Mumbai University
Mechanical engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
module 1.3
Deformation:
Definition, elastic and plastic deformation, Mechanism of deformation and its significance in design and shaping, Critical Resolved shear stress, Deformation in single crystal and polycrystalline materials, Slip systems and deformability of FCC, BCC and HCP lattice systems.
Strength of Materials Lecture - 2
Elastic stress and strain of materials (stress-strain diagram)
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology.
Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Recrystallization is the process in which deformed grains of the crystal structure are replaced by a new set of stress-free grains that nucleate and grow until all the original grains have been consumed. The process is accomplished by heating the material to temperatures above that of crystallization.
Mumbai University.
Mechanical Engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
Module 2.2
Fatigue Failure:
Definition of fatigue and significance of cyclic stress, Mechanism of fatigue and theories of fatigue failure, Fatigue testing, Test data presentation and statistical evolution, S-N Curve and its interpretation, Influence of important factors on fatigue, Notch effect, surface effect, Effect of pre-stressing, corrosion fatigue, Thermal fatigue.
Material remains intact
Original crystal structure is not destroyed
Crystal distortion is extremely localized
Possible mechanisms:
Translational glide (slipping)
Twin glide (twinning)
This is a ppt which will give u a better understanding of fracture toughness of a material in short time. It also has great exposure to testing method that we do in our laboratory class in undergraduate courses. So good luck with slide.
This presentation is by Flt Lt Dinesh Gupta, Associate Professor (Mechanical Engineering) NIET, Alwar (Rajasthan). It covers topic on Fluctuating Stresses related to Machine Design subject.
Strength of Materials Lecture - 2
Elastic stress and strain of materials (stress-strain diagram)
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology.
Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Recrystallization is the process in which deformed grains of the crystal structure are replaced by a new set of stress-free grains that nucleate and grow until all the original grains have been consumed. The process is accomplished by heating the material to temperatures above that of crystallization.
Mumbai University.
Mechanical Engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
Module 2.2
Fatigue Failure:
Definition of fatigue and significance of cyclic stress, Mechanism of fatigue and theories of fatigue failure, Fatigue testing, Test data presentation and statistical evolution, S-N Curve and its interpretation, Influence of important factors on fatigue, Notch effect, surface effect, Effect of pre-stressing, corrosion fatigue, Thermal fatigue.
Material remains intact
Original crystal structure is not destroyed
Crystal distortion is extremely localized
Possible mechanisms:
Translational glide (slipping)
Twin glide (twinning)
This is a ppt which will give u a better understanding of fracture toughness of a material in short time. It also has great exposure to testing method that we do in our laboratory class in undergraduate courses. So good luck with slide.
This presentation is by Flt Lt Dinesh Gupta, Associate Professor (Mechanical Engineering) NIET, Alwar (Rajasthan). It covers topic on Fluctuating Stresses related to Machine Design subject.
undamentals of Crystal Structure: BCC, FCC and HCP Structures, coordination number and atomic packing factors, crystal imperfections -point line and surface imperfections. Atomic Diffusion: Phenomenon, Fick’s laws of diffusion, factors affecting diffusion.
This slide is all about crystal structure such as unit cell, simple cubic unit cell, body-centered unit cell, and face-centered unit cell. Also, I explained Crystal defects such as line defects, planar defects, and point defects.
Arrangement of atoms can be most simply portrayed by Crystal Lattice, in which atoms are visualized as, Hard Balls located at particular locations
Space Lattice / Lattice: Periodic arrangement of points in space with respect to three dimensional network of lines
Each atom in lattice when replaced by a point is called Lattice Point, which are the intersections of above network of lines
Arrangement of such points in 3-D space is called Lattice Array and 3-D space is called Lattice Space
Mumbai University.
