This Presentation meant for second year B.Pharmacy students for getting information regarding Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Volatile oil
Introduction to secondary metabolites:
Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Alkaloids,
Glycosides, Flavonoids, Tannins, Volatile oil and Resins
Flavonoids are the products of secondary metabolism of plants and, currently, over 4000 have been identified.
In fruits and vegetables, they are usually found in the form of glycosides and sometimes as acylglycosides, while acylated, methylated and sulfate molecules are less frequent and in lower concentrations.
They are water-soluble and accumulate in cell vacuoles.
This slide contains all information on resin meant for Second year B.Pharmacy students. Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Resins
The organic compounds from plants or animal sources which on enzymatic or acid hydrolysis give one or more sugar moieties along with non-sugar moiety.
Sugar moiety known as Glycone and non-sugar moiety known as aglycone
Chemically, they are the acetals or sugar ethers, formed by interaction of hydroxyl group each of non-sugar and sugar moiety, with a loss of water molecule.
The hydroxyl group of aglycone may be alcoholic or phenolic and in some cases from amines
The sugars involved in glycosides are of different types, but most commonly, it is β - D - glucose.
The other sugars found are galactose, mannose, rhamnose, digitoxose, cymarose, etc.
The linkage between glycone and aglycone is called glycosidic linkage and on the basis of this linkage, alpha and beta stereoisomers are assigned.
This presentation meant for second year B.pharmacy students for the subject of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry It contains Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Tannins
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing following drugs
08
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
3
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Acacia,
Introduction to secondary metabolites:
Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Alkaloids,
Glycosides, Flavonoids, Tannins, Volatile oil and Resins
Flavonoids are the products of secondary metabolism of plants and, currently, over 4000 have been identified.
In fruits and vegetables, they are usually found in the form of glycosides and sometimes as acylglycosides, while acylated, methylated and sulfate molecules are less frequent and in lower concentrations.
They are water-soluble and accumulate in cell vacuoles.
This slide contains all information on resin meant for Second year B.Pharmacy students. Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Resins
The organic compounds from plants or animal sources which on enzymatic or acid hydrolysis give one or more sugar moieties along with non-sugar moiety.
Sugar moiety known as Glycone and non-sugar moiety known as aglycone
Chemically, they are the acetals or sugar ethers, formed by interaction of hydroxyl group each of non-sugar and sugar moiety, with a loss of water molecule.
The hydroxyl group of aglycone may be alcoholic or phenolic and in some cases from amines
The sugars involved in glycosides are of different types, but most commonly, it is β - D - glucose.
The other sugars found are galactose, mannose, rhamnose, digitoxose, cymarose, etc.
The linkage between glycone and aglycone is called glycosidic linkage and on the basis of this linkage, alpha and beta stereoisomers are assigned.
This presentation meant for second year B.pharmacy students for the subject of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry It contains Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Tannins
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing following drugs
08
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
3
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Acacia,
Jute is collected from the stem bark of Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius plants. The stems are cut before flowering and undergo a retting process where they are soaked in water. This softens the fibers and allows them to be separated from the inner woody core. Jute fibers are long, golden yellow in color, and contain high amounts of cellulose. They are used to make cloth, sacks, twine and rope. Hibiscus cannabinus fibers can substitute for jute.
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing the following drugs
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton,
Tragacanth is a dried gummy exudation obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of Astragalus gummifer. It occurs in thin, flattened, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellowish-white in color. Tragacanth contains two fractions - the water-soluble portion called tragacanthin and the water-insoluble portion called bassorin. It is used as a demulcent, emollient, and thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in pharmaceutical and food products.
This document provides information about volatile oils. It begins by defining volatile oils as odorous and volatile products produced by plants. Volatile oils are composed of terpenes and their derivatives and are found in secretory tissues of plants. They can be extracted through various methods including water, steam, solvent extraction and expression. Common sources of volatile oils include leaves, flowers, bark and seeds. Tests can identify volatile oils in plants using reagents like Sudan III. Volatile oils have many pharmaceutical applications as fragrances, flavors and medicines due to their antimicrobial and other therapeutic properties.
