It is based on the study of morphological and sensory profiles of whole drug Studies resulted due to impressions on organs of senses Parameters of evaluation Colour:- Brown colour of cinnamon, Odour:- spice-drugs like, asafoetida, black pepper, nutmeg, caraway, cummin, Taste :- Pungent taste of capsicum and ginger Size, Shape :- ovoid tears of gum acacia, ribbon shaped characteristic of tragacanth, disc-shaped structure of nux-vomica, Special features, like touch, texture: - wavy shape of rauwolfia, The fractured surfaces in cinchona, quillaia and cascara' barks and quassia wood Instrumental methods: Various instrumental methods like colorimetry, fluorimetry, spectrophotometry etc. are used for the evaluation

1. Evaluation of Crude drug by Morphological and Chemical
method
PRESENTED BY:
MR. PRITAM VIJAY JUVATKAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
pvjuvatkar@rediffmail.com, +91 9987779536
KONKAN GYANPEETH RAHUL DHARKAR COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND
RESEARCH INSTITUTE, KARJAT
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

2. Evaluation of Crude
drug
 Evaluation of a drug means confirmation of
its identity and determination of its quality
and purity and detection of nature of
adulteration,
The evaluation of a crude drug is necessary
because of three main reasons
 Biochemical variation in the drug,
 Deterioration due to treatment and storage,
 Substitution and adulteration, as a result of
carelessness, ignorance or fraud.

3. Types of Evaluation of Crude drug
 Morphological or organoleptic evaluation
 Chemical evaluation
 Microscopic evaluation
 Physical evaluation
 Physicochemical evaluation
 Chromatographic techniques
 Spectrophotometric methods
 Biological evaluation
 Biotechnological method
3
Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536

4. Morphological evaluation

5. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536
5
Morphological or organoleptic evaluation
 It is based on the study of morphological and sensory profiles of whole drug
 Studies resulted due to impressions on organs of senses
 Parameters of evaluation
 Colour:- Brown colour of cinnamon,
 Odour:- spice-drugs like, asafoetida, black pepper, nutmeg, caraway, cummin,
 Taste :- Pungent taste of capsicum and ginger
 Size, Shape :- ovoid tears of gum acacia, ribbon shaped characteristic of tragacanth, disc-shaped
structure of nux-vomica,
 Special features, like touch, texture: - wavy shape of rauwolfia, The fractured surfaces in cinchona,
quillaia and cascara' barks and quassia wood

6. Types of Evaluation of Crude drug
 Morphological or organoleptic evaluation
 Chemical evaluation
 Microscopic evaluation
 Physical evaluation
 Physicochemical evaluation
 Chromatographic techniques
 Spectrophotometric methods
 Biological evaluation
 Biotechnological method
6
Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536

7. Physicochemical evaluation

8. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536
8
Physicochemical evaluation
 Colorimetric Method:
• It is a method of determining the concentration of a
chemical element or chemical compound in a solution
with the aid of a color reagent.
• It is applicable to both organic and inorganic
compounds and may be used with or without an
enzymatic stage.
• The method is widely used in medical laboratories and
for industrial purposes, e.g., the analysis of water
 Instrumental methods: Various instrumental methods like colorimetry,
fluorimetry, spectrophotometry etc. are used for the evaluation

9. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536
9
Physicochemical evaluation
 Photometric Method:
• It is the set of methods of quantitative
chemical analysis based on the relationship
between the concentration of a substance in a
solution or gas and the absorption of radiation.
• In this method the intensities of the
monochromatic components of transmitted
radiation are scanned.
 Instrumental methods: Various instrumental methods like colorimetry,
fluorimetry, spectrophotometry etc. are used for the evaluation

10. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536
10
Physicochemical evaluation
 Fluorimetric Method:
• It is an analytical technique for
identifying and characterizing
minute amounts of a substance by
excitation of the substance with a
beam of ultraviolet light and
detection and measurement of the
characteristic wavelength of
fluorescent light emitted.

11. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536
11
Physicochemical evaluation
 Gravimetric Method:
• It is the quantitative determination of a substance by
the precipitation method of gravimetric analysis
involving isolation of an ion in solution by precipitation
reaction, filtering, washing the precipitate, conversion
of precipitate to a product of known composition, and
finally weighing the precipitate and determining its
mass by difference.
• There are four fundamental types of gravimetric
analysis: physical gravimetry, thermogravimetry,
precipitative gravimetric analysis, and
electrodeposition.

12. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536
12
Physicochemical evaluation
 Volumetric Method:
• It is a quantitative analysis of liquids or
solutions by comparing the volumes that
react with known volumes of standard
reagents, usually by titration.
• A reagent is prepared as a standard
solution, acts as titrator. A known
concentration and volume of titrant reacts
with a solution of analyte or titrand to
determine concentration.

13. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536
13
Physicochemical evaluation
 Chemical Constant Tests: Various tests like acid value,
iodine value, Saponification value etc. are used for the
evaluation of fixed oils and fats.
 Saponification value:
• It is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide
required to saponify 1g of fat under the specific
conditions. It is a measure of the average molecular
weight of all the fatty acids present.
Calculation:
• Saponification value = 28.05 (y – x)/w,
• where, w = Weight of substance in g.
• Examples: Castor oil: 176–187; Yellow bees wax: 90–
103

14. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536
14
Physicochemical evaluation
 Acid value:
• It is the number of milligrams of potassium
hydroxide (KOH) necessary to neutralize the fatty
acids in 1 gram of sample.
Calculation:
• Acid value: 5.61 n/w
• where, n = mL of 0.1 m Potassium hydroxide
solution required.
• w = Weight of sample in g.
• Example: Acid value of crude castor oil = 1.114
Significance:
• (a) To know the freshness of oil.
• (b) To know the degree of rancidity of oil.

15. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536
15
Physicochemical evaluation
 Iodine value:
• It is the mass of iodine in grams that is consumed
by 100 grams of a chemical substance. Iodine
numbers are often used to determine the amount of
unsaturation in fatty acids.
• The higher the iodine number, the more C=C bonds
are present in the fat.
Calculation:
• Iodine value = 1.269 (y – x)/w where, w is weight of
sample in g.
• Examples: Castor oil: 82–90; Cocoa butter: 35–40;
Lard: 52–56.
Significance:
• (a) To determine the quality of any unsaturated oils.
• (b) It measures the degree of unsaturation in a fat or
oil.

16. chemical evaluation

17. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536
17
Chemical evaluation
 It comprises of different chemical tests and chemical assays.
 The isolation, purification and identification of active constituents are chemical methods of
evaluation.
 Evaluation of resins (sulphated ash, acid value);
 Balsams (acid, saponification and ester values);
 Volatile oils (acetyl and ester values); and
 Gums (methoxy determination and volatile acidity)
 Preliminary phytochemical screening is a part of chemical evaluation.
 The qualitative chemical tests are useful in detection of adulteration.
 The method may be useful in determining single active constituent or the group of related constituents
present in the same drug.
 The conventional titrimetric estimations as applicable to the estimation of alkaloids from crude drugs, ester
and aldehyde contents of volatile oils, gravimetric methods etc., are the techniques of chemical assay

18. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536
18
Chemical evaluation
 The chemical evaluation also covers phytochemical screening carried out for
establishing chemical profile of a crude drug.
 The systematic investigations of plant material for its phytochemical behavior
involve four different stages.
 The procurement of raw material and quality control.
 Extraction, purification and characterization of the constituents of
pharmaceutical interest and in process quality control.
 Investigations of biosynthetic pathways to particular compounds
 Quantitative evaluation.

19. Pritam Vijay Juvatkar 9987779536
19 Chemical evaluation
Qualitative Chemical Examination
Tests for Carbohydrates
Molish's test
Fehling's test
Benedict's test
Barfoed's test:
Cobalt-chloride test:
Tests for Non-Reducing Sugars
Tests for Proteins:
Biuret test
Million's test
Xanthoprotein test
Precipitation test:
Tests for Steroids
Salkowski reaction
Libermann-Burchard
Libermann's test:
Tests for Glycosides
Baljet's test:
Bromine water test
Legal's test (For cardenoloids)
Test for deoxysugars
(Kellar Killani test)
Libermann's test
(For bufadenolids)
Modified Borntrager’s test
Borntrager’s test
Grignard’s test
Foam test
Foaming index
Haemolytic test
Coumarin Glycosides
Tests for Alkaloids
Dragendorff's test
Mayer's test:
Hager's test:
Wagner's test:
Tests for Flavonoids
Shinoda test
Ferric chloride test
Tests for Tannins and
phenol compounds
5% FeCl3 solution
Lead acetate solution
Bromine water
Acetic acid solution
Dilute iodine solution

20. Thank You
PRESENTED BY:
MR. PRITAM VIJAY JUVATKAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
pvjuvatkar@rediffmail.com, +91 9987779536
KONKAN GYANPEETH RAHUL DHARKAR COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND
RESEARCH INSTITUTE, KARJAT
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

21. Disclosure
This Presentation is meant for Study Notes for B.Pharm Students only. Please
do not take as a reference for treatment for an ailments or other usage
PRESENTED BY:
MR. PRITAM VIJAY JUVATKAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
pvjuvatkar@rediffmail.com, +91 9987779536
KONKAN GYANPEETH RAHUL DHARKAR COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE, KARJAT
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI