This presentation discusses routing techniques and routing tables. It begins with an introduction to key concepts like routing, routers, and routing tables. It then explains routing as the process of moving data between a source and destination, usually performed by routers. There are two main categories of routing tables: static and dynamic. Static tables are manually configured while dynamic tables adapt to network changes. The presentation also covers unicast and multicast routing techniques. Unicast routing forwards data to a single destination, while multicast routing sends data to multiple destinations simultaneously. Common routing protocols and applications are also outlined.

1. ADVANCED COMPUTER
NETWORKS
PRESENTATION
1

2. ROUTING TECHNIQUES TABLE TYPE
BY
UMAR DANJUMA MAIWADA
2

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
3
1) INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………. 4
2) ROUTING ………………………………………………………………………………. 5
3) ROUTING TABLE ……………………………………………………………………. 6
4) CATEGORIES OF ROUTING TABLE ………………………………………….. 8
 Static Routing Table ……………………………………………………….. 8
 Dynamic Routing Table ………………………………………………….. 9
5) ROUTING TECHNIQUES ……………………………………………………….. 10
 Unicast Routing ……………………………………………………………… 10
 Multicast Routing ……………………………………………………………. 14
6) CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………… 17
7) REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………… 18

4. INTRODUCTION
4
 ROUTE
 ROUTER
 ROUTING
 ROUTING TABLE
 STATIC
 DYNAMIC
 UNICAST
 MULTICAST

5. ROUTING
5
 It is a method of finding paths from origin to destination in a
network.
 It is the process of moving a packet of data from source to
destination. Routing is usually performed by a dedicated
device called a router.
 Routing is a key feature of the Internet because it enables
messages to pass from one computer to another and
eventually reach the target machine.

6. ROUTING TABLE
6
 It is a data table stored in a router or a networked computer
that lists the routes to particular network destination.
 A routing table uses the same idea that one does when using a
map in package delivery. Whenever a node needs to send data
to another node on a network, it must first know where to
send it. If the node cannot directly connect to the destination
node.
 A routing table is a data file in RAM that is used to store route
information about directly connected and remote networks.

7. ~Mask – subnet mask.
~Network Address – address of the final destination of a packet.
~Next-hop – address of the next router to receive the packet.
~Interface – name of the interface.
7

8. CATEGORIES OF ROUTIG TABLE
8
1) STATIC ROUTING TABLE
 It is a form of routing that occurs when a router uses a
manually-configured routing entry, rather than information
from a dynamic routing traffic.
 In many cases, static routes are manually configured by a
network administrator by adding in entries into a routing
table, though this may not always be the case.
 static routes are fixed and do not change if the network is changed
or reconfigured. Static routing is often used to help transfer routing
information from one routing protocol to another

9. 2) DYNAMIC ROUTING TABLE
9
 It is a networking technique that provides optimal data
routing. The router delivers and receives the routing
messages on the router interfaces.
 Whenever a router finds a change in topology, the routing
protocol advertises this topology change to other routers.
 Dynamic routing is less secure than static routing. It
describes the capability of a system, through which routes
are characterized by their destination.

10. ROUTING TECHNIQUES
10
A. UNICAST ROUTING
 Unicast routing is the process of forwarding unicasted traffic
from a source to a destination on an internetwork.
 Unicasted traffic is destined for a unique address. The host
and the destination addresses in the IP datagram are the
unicast address assigned to the host.
 A unicast packet starts from the source and passes through
routers to reach the destination. Unicast transmission, in
which a packet is sent from a single source to a specified
destination.

11. 11

12. 12
INTRA AND INTERDOMAIN ROUTING – Intra domain routing
is the routing within (inside) a group of networks. While
Inter domain routing is the routing outside a group of
networks (communication between two or more group of
networks).
MULTIPLE UNICAST – several packets starts from the source.
Many copies will travel between the routers, each with a
different destination address and sends them one-by-one.

13. 13
UNICAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS
 Distance Vector Routing e.g. RIP
 Link State Routing e.g. OSPF
 Path Vector Routing e.g. BGP

14. 14
B. MULTICAST ROUTING
 Multicast routing is a method of sending Internet Protocol
(IP) datagrams to a group of interested receivers in a single
transmission.
 A multicast datagram is delivered to destination group
members with the same “best-effort” reliability as a
standard unicast IP datagram.
 Multicast routers execute a multicast routing protocol to
define delivery paths that enable the forwarding of
multicast datagrams across an internetwork.

15. 15

16. 16
APPLICATIONS OF MULTICASTING
 Access to Distributed Databases
 Distance Learning
 Teleconferencing
MULTICAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS
i. Source-Based Tree
 MOSPF
 DVMRP
 PIM-DM
ii. Group-Shared Tree
 CBT
 PIM-SM

17. 17
CONCLUSION
Routing has been discussed with routing table, for easy
understanding of how packets are forwarded from a source to a
destination. The presentation shows you how routing occurs
despite the fact that the protocols have not been discussed but
atleast the introductory aspect have been covered.
I believed my colleagues will give a detail about the protocols
and in that case you will understand in full what happens during
routing using the protocols.
Lastly, references have been provided for easy search and more
understanding were necessary.

18. REFERENCES
18
[1]. Aaron Balchunas. (2007). The Cisco IOS v1.22.
[2]. Andrew Tanenbaum, S. (2011). Computer Networks (4th
edition), Ph. D from the university of California.
[3]. Angelos Stavrou. (2007). Cisco Inter-network Operating
System (IOS), a short guide for the Net Admin.
[4]. Barry, G. B. (2007). Computer Systems and Networks.
[5]. Behrouz, A. (2002). Data communication and Networks
[6]. Behrouz A. Forouzan (2012). Data Communication and
Networking (5th Edition).

19. [7]. Dana Madison, E., & Aaron Sanders, D. (2001). Data
Communications Concepts.
[8]. David Wetherall, J. (2014).WA: computer Networks (5th
edition). University of Washington Seattle.
[9]. Larry L. Peterson & Bruce S. Davie. (2007). Computer
Networks, a system approach.
[10]. Todd, L. (2007). CCNA Study guide for networking (6th Edition).
[11]. Tom, S. (2002). Encyclopedia of Networking and Data
Communication.
[12]. William, S. (2007). Data and Computer Communications (8th
Edition).
19

20. THANK YOU
20