Glycosides are organic natural compounds found in many plants and some animals. They contain a sugar (glycone) moiety and a non-sugar (aglycone or genin) moiety linked by a glycosidic bond. The sugar is usually beta-D-glucose but can also be galactose, mannose, rhamnose, or digitoxose. Glycosides have therapeutic effects due to the aglycone part, and the sugar moiety facilitates absorption and transport of the aglycone. Glycosides are hydrolyzed to release the active aglycone. They are used traditionally and in modern medicines for various purposes such as cardiac effects, laxatives, analgesics, and
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(d) Proteins and Enzymes :Gelatin,
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that are classified based on their chemical structure. They are abundant in many plant families and occur as both free compounds and glycosides. Key classes include flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, and anthocyanidins. Flavonoids have a variety of biological effects and are found in several plants that are used medicinally such as orange peel, garcinia, soybean, liquorice, cranberry, and buckwheat.
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing organic compounds found in many plants. They have diverse physiological effects in humans and other animals. Well-known alkaloids include morphine, quinine, and nicotine. The document then provides tables summarizing various alkaloidal plants, the chemical categories and constituents of the alkaloids found in each plant, and their common uses. It also summarizes other classes of plant secondary metabolites including phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, volatile oils, tannins, resins, and glycosides. For each class, examples of plants containing those compounds are given along with the specific chemicals and their functions.
This document categorizes different types of fibers into four main groups: 1) plant fibers such as jute, flax, banana, and cotton; 2) animal fibers including silk and wool; 3) regenerated fibers made from carbohydrates like rayon and proteins like fibrolin; and 4) synthetic fibers like nylon and terylene. It also lists a subgroup of mineral fibers including glass and asbestos.
Tragacanth is a gum obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of various Astragalus species found in the Middle East, India, and Central Asia. It is collected as an exudate that dries into thin, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellow in color. Tragacanth is composed of tragacanthin, which is water soluble, and bassorin, which is water insoluble. It is used as a thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics due to its high viscosity when dissolved in water.
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents.pptxZuli Shingala
general Isolation methods for alkaloids
isolation, identification and analysis of phytoconstituents like Caffeine, Atropine, Glycyrrhetinic acid, Podophyllotoxin
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of natural origin containing the following drugs
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
This document provides information on various resins and resin combinations. It begins with definitions of resins and discusses where they are produced in plants. General properties of resins are outlined, including that they are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Resins are classified in different ways including by botanical origin and predominant chemical constituents. Examples of different types of resins like acid resins, ester resins and resin alcohols are given. Methods of preparation of natural and prepared resins are summarized. The document concludes by providing details on specific resins and resin combinations like cannabis, podophyllum, ginger, capsicum, benzoin and asafoetida.
Lignans are phenylpropanoid dimers found widely in plants. Podophyllum lignans from Podophyllum species have anticancer and antiviral properties. Their structure contains five rings. Phenylpropane units in lignans are derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside is a prominent lignan in flaxseed that has antioxidant and antiplatelet effects. Quassinoids from Quassia species have insecticidal, antibacterial, and antitumor properties. Their basic structure contains a beta-carbolinium ion.
This document provides an overview of pharmacognosy, including its definition, historical development, and modern applications. It discusses how pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs from natural sources like plants, animals, and minerals. Over time, the field has advanced from early empirical use of natural remedies to the systematic isolation and characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredients using analytical techniques. Pharmacognosy continues to contribute to drug discovery and development through the study of natural products.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are oils extracted from plants that are volatile and evaporate easily. They are produced in secretory cells, ducts, or glandular hairs of plants and are often associated with other substances like gums and resins. The main extraction methods for volatile oils are distillation in water or steam, expression via scarification, solvent extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis of glycosidic oils, and enfleurage. Volatile oils have various therapeutic uses like inhalation, oral ingestion, mouthwashes, and transdermal application in aromatherapy. Oils with high phenol content have antiseptic properties.
The document discusses volatile oils and resins, noting that volatile oils are extracted from plants through distillation or solvent extraction and are mixtures of organic compounds used for things like flavoring, perfumes, and medicine, while resins are solid plant extracts that are insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and used in things like pharmaceuticals and perfumery. Resins can be natural exudates from plants or prepared extracts and are often associated with volatile oils, gums, or both in combinations like oleoresins, gum-resins, and oleo-gum-resins.
