The document discusses de-worming of animals. It states that approximately 42% of animals are affected by different types of worms, which negatively impact animal efficiency and cause financial losses. Younger animals tend to have higher worm infestation rates. Common signs of worm infection include diarrhea, weight loss, and decreased milk production. The document outlines different types of internal and external parasites, as well as symptoms. It provides details on selecting and administering de-wormers, including common anthelmintic drugs and their dosages. Regular de-worming and clean animal housing are recommended for parasite control.

2. Redwanullah memlawal
2012-Mphil-1504

3. De-Worming of Animals:
 According to a careful estimate, 42% animals are
affected by different types of worms.
 The worms adversely affect efficiency of the
animals and cause a financial loss to their owners.
 The worms in animals are more in those areas
where animals graze more,than in those areas
where animals graze less.

4. Cont….
 There are more worms in those animals which eat
dried feed than in those which eat green fodder.
 Similarly more worms are found in younger
animals than in older ones.
 One important reason of lesser rate of growth in
younger animals in Pakistan is the presence of
worms in them.

5. Signs of worm infested Animals:
Diarrhoea
Loss of weight
Soil licking and eating pieces of cloth
Delay in puberty
Weakness and slow growth
Decrease in milk production
Death at an early age
Thin and rough skin

6. Types of Worms:
 Worms are usually of two types:
 1. Internal parasites (worms)
 2. External parasites

7. Internal Parasites (Worms):
 According to an estimate, the mortality rate among the
younger animals of 6 months to one year old due to
internal worms is 25-30%.
 Internal worms include round worms, stomach worms,
lung worms, liver flukes and intestinal worms.

8. Worms of stomach and intestines:
 These worms attack the animals mostly at the end of
the summer season and the beginning of the winter
season.
 They stick to the walls of the stomach and intestines
and suck the blood of the animal.
Symptoms:
Animals become anaemic
The animals take up more feed, yet become weaker
Loss of water in the body, diarrhea and sometimes presence
of blood in excretions
Rough and dry skin

9. Lung Worms:
 These worms grow in the lungs or in the trachea/windpipe.
 Their presence causes swelling in the trachea/windpipe
and the animal breathes with difficulty.
 Symptoms:
 Coughing
 Phlegm in nostrils
 Pneumonia is possible
 The animal breathes with open mouth in case of intensity
of sickness

10. Liver flukes:
 These worms are flat like a leaf.
 They occur mostly in animals residing in areas affected
by water-logging and salinity.
 When animals swim in polluted ponds and drink their
water, these worms go into the stomach.
 Their larvae reach the liver of the animals through
blood vessels.

11. Symptoms:
 The animal becomes weaker and thinner and produces
less milk
 Blurry eyes
 Hair fall
 Swelling of the body part between the fore limbs, on
the neck and under the jaws

12. External Parasites:
 These parasites are found on external skin.
 Mostly blood-sucking parasites.
 Cause spread of fatal diseases in the animals.
 They include lice, ticks, flies and mosquitoes, etc.

13. Ticks:
 These parasites not only suck the blood of the animals
but also cause the spread of fatal diseases.
 They are mostly found on the softer parts of the
animals’ skin like the udder and between the legs.
 A very dangerous disease Theleriosis (tick fever) is due
to the fever caused by ticks.

14. Symptoms:
 The animal becomes weak because of loss of blood.
 Their skin becomes rough and dry.
 Milk production decreases.
 The animal becomes restless.
 The possibility of abortion rises.
 Paralysis attack is possible.
 Holes appear on the skin and they become likewounds.

15. Lice:
 Lice are of two kinds:
1. Biting lice
2. Blood-sucking lice
 The lice stick to the skin of the animals and their eggs stick
to their hair.
 Symptoms:
 Animal shows restlessness.
 Animal becomes weak.
 Continuous scratching or rubbing of the skin with the walls
makes the skin red and these scratches become wounds.

16. Control of Parasites:
 Keep animals’ sheds clean.
 There should not be any holes/cracks in the walls or
roofs.
 Spray sheds with insecticides after removing the
animals from their sheds.
 De- worm animals regularly.
 Whitewash the water troughs of the animals with
limestone powder for protection against microbes.

17. Selection of De -Wormer:
 These points should be kept in mind when de-wormer
are being chosen:
 Determine the quantity of the medicine according to
the weight of the animal.
 Easy to administer
 Choosing the most effective medicine
 Less expensive
 Personal safety
 Effectiveness of the medicine / A reliable company

18. De-worming
 (sometimes known as worming or drenching) is the
giving of an anthelmintic drug (a wormer,
de-wormer, or drench) to an animal to rid it of
intestinal parasites.
 such as roundworm and tapeworm.
 De-wormers for use in livestock are often formulated
as a liquid that is squirted into the back of the animal's
mouth, as an injectable, or as a pour-on which can be
applied to the animal's topline.

19. Anthelmintics or Anthelmintics
 are drugs that expel parasitic worms
(helminths) from the body, by either stunning or
killing them.
 They may also be called vermifuges (stunning) or
vermicides (killing).

20. Antihelminthics:
 Albendazole – effective against threadworms,
roundworms, whipworms, tapeworms, hookworms
 Mebendazole – effective against pinworms,
roundworms and hookworms
 Thiabendazole – effective against roundworms,
hookworms
 Fenbendazole – effective against gastrointestinal
parasites
 Triclabendazole – effective against liver flukes

21. Cont…
 Flubendazole – effective against most intestinal
parasites
 Niclosamide – effective against tapeworms
 Ivermectin – effective against most common
intestinal worms .

23. Mode of action of Antihelminthics drugs
 Levamisole, pyrantel and morantel: are agonists at
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of nematode muscle
and cause spastic paralysis.
 Piperazine: is a GABA (gamma-amino-butyric acid)
agonist at receptors on nematode muscles and causes
flaccid paralysis.
 avermectins: increase the opening of glutamate-
gated chloride (GluCl) channels and produce paralysis
of pharyngeal pumping.

24.  Praziquantel: has a selective effect on the tegument of
trematodes and increases permeability of calcium.
 Benzimidazole: drugs bind selectively to beta-tubulin
of nematodes, cestodes and fluke, and inhibit
microtubule formation.

25. Dose of AntihelminthicsDrugs Dosage (mg/kg) live weight
Cattle Sheep Goat
Albendazole 5-7.5 5- 7.5 5.75
Mebendazole 15 15 15
Ivermactin 0.2-0.5 0.2-0.5 0.2-0.5
Levamisol 7.5 7.5 7.5
Levamisol
(oxyclozanid) Mixed
0.25 0.25 0.25
Nitroxynil 10-15 10-15 10-15
Piperazine 15 10 10
oxfendazole 4.5-5 4.5-5 4.5-5
Triclabendazole 12 10 10

27. Control of worms with
wormecide
 This involved the strategic use of anthelmntics at the
following periods in the year :
1- preventive treatment early in the raining season.
2- Treatment mid season and early dry season to reduce
pasture contamination .