Mechanical Engineering
SEM V
Dynamics of Machinery
Governors and Gyroscopes:
1.1 Governors: Introduction to Centrifugal and Inertia governors, Force analysis of governors-
Porter and Hartnell governors, Performance characteristics of governors, Governors effort
and power
1.2 Gyroscope: Introduction, Gyroscopic couple and its effect on spinning bodies, naval ships
during steering, pitching, rolling and their stabilization. Effect of gyroscopic and centrifugal
couples, permissible speeds on curve paths, gyroscopic effect due to lateral misalignment of
rigid disc mounted on shaft.
09
2
2.1 Static and Dynamic force analysis, in slider crank mechanism (neglecting mass of
connecting rod and crank), Engine force analysis, Turning moment on crank shaft
2.2 Dynamically equivalent systems, to convert rigid body in to two mass with and without
correction couple
06
3
3.1 Basic Concepts of Vibration:
Vibration and oscillation, causes and effects of vibrations, Vibration parameters - springs,
mass, damper, damper models, Motion- periodic, non-periodic, degree of freedom, static
equilibrium position, vibration classification, steps involved in vibration analysis
3.2 Free Undamped Single Degree of Freedom Vibration System:
Longitudinal, transverse, torsional, vibration system, methods for formulation of differential
equations by Newton, Energy, Lagrangian and Rayleigh's method
08
4
4.1 Free Damped Single Degree of Freedom Vibration System:
Viscous damped system - under damped, critically damped, over damped; Logarithmic
decrement; Coulomb's damping
4.2 Equivalent Single Degree of Freedom Vibration System:
Conversion of multi-springs, multi masses, multi-dampers into a single spring and damper
with linear or rotational co-ordinate system, Introduction to free multi-degree of freedom
vibration systems
07
5
5.1 Forced Single Degree of Freedom Vibratory System:
Analysis of linear and torsional systems subjected to harmonic force excitation and harmonic
motion excitation (excluding elastic damper)
5.2 Vibration Isolation and Transmissibility:
Force Transmissibility, motion transmissibility, typical isolators & mounts.
5.3 Vibration Measuring instruments: Principle of seismic instruments, vibrometer,
accelerometer - undamped and damped, Introduction to conditioning monitoring and fault
diagnosis
6
6.1 Rotor Dynamics:
Critical speed of single rotor, undamped and damped
6.2 Balancing: Static and Dynamic balancing of multi rotor system, balancing of reciprocating
masses in In-line engines, V-engines (excluding other radial engines)
Mumbai University.
Mechanical Engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
Module 6
Introduction to New materials:
6.1 Composites: Basic concepts of composites, Processing of composites, advantages over metallic materials, various types of composites and their applications
6.2 Nano Materials: Introduction, Concepts, synthesis of nanomaterials, examples, applications, and Nanocomposites
6.3 An overview to Smart materials (e.g.: Rheological fluids)
Mumbai University.
Mechanical Engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
Module 5
Effect of Alloying Elements in Steels:
Limitation of plain carbon steels, Significance of alloying elements, Effects of major and minor constituents, Effect of alloying elements on phase transformation Classification of tool steels and metallurgy of tool steels and stainless steel
Mumbai University.
Mechanical Engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
MOdule 2.2
Theory of Alloys& Alloys Diagrams :
Significance of alloying, Definition, Classification and properties of different types of alloys, Solidification of pure metal, Different types of phase diagrams (Isomorphous, Eutectic,
08
University of Mumbai, B. E. (Mechanical Engineering), Rev 2016 19
Peritectic, Eutectoid, Peritectoid) and their analysis, Importance of Iron as engineering material, Allotropic forms of Iron, Influence of carbon in Iron- Carbon alloying Iron-Iron carbide diagram and its analysis
Mumbai University.
Mechanical Engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
MOdule 3
TTT diagram, CCT diagram Hardenability concepts and tests, Graphitization of Iron- Grey iron, white iron, Nodular and malleable irons, their microstructures, properties and applications
Mumbai University.
Mechanical Engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
MOdule 2.1
Fracture:
Definition and types of facture, Brittle fracture: Griffith’s theory of fracture, Orowan’s modification, Dislocation theory of fracture, Critical stress and crack propagation velocity for brittle fracture, Ductile fracture: Notch effect on fracture, Fracture toughness, Ductility transition, Definition and significance
Mumbai University.
Mechanical Engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
Module 2.3
Creep:
Definition and significance of creep, Effect of temperature and creep on mechanical behaviours of materials, Creep testing and data presentation and analysis, Mechanism and types of creep, Analysis of classical creep curve and use of creep rate in designing of products for load-bearing applications, Creep Resistant materials
Mumbai University
Mechanical engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
Module 1.4
Strain Hardening:
Definition importance of strain hardening, Dislocation theory of strain hardening, Effect of strain hardening on engineering behaviour of materials, Recrystallization Annealing: stages of recrystallization annealing and factors affecting it
Mumbai University_Mechanical Enginnering_SEM III_ Material technology_Module 1.2
Lattice Imperfections:
Definition, classification and significance of Imperfections Point defects: vacancy, interstitial and impurity atom defects, Their formation and effects, Dislocation - Edge and screw dislocations Burger’s vector, Motion of dislocations and their significance, Surface defects - Grain boundary, sub-angle grain boundary and stacking faults, their significance, Generation of dislocation, Frank Reed source, conditions of multiplication and significance
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. Plastic deformation
Plastic deformation of single crystals
Plastic deformation by slip
Plastic deformation by twinning.
3. The happenings in terms of mechanics
1. No deformation / minute elastic deformation
2. Excessive elastic deformation
3. Yielding / Plastic deformation Failure
4. Fracture
Are they desirable?
1. No deformation : Structural applications
2. Elastic deformation: Springs
3. Plastic deformation : Metal working applications,
Strengthening
4. Plastic deformation + Fracture : Machining, Testing
4. If the solid body is loaded beyond the elastic limit, the
body will experience a permanent change in shape and
size, even if the load is removed.
Plastic deformation of metals and alloys is generally
studied under two categories namely,
i. Plastic deformation of single crystals.
ii. Plastic deformation of polycrystalline materials
5. Plastic deformation of single crystals involve the study of
one single crystal and observing how it behaves under
stress.
A single crystal is nothing but a single grain and has no
grain boundaries.
Plastic deformation in single crystals may take place by
i. Slip
ii. Twinning or
iii. a combination of both.
6.
7. Slip is the most common mode of plastic deformation
among crystals.
When a single crystal in tension is stressed beyond its
elastic limit, a step appears such that the single crystal
divides into two blocks .
When the tensile load is further increased, the blocks
become again divided and relative displacement takes place.
Slip occurs due to the movement of dislocations through the
crystal as shown in below figure.
8. To understand ‘how slip can lead to shape change?’;
we consider a square crystal deformed to a rhombus
(as Below).
9.
10.
11.
12. The movement of dislocations can be compared to the
movement of an caterpillar as its arches its back in
order to move forward.
13. In twinning each plane of atoms move through a definite
distance and in the same direction.
The extent of movement of each plane is proportional to its
distance from the twinning plane.
When a shear stress is applied, the crystal will twin about
the twinning plane in such a way that the region to the left
of the twinning plane is not deformed whereas the region to
the right is deformed.
The atomic arrangement on either side of the twinned plane
is in such a way that they are mirror reflections of each
other.
14.
15.
16. S.no Slip Twinning
1 Crystal slip is a line defect. Twinning is a surface defect grain boundary defect.
2 During slip, all atoms in a block move the same distance.
During twinning, the atoms in each successive plane in a block move
through different distances proportional to their distance from twinning
plane.
3
Slip is commonly observed in Body-centered Cubic (BCC) and
Face Centered Cubic (FCC) metals.
Twinning is commonly observed in Hexagonal Close Packing
(HCP) metals.
4 After the slip, the crystal axis remains the same. After twinning, the crystal axis is deformed.
5 The slipped crystal lattice has the same orientation. The twinned crystal lattice is the minor image of the original lattice.