The document provides information about volatile oils (also known as essential oils), including their definition, properties, chemical nature, classification, methods of preparation from plants, production and uses. It discusses several individual volatile oils (clove, cinnamon, eucalyptus, mentha, sandalwood, lemon grass), describing their method of production, chemical constituents, medicinal uses, and diagnostic characters.
Different Methods of Preparation of Oils and TilaAkhtar Ali
The document discusses different methods for preparing oils and tila (sesame seeds). It describes various techniques for extracting fixed oils from seeds and nuts, including manual pressing, expeller pressing, solvent extraction, and steam distillation. It also covers methods for extracting volatile essential oils, such as enfleurage, expression, steam distillation, and solvent extraction. Finally, it provides recommendations for properly packaging and storing oils to maximize shelf life and prevent rancidity.
Jute is collected from the stem bark of Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius plants. The stems are cut before flowering and undergo a retting process where they are soaked in water. This softens the fibers and allows them to be separated from the inner woody core. Jute fibers are long, golden yellow in color, and contain high amounts of cellulose. They are used to make cloth, sacks, twine and rope. Hibiscus cannabinus fibers can substitute for jute.
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing the following drugs
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton,
Tragacanth is a dried gummy exudation obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of Astragalus gummifer. It occurs in thin, flattened, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellowish-white in color. Tragacanth contains two fractions - the water-soluble portion called tragacanthin and the water-insoluble portion called bassorin. It is used as a demulcent, emollient, and thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in pharmaceutical and food products.
This document provides information about volatile oils. It begins by defining volatile oils as odorous and volatile products produced by plants. Volatile oils are composed of terpenes and their derivatives and are found in secretory tissues of plants. They can be extracted through various methods including water, steam, solvent extraction and expression. Common sources of volatile oils include leaves, flowers, bark and seeds. Tests can identify volatile oils in plants using reagents like Sudan III. Volatile oils have many pharmaceutical applications as fragrances, flavors and medicines due to their antimicrobial and other therapeutic properties.
Glycosides are organic natural compounds found in many plants and some animals. They contain a sugar (glycone) moiety and a non-sugar (aglycone or genin) moiety linked by a glycosidic bond. The sugar is usually beta-D-glucose but can also be galactose, mannose, rhamnose, or digitoxose. Glycosides have therapeutic effects due to the aglycone part, and the sugar moiety facilitates absorption and transport of the aglycone. Glycosides are hydrolyzed to release the active aglycone. They are used traditionally and in modern medicines for various purposes such as cardiac effects, laxatives, analgesics, and
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(d) Proteins and Enzymes :Gelatin,
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that are classified based on their chemical structure. They are abundant in many plant families and occur as both free compounds and glycosides. Key classes include flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, and anthocyanidins. Flavonoids have a variety of biological effects and are found in several plants that are used medicinally such as orange peel, garcinia, soybean, liquorice, cranberry, and buckwheat.
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing organic compounds found in many plants. They have diverse physiological effects in humans and other animals. Well-known alkaloids include morphine, quinine, and nicotine. The document then provides tables summarizing various alkaloidal plants, the chemical categories and constituents of the alkaloids found in each plant, and their common uses. It also summarizes other classes of plant secondary metabolites including phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, volatile oils, tannins, resins, and glycosides. For each class, examples of plants containing those compounds are given along with the specific chemicals and their functions.
This document categorizes different types of fibers into four main groups: 1) plant fibers such as jute, flax, banana, and cotton; 2) animal fibers including silk and wool; 3) regenerated fibers made from carbohydrates like rayon and proteins like fibrolin; and 4) synthetic fibers like nylon and terylene. It also lists a subgroup of mineral fibers including glass and asbestos.
Tragacanth is a gum obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of various Astragalus species found in the Middle East, India, and Central Asia. It is collected as an exudate that dries into thin, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellow in color. Tragacanth is composed of tragacanthin, which is water soluble, and bassorin, which is water insoluble. It is used as a thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics due to its high viscosity when dissolved in water.
