HOOKWORM, TAPEWORM,ROUNDWORM,WHIPWORM

2. ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE (HOOK WORM)
Habitat : small intestine particularly in jejunum.
Life cycle: man is the only host , adult hook worm live inside jejunum f man intestine
 Female lay eggs after fertilization which are passed out with stool.
 Under unfavorable condition eggs remain in soil
 Then the larvae are produced in soil /feces from eggs known as rhabditiform larvae
 These larvae transform to form filariform larvae that are infective and remain in soil and grass
 When a person walking bare footed or coming in contact with filariform larvae , it will penetrates directly in skin
or hair follicle to subcutaneous tissue.
 Then it will finally reach to lymphatic system .
 Through blood stream it will reach to heart & lungs
 In lungs, they penetrate, pulmonary alveoli…> bronchioles>> trachea..>larynx…>swallowed back to
stomach…> again reach to small intestine and complete its life cycle.
Symptoms include: Abdominal pain, nausea, fever, itchy rashes, blood in stool, intestinal cramps, anemia.
Diagnosis :
• Microscopy : to study egg in stool
• Blood studies: to reveal anemia
• Stool examination : to find presence of blood in stool
Treatment : Albendazole, mebandazole..etc
Prevention: hygienic sanitary condition, avoid walking bare foot.

3. Common name: Gaint intestinal round worm
Disease: Ascariasis
Most common in children then adult.
500-5000 adult worm inhabits a single host
Host : the human is intermediate and final host
Locative in definitive in host
The adult worm: in small intestines
Larva : in lung
Infective stage : Ovum

5. A roundworm infection is also sometimes known as ascariasis or ascaris
Symptoms :
 Cough.
 Disturbed sleep.
 Fever.
 Restlessness.
 Severe abdominal (stomach) pain.
 Vomiting.
 Malnutrition
Diagnosis : Examining a stool sample for parasites and ova (eggs)
Treatments : Albendazole and mebendazole.

6. Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite lives on or inside another organism, the host
causing it some harm and is adapted structure to this way of life
 Parasites vary widely in their characteristics.
 Many are invisible to the human eye, such as the malarial parasite, but some worm parasites can reach over 35 centimeters in
length.
 Parasites are not a disease, but they can spread diseases. Different parasites have different effects.
 There are three types of human parasites:
 Protozoa:
Protozoa are single-celled organisms that can multiply in humans. These parasites can spread through contaminated food and
water, person-to-person contact, and insect bites. Protozoa include Plasmodium malariae,..etc
 Helminths:
Helminths are parasitic worms that often root in a person’s digestive tract.
These include Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm parasites.
 Ectoparasites:
Ectoparasites are small organisms that live on the outside of the body.
These include ticks, fleas, and lice.
 Endoparasite
Intracellular parasites are endoparasite that live with in cell of the host e.g. tapeworm nematode, helminthes, Protozoan
plasmodium causative agent of malaria

7. Protozoans disease
• Malaria
• Chagas disease
• Toxoplasmosis
• Amebiasis
• Balantidiasis
• Giardiasis
• Leishmaniasis
• Trypanosomiasis (sleeping
sickness)
Helminths (worm parasites)
• Roundworm
• Hookworm
• Toxocariasis
• Elephantiasis lymphatic filariasis
• Echinococcus tapeworm
• Raccoon roundworm
• Enterobiasis pinworm
• Fasciolosis liver fluke
• Fasciolopsiasis intestinal fluke
• Gnathostomiasis
• River blindness
• Lung fluke
• Schistosomiasis, bilharzia, or snail fever
• Trichinosis
Ectoparasites
• Bedbugs
• Lice
• Demodex
• Scabies
• Screwworm