6 The stress required for slip is comparatively low. The stress required for twinning is comparatively more.
7
The stress necessary to propagate slip is usually higher than
the stress required to start slip.
The stress necessary to propagate twinning is lesser than that required
starting it.
8 Slip can be seen as thin lines when viewed under microscope. Twinning can be seen as broad lines when viewed under microscope.
9
For slipping to occur, a threshold value of stress called critical
resolved shear stress is required.
For twinning to occur, no such threshold value of stress is required.
18. SIMPLE CUBIC STRUCTURE (SC)
Atoms are located at the corners of the cube only.
Rare due to low packing density (only Polyolefin (Po) has this structure)
Close-packed directions are cube edges.
Coordination # = 6
(# nearest neighbours)
22. BODY CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE (BCC)
Atoms are located at the corners of the cube and one atom at the centre.
ex: Cr, W, Tantalum, Molybdenum, Sodium etc
Coordination # = 8
2 atoms/unit cell: 1 center + 8 corners x 1/8
25. ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR:BCC
a
APF =
4
( 3 a/4 ) 3
3
2
atoms
unit cell atom
volume
a 3
unit cell
volume
Close-packed directions:
length = 4R = 3 a
• APF for a body-centered cubic structure = 0.68
2 a
3 a
26. FACE CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE (FCC)
Atoms are located at the corners of the cube and one atom at each face of the
cube.
Atoms touch each other along face diagonals.
--ex: Al, copper, gold, silver, calcium etc
Coordination # = 12
H
a
r
i
P
r
a
s
a
d
4 atoms/unit cell: 6 face x 1/2 + 8 corners x 1/8
28. ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR: FCC
H
a
r
i
P
r
a
s
a
d
• APF for a face-centered cubic structure = 0.74
maximum achievable APF
4
( 2 a/4 )3
3
4
atoms
unit cell
APF =
atom
volume
a3
unit cell
volume
Close-packed directions:
length = 4R = 2 a
Unit cell contains: 6 x
1/2 + 8 x 1/8
= 4 atoms/unit cell
29. • FCC Unit Cell
FCC STACKING SEQUENCE
• ABCABC... Stacking Sequence
• 2D Projection
BB
BA sites
B sites
C sites
C
B
C
B
C
B B
A
A
B
C
30. A B
+ +
FCC
=
Putting atoms in the B position in the II layer and in C positions in the III layer we get
a stacking sequence ABCABCABC…. The CCP(FCC) crystal
A
B
C
A
B
C
C
31. • Coordination # = 12
• APF = 0.74
HEXAGONAL CLOSE-PACKED STRUCTURE (HCP)
6 atoms/unit cell
ex: Mg, Ti, Zn
• c/a = 1.633
c
a
B sites
A sites Bottom layer
Middle layer
• Unit cell has an atom at each twelve corners of the hexagonal prism, one atom at the center
of the two hexagonal faces, three atoms at the body of the cell.
• 3D Projection • 2D Projection
A sites Top layer
32. APF FOR HCP C=1.633a
Number of atoms in HCP unit cell=
(12/6)+(2/2)+(3/1)=6atoms
Vol.of HCP unit cell=
area of the hexagonal face X height of the hexagonal
Area of the hexagonal face=area of each triangle X6
a
h
a
𝒃𝒉
Area of triangle =
𝟐
=
𝒂𝒉
𝟐
𝟏 𝒂 𝟑
= 𝒂.
𝟐 𝟐
Area of hexagon = 𝟔.
𝒂 𝟐
𝟑
𝟒
Volume of HCP= 𝟔.
𝒂 𝟑𝟐 𝟐
𝒂 𝟑
𝟒 𝟒
. 𝐂 = 𝟔. . 𝟏.𝟔𝟑𝟑𝐚
APF= 6∗
𝟒𝝅𝒓 𝟑
𝟑
𝟑 𝟒
/( ∗ 𝟔 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝟑 ∗ 𝐚𝟑)
a=2r
APF =0.74