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents.pptxZuli Shingala
general Isolation methods for alkaloids
isolation, identification and analysis of phytoconstituents like Caffeine, Atropine, Glycyrrhetinic acid, Podophyllotoxin
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of natural origin containing the following drugs
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
This document provides information on various resins and resin combinations. It begins with definitions of resins and discusses where they are produced in plants. General properties of resins are outlined, including that they are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Resins are classified in different ways including by botanical origin and predominant chemical constituents. Examples of different types of resins like acid resins, ester resins and resin alcohols are given. Methods of preparation of natural and prepared resins are summarized. The document concludes by providing details on specific resins and resin combinations like cannabis, podophyllum, ginger, capsicum, benzoin and asafoetida.
Lignans are phenylpropanoid dimers found widely in plants. Podophyllum lignans from Podophyllum species have anticancer and antiviral properties. Their structure contains five rings. Phenylpropane units in lignans are derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside is a prominent lignan in flaxseed that has antioxidant and antiplatelet effects. Quassinoids from Quassia species have insecticidal, antibacterial, and antitumor properties. Their basic structure contains a beta-carbolinium ion.
This document provides an overview of pharmacognosy, including its definition, historical development, and modern applications. It discusses how pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs from natural sources like plants, animals, and minerals. Over time, the field has advanced from early empirical use of natural remedies to the systematic isolation and characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredients using analytical techniques. Pharmacognosy continues to contribute to drug discovery and development through the study of natural products.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are oils extracted from plants that are volatile and evaporate easily. They are produced in secretory cells, ducts, or glandular hairs of plants and are often associated with other substances like gums and resins. The main extraction methods for volatile oils are distillation in water or steam, expression via scarification, solvent extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis of glycosidic oils, and enfleurage. Volatile oils have various therapeutic uses like inhalation, oral ingestion, mouthwashes, and transdermal application in aromatherapy. Oils with high phenol content have antiseptic properties.
The document discusses volatile oils and resins, noting that volatile oils are extracted from plants through distillation or solvent extraction and are mixtures of organic compounds used for things like flavoring, perfumes, and medicine, while resins are solid plant extracts that are insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and used in things like pharmaceuticals and perfumery. Resins can be natural exudates from plants or prepared extracts and are often associated with volatile oils, gums, or both in combinations like oleoresins, gum-resins, and oleo-gum-resins.
The document provides information about volatile oils (also known as essential oils), including their definition, properties, chemical nature, classification, methods of preparation from plants, production and uses. It discusses several individual volatile oils (clove, cinnamon, eucalyptus, mentha, sandalwood, lemon grass), describing their method of production, chemical constituents, medicinal uses, and diagnostic characters.
Different Methods of Preparation of Oils and TilaAkhtar Ali
The document discusses different methods for preparing oils and tila (sesame seeds). It describes various techniques for extracting fixed oils from seeds and nuts, including manual pressing, expeller pressing, solvent extraction, and steam distillation. It also covers methods for extracting volatile essential oils, such as enfleurage, expression, steam distillation, and solvent extraction. Finally, it provides recommendations for properly packaging and storing oils to maximize shelf life and prevent rancidity.
Mentha piperita, also known as peppermint, is a hybrid mint plant whose leaves and oil are used widely for flavoring, fragrance, and medicine. The plant is native to Europe and has been cultivated for its essential oil which is obtained through steam distillation. Peppermint oil is composed primarily of menthol and menthone which have analgesic, antispasmodic, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used to relieve conditions like headaches, irritable bowel syndrome, and digestive issues. Peppermint tea and lozenges are common forms used to impart flavor and provide therapeutic benefits. The plant requires adequate water and grows well in shaded, humid locations.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are liquid, volatile compounds found in plants and animals. They evaporate at ordinary temperatures. Chemically, they are derived from terpenes and their oxygenated compounds. Common examples include oils from clove, cinnamon, fennel, and coriander. Distillation is a widely used method to extract volatile oils from plant material, while other methods include solvent extraction, mechanical expression, and enzymatic hydrolysis. Volatile oils have various medicinal and industrial uses such as flavoring agents, fragrances, and antimicrobials.
Volatile oils and related terpenoids-Methods of obtaining volatile oils,
chemistry, their medicinal and commercial uses, biosynthesis of some important
volatile oils used as drugs.
