria like D. radiodurans.
Bioremediation using genetically modified organisms
This document discusses bioremediation and the use of microorganisms to degrade organic pollutants and remove contamination. It describes how bacteria, fungi and other microbes break down waste organic matter through metabolic processes. The document also discusses how genetic engineering can be used to design microorganisms capable of degrading specific contaminants more efficiently. Examples are provided of various bacteria and fungi that have been genetically modified or studied for their ability to break down pollutants like benzene, toluene, chlorobenzoate and heavy metals.
Beacuse ...deinococcus - thermus is a phylum of bacteria that are .pdf
Beacuse ...
deinococcus - thermus is a phylum of bacteria that are highly resistance to environmenta hazards
and known as extremophiles
dinococcus include two families (1) deinococcaceae and 2) trueperaceae with three genera
(1)deinococcus (2) deinobacterium (3) trueperal
The geneus include several species that are resistant to radiation and it is famous for their ability
to eat nuclear waste and other toxic material
it survive in the vaccum of space and extreme heat and cold
-> thermales includes several genera are resitant to heat eg
(marinithermus,meiothermus,oceanithermus,thermus , vulcanithermus, rhabdothermus,)
the thermus aquatic are important in the development of pcr ( polymerase chain reaction)
and repeated cycles of heating DNA to near boiling make it advantage to use a thermostable
DNA polymerase enzyme
Solution
Beacuse ...
deinococcus - thermus is a phylum of bacteria that are highly resistance to environmenta hazards
and known as extremophiles
dinococcus include two families (1) deinococcaceae and 2) trueperaceae with three genera
(1)deinococcus (2) deinobacterium (3) trueperal
The geneus include several species that are resistant to radiation and it is famous for their ability
to eat nuclear waste and other toxic material
it survive in the vaccum of space and extreme heat and cold
-> thermales includes several genera are resitant to heat eg
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the thermus aquatic are important in the development of pcr ( polymerase chain reaction)
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This slide lecture is for students seeking help regarding Metagenomics. Do remember me in your prayers.
Metagenomics Applications, Metagenomics working principles , Metagenomic libraries
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Environmental Biotechnology -
the development, use and regulation of
biological systems for remediation of
contaminated environments (land, air,
water), and for environment-friendly
processes.
Bioremediation - the use of
microorganisms to remedy
environmental problems
What do they all have in common?
The advent of the Industrial Revolution
increase in products and waste
people moved to the city
increase in human population
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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976)
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Thanks!!
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Deinococcus radiodurans
- 2. •one of the most radiation-resistant organisms known. •a polyextremophile •the world's toughest bacterium in The Guinness Book Of World Records •from the Ancient Greek δεινός (deinos) and κόκκος (kokkos) meaning "terrible grain/berry" and the Latin radius and durare, meaning "radiation surviving". •formerly called Micrococcus radiodurans. •Conan the Bacterium.
- 3. Deinococcus radiodurans A tetrad of D. radiodurans Scientific classification Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Deinococcus-Thermus Order: Deinococcales Genus: Deinococcus Species: D. radiodurans Binomial name Deinococcus radiodurans Brooks & Murray, 1981
- 4. •discovered in 1956 by Arthur W. Anderson at the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station in Corvallis, Oregon. •The complete DNA sequence of D. radiodurans was published in 1999 by TIGR. • A detailed annotation and analysis of the genome appeared by Michael Daly and his colleagues (2001).
- 5. •rather large, spherical bacterium, with a diameter of 1.5 to 3.5 µm. •,forms a tetrad. •easily cultured and do not appear to cause disease. • Colonies are smooth, convex, and pink to red in color. •The cells stain Gram positive, cell wall : Gram negative bacteria • does not form endospores and is nonmotile. •. found in habitats rich in organic materials
- 6. •an obligate aerobic chemoorganoheterotroph •It is extremely resistant to ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, desiccation, and oxidizing and electrophilic agents. •genome consists of two circular chromosomes and many plasmids •its stationary phase, each bacterial cell 4 copies of this genome; rapidly multiplying, each bacterium 8- 10 copies of the genome.
- 7. •capable of withstanding an acute dose of 5,000 Gy (500,000 rad) of ionizing radiation with almost no loss of viability, and an acute dose of 15,000 Gy with 37% viability. •has a unique ability to repair damaged DNA.
- 8. •resistance to radiation by having multiple copies of its genome and rapid DNA repair mechanisms. • usually repairs in its chromosomes within 12–24 hours by a 2-step process. 1.single-stranded annealing. 2. homologous recombination. • tightly packed into toroids
- 9. •capable of genetic transformation, •Michael Daly has suggested the bacterium uses manganese complexes as antioxidants for protection against radiation.(2007) •In 2009, nitric oxide was reported to play an important role in the bacteria's recovery from radiation exposure.
- 10. •genetically engineered for use in bioremediation to consume and digest solvents and heavy metals, even in a highly radioactive site. •For example, the bacterial mercuric reductase gene has been cloned from Escherichia coli into Deinococcus to detoxify the ionic mercury residue
- 11. •U.S. scientists demonstrated D. radiodurans could be used as a means of information storage that might survive a nuclear catastrophe (2003).
Editor's Notes
- .[A dose of 5,000 Gy is estimated to introduce several hundred double-strand breaks (DSBs) into the organism's DNA (~0.005 DSB/Gy/Mbp (haploid genome)). For comparison, a chest X-ray or Apollo mission involves about 1 mGy, 5 Gy can kill a human, 200-800 Gy will kill E. coli, and over 4,000 Gy will kill the radiation-resistant tardigrade.