Volatile oils are oils that are characterized by their volatility and failure to saponify. They evaporate when they are exposed to the air and thus are capable of distillation. They are derived from plant tissues. Thus, they may be produced naturally by extraction, particularly by distillation, often by using steam. They may also be made synthetically.
As medicines, volatile oils are used as stimulants, stomach aches, correctives, and carminatives. Other use of volatile oil is for purposes of flavoring (e.g., peppermint oil). But the most common use of volatile oil is for the production of perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, and the like.
Volatile oil is sometimes called an essential oil. An essential oil is known for being a concentrated hydrophobic liquid with plant-derived, volatile aroma compounds. It is referred to as essential since it contains what seems to be the essence of the plant’s fragrance
Volatile oil
Introduction:
Definition:
All volatile oils are obtained from plant source Except oil of musk, from male deer and amber, from whale.
The volatile oil is obtained by steam distillation of plants or by other method .
This document discusses volatile oils, including their definition, sources, extraction methods, classification, and examples. Some key points:
- Volatile oils are aromatic, volatile plant compounds extracted from various plant parts. They have characteristic odors and evaporate at ordinary temperatures.
- Extraction methods include distillation, expression, and solvent extraction. Distillation in water or steam is commonly used.
- Volatile oils are mixtures of terpenes and aromatic compounds derived from isoprene units. Examples of terpene volatile oils discussed include peppermint, cubeb, and turpentine oils.
- Volatile oils have various uses such as in flavoring, perfumery, medicine, and
Secondary metabolite part 3 by pooja khanparaPOOJA KHANPARA
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are complex mixtures found in plants that are extracted through processes like distillation and solvent extraction. They have many uses including as flavors, fragrances, and traditional medicines. Cinnamon and peppermint oils are two examples. Cinnamon oil is extracted from the bark of Cinnamomum trees and contains cinnamaldehyde as its main component. Peppermint oil comes from mint leaves and is composed primarily of menthol. Both have aromatic properties and therapeutic activities like digestive aid and pain relief effects. Volatile oils demonstrate the chemical complexity found in plant secondary metabolites.
Extraction Of Essential Oil From Betel LeavesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on extracting essential oils from betel leaves. Betel leaves contain various beneficial compounds and essential oils that are of interest to researchers. The study investigated extracting oils from dried betel leaves using Soxhlet extraction with water and 70% ethanol as solvents. Water extraction yielded a higher amount (1.57g) than ethanol extraction (1.23g). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify compounds in the extracts. The extracts contained various alkaloids, phenolic compounds, acids and other soluble components.
Perfume extraction is the extraction of aromatic compounds from raw materials, using methods such as distillation, solvent extraction etc. The extracts are essential oils, absolutes, butters, depending on the amount of waxes in the extracted product. Here, in this work solvent extraction, Enfleurage method, hydrodistillation and steam distillation methods were used to extract essential oil from lemongrass leaves. Distillation based recovery processes such as steam and vacuum distillation are preferred for the extraction of essential oils from plant materials. Other methods include solvent extraction, expression or enfleurage. In the present work, four methods are used for oil extraction namely solvent extraction, hydrodistillation and enfleurage. By using solvent extraction, 2.07% yield of essential oil was obtained. In enfleurage method, we obtained 1.957% oil yield. 0.946% yield of oil was obtained by hydro distillation process. The steam distillation process gave 0.70% yield of oil. From the analysis solvent extraction gave the highest yield because of the less exposure air and heat and this confirm the literature value. The extracted essential oil was formulated into perfume using a fixative and carrier solvent.
Volatile oils are concentrated hydrophobic liquids containing volatile chemical compounds found in plants. They are also known as essential oils. Volatile oils serve several functions for plants, including protecting them from herbivores and pathogens through their strong smells, and attracting pollinators. For humans, volatile oils are used as food flavorings, in perfumes and cosmetics due to their scents, and in aromatherapy. Some common volatile oils discussed in the document include mentha oil from peppermint, clove oil containing eugenol, cinnamon oil containing cinnamaldehyde, fennel oil containing anethole, and coriander oil containing linalool. Volatile oils are extracted through various methods including
This document provides information about various lipids (fats and oils) obtained from plants and animals. It discusses the basic chemistry of lipids, describing them as esters of fatty acids and alcohols. Specific lipids are then outlined, including their source, composition, properties, and some uses. Key lipids discussed include olive oil, coconut oil, castor oil, linseed oil, peanut oil, chaulmoogra oil, and beeswax.
UNIT 2.4 VOLATILE OILS -PGPHY-2 By M H Ghante.pdfMahavir Ghante
This document discusses volatile oils, including their introduction, extraction methods, evaluation, and pharmaceutical applications. It defines volatile oils as odorous plant principles that evaporate at ordinary temperatures. The main extraction methods covered are distillation, solvent extraction, and expression. Evaluation methods described include organoleptic examination as well as physical measurements and chromatographic analysis. Finally, the document outlines pharmaceutical uses of volatile oils as flavorings, perfumes, and medicines for conditions like indigestion, intestinal parasites, and infections.
This document discusses volatile oils. It defines volatile oils as odorous and volatile plant or animal compounds that evaporate at room temperature and are soluble in alcohol and ether but insoluble in water. The document classifies volatile oils and lists examples. It discusses the occurrence of volatile oils in plant families and specific plants. Methods for isolating volatile oils like distillation and enfleurage are described. Identification tests using Sudan III and alkane tincture are outlined. Finally, the therapeutic activities of volatile oils are mentioned, such as use as carminatives, antiseptics, and insect repellents.
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plantsDr. Pritam Juvatkar
It provides significant information on the evolutionary history of plants which helps in better conservation of plant species.
It helps in crop domestication as it found high in vegetative content.
It also reveals information on how the plant genomes manage to succeed the effect of genome obesity.
Flowers become larger with thicker petals resulting in longer lasting flowers.
Increase fruits size than normal one.
Physical standards are to be determined for drugs, wherever possible.
These are rarely constant for crude drugs, but may help in evaluation, specifically with reference to
Moisture content,
Viscosity,
Melting point,
Solubility in different solvents,
Optical rotation,
Refractive index,
Ash.Values and Extractives
Volatile oil Content
Foreign Organic Matter :
Evaluation of crude drug morphological and chemical evaluationDr. Pritam Juvatkar
It is based on the study of morphological and sensory profiles of whole drug
Studies resulted due to impressions on organs of senses
Parameters of evaluation
Colour:- Brown colour of cinnamon,
Odour:- spice-drugs like, asafoetida, black pepper, nutmeg, caraway, cummin,
Taste :- Pungent taste of capsicum and ginger
Size, Shape :- ovoid tears of gum acacia, ribbon shaped characteristic of tragacanth, disc-shaped structure of nux-vomica,
Special features, like touch, texture: - wavy shape of rauwolfia, The fractured surfaces in cinchona, quillaia and cascara' barks and quassia wood
Instrumental methods: Various instrumental methods like colorimetry, fluorimetry, spectrophotometry etc. are used for the evaluation
Evaluation of crude drugs is necessary to identify them, determine quality and purity, and detect adulteration. Microscopic evaluation specifically can identify organized drugs by histological characters using reagents or stains. It involves examining parameters like stomatal number and index, vein-islet and veinlet termination numbers, palisade ratios, and presence of structures like starch grains or calcium oxalate crystals through techniques like the Lycopodium spore method. This allows determination of purity, detection of adulterants, and differentiation of similar drugs.
Adulteration & substitution of drugs of natural origin.Dr. Pritam Juvatkar
Adulteration & Substitution of drugs of natural origin.Adulteration involves different conditions such as deterioration, admixture, sophistication, substitution, inferiority and spoilage.
Deterioration:- It is impairment in the quality of drug, while admixture is addition of one article to another due to ignorance or, carelessness or by accident.
Sophistication:- It is the intentional or deliberate type of adulteration.
Substitution:- It occurs when some totally different substance is added in place of original drug.
Inferiority:- It refers to any substandard drug.
Spoilage:- It is due to the attack of microorganisms.
The document discusses several factors that influence the cultivation of medicinal plants, including atmospheric, exogenous, endogenous, and soil factors. Some key influencing factors are climate, altitude, humidity, fertilizers, irrigation, pests, and radiation. Different climatic conditions like temperature, rainfall, and sunlight affect plant growth. Altitude and latitude impact characteristics like alkaloid content and fatty acid composition. Pests such as fungi, viruses, insects, and rodents can reduce medicinal plant yields and require control methods including mechanical, chemical, and biological approaches.
General steps of plant tissue culture and nutritional requirements, growth an...Dr. Pritam Juvatkar
1. The document outlines the general steps of plant tissue culture which include preparation and sterilization of explants, production of callus from explants, proliferation through sub-culturing, and suspension culture.
2. It discusses the nutritional requirements for plant tissue culture media including macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, organic nutrients and growth regulators. Common media such as MS and B5 are described.
3. The roles of various elements, vitamins, carbon sources, and growth regulators used in plant tissue culture media are explained. The structures of some common growth regulators are also shown.
Plant tissue culture:
Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, Nutritional requirements, growth and their maintenance.
Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy. For second year B.pharmacy
This document discusses the taxonomic classification of crude drugs. Taxonomic classification is based on the biological relationships between plants and animals. It classifies crude drugs according to their phyla, order, class, family, genus and species. The classification considers different levels including class, subclass, order, family, genus and species. Examples of taxonomic classification are provided for the plants in the families Solanaceae and Leguminosae.
This document discusses the pharmacological classification of crude drugs. Pharmacological classification is based on the pharmacological or therapeutic action of the crude drug or its chemical constituents. Some advantages are that it suggests substitutes that can be used for a given class of drugs. The document provides examples of crude drugs classified based on their effects on different body systems like the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, and others. The classification of crude drugs based on their pharmacological actions is considered the most relevant method.
This document discusses morphological classification of crude drugs. Morphological classification organizes drugs based on the plant part used, such as leaves, roots, rhizomes, barks, fruits, and entire plants. Drugs derived directly from plant parts are called organized drugs, while drugs produced from plants through extraction or other processing are called unorganized drugs. Examples of each type are provided. While morphological classification is convenient for identification, it does not always correlate chemical constituents or therapeutic effects with the plant morphology. In summary, this document outlines morphological classification of crude drugs by the plant part used and distinguishes between organized and unorganized drugs.
Final classification of crude drug chemical classificationDr. Pritam Juvatkar
Crude drugs can be classified based on their chemical constituents. This classification groups drugs based on the presence of identical chemical compounds regardless of morphology or taxonomy. The main chemical groups used for classification include alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, lipids, resins, tannins, terpenes, vitamins, volatile oils, and proteins. Some examples of crude drugs classified based on their chemical components are tannins found in myrobalans and bahera, volatile oils in cinnamon and fennel, and alkaloids in nux-vomica and ergot. The chemical classification approach is useful for phytochemical studies but ambiguities can arise when drugs contain multiple types of compounds.
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(e) Lipids(Waxes, fats, fixed oils) :Wool Fat,
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(e) Lipids(Waxes, fats, fixed oils) : Chaulmoogra oil,
This document contains contact information for Pritam Juvatkar who is the Academica In-Charge and Head of Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry at Konkan Gyanpeeth Rahul Dharkar College of Pharmacy and Research Institute in Karjat. It also includes the chemical structures for Ricinoleic acid and Linoleic acid.
Yellow beeswax is obtained from the honeycomb of Apis mellifera bees. It is a yellow to brown colored, soft solid with an agreeable odor. Chemically, it contains esters of fatty acids and alcohols such as myricyl palmitate, cerotic acid, and melissic acid. Beeswax is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. It is used in ointments, polishes, candles, and cosmetics due to its hardening properties. Adulterants like colophony and stearic acid can be detected by solubility and melting point tests.
Bromelin is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes isolated from the juice and stem of pineapple (Ananas comosus). It is a collection of sulphur-containing protein digesting enzymes called proteases. Bromelin has several uses including as an anti-inflammatory, fibrinolytic agent, to potentiate antibiotics, and to aid digestion as it is able to modify tissue permeability to drugs.
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(d) Proteins and Enzymes :Papain,
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(d) Proteins and Enzymes : casein,
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𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
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1. Volatile oil
Definition, classification, properties and test for identification
PRESENTED BY:
MR. PRITAM VIJAY JUVATKAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
pvjuvatkar@rediffmail.com, +91 9987779536
KONKAN GYANPEETH RAHUL DHARKAR COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE,
KARJAT
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
2. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536 Volatile oil 2
The odorous, volatile principles of plant and animal sources are known as volatile oils.
As they evaporate when exposed to air at ordinary temperatures, they are also called "ethereal oils."
They represent essence or active constituent of plant, hence they are also known "essential oils".
They are secreted in special structures such as
Duct,
Cell,
Schizogenous or Lysigenous glands,
Trichomes, etc.
•
Volatile oil
3. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536 Volatile oil 3
• Physical & Chemical Properties of Volatile oil
Chemically, they are derived from terpenes and their oxygenated compounds.
They are made up of isoprene units (C5H8) and are usually mono-, sesqui- and diterpenes with
empirical formulae as C5H8, ClOH16 , C15H24 and C20H32 respectively.
Volatile oils are soluble in alcohol, ether and other lipid solvents and practically insoluble in water.
They are usually lighter than water.
They possess characteristic odours and they have high refractive indices.
Most of them are optically active.
Volatile oil
4. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536 Volatile oil 4
• Hydro distillation
This method comprising of distillation, water and steam distillation is used for extraction of
volatile oil from herbal drugs.
The fresh material is subjected to hydrodistillation in case of the leaf drugs. Air-dried
subterranean parts are extracted by steam distillation.
• Enfleurage
This method is used for extraction of delicate perfumes.
The fresh flower petals are mechanically spread on layer of fatty material, allowed to imbibe and
the exhausted petals are replaced by fresh material.
The process is continued till the fatty layer is saturated with volatile principles which are then
extracted with lipid solvent.
•
Volatile oil Extraction methods
5. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536 Volatile oil 5
• Ecuelle
This method is used for extraction of citrus oils, wherein oil cells in rind are ruptured
mechanically using pointed projections by twisting raw material over them in clockwise direction
either mechanically or manually.
• Solvent extraction method
Ethanol extraction is a type of solvent extraction used to extract fragrant compounds directly from
dry raw materials, as well as the impure oils or concrete resulting from organic solvent extraction,
expression, or enfluerage.
•
Volatile oil Extraction methods
6. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536 Volatile oil 6
• Supercritical fluid extraction
Supercritical fluid extraction is a relatively new technique for extracting fragrant compounds from
a raw material, which often employs supercritical CO2 as the extraction solvent.
When carbon dioxide is put under high pressure at slightly above room temperature, a
supercritical fluid forms (Under normal pressure CO2 changes directly from a solid to a gas in a
process known as sublimation.)
Since CO2 in a non-polar compound has low surface tension and wets easily,
It can be used to extract the typically hydrophobic aromatics from the plant material.
Volatile oil Extraction methods
8. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536 Volatile oil 8
Classification of Volatileoils-:
Volatile oils are used as flavouring and perfuming agents in pharmaceutical formulations, foods and
cosmetics.
As carminatives (umbelliferous fruits, cinnamon, etc.),
Anthelmintics (chenopodium),
Diuretic (juniper),
Antiseptic (eucalyptus),
Counter-irritant (oil of wintergreen),
Local anaesthetic (clove),
Sedative (jatamansi),
Local, irritant (turpentine),
Terpeneless oils are valuable perfuming and flavouring agents.
Application of Volatile oil :
9. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536 Volatile oil 9
Chemical Test of Volatile oil :
To the thin section
of the drug,
alcoholic solution
of Sudan III.
Red
colour
To the thin
section of the
drug,
a drop of
tincture
alkane.
Red
colour
10. Thank You
PRESENTED BY:
MR. PRITAM VIJAY JUVATKAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
pvjuvatkar@rediffmail.com, +91 9987779536
KONKAN GYANPEETH RAHUL DHARKAR COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE,
KARJAT
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
11. Disclosure
PRESENTED BY:
MR. PRITAM VIJAY JUVATKAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
pvjuvatkar@rediffmail.com, +91 9987779536
KONKAN GYANPEETH RAHUL DHARKAR COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE,
KARJAT
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
This Presentation is meant for Study Notes for B.Pharm Students only. Please do
not take as a reference for treatment for an ailments or other usage