Day 3 cells
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The document describes the pathway of a secretory protein from its creation to export. DNA in the nucleus codes for RNA which leaves the nucleus and meets a ribosome. The ribosome reads the RNA code and produces a polypeptide chain which enters the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where it is folded into shape and wrapped in a vesicle for transport. The vesicle sends the protein to the Golgi apparatus where it is folded into its final shape before a final vesicle pinches off to transport and secrete the protein outside the cell.
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Lytic and lysogeny
The document summarizes the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophage λ (lambda), which infects E. coli bacteria. It describes the key genes involved in each cycle and how they regulate viral replication and integration into the host chromosome. The lytic cycle results in viral assembly and lysis of the host cell, while the lysogenic cycle involves integration of the viral DNA into the host genome and replication with the host. The document outlines the complex interplay between viral and host genes that determines whether the lytic or lysogenic cycle occurs.
Genetic code -
The genetic code is the system by which nucleotide sequences in mRNA determine the amino acid sequences in proteins. The genetic code uses triplets of nucleotides called codons to specify which amino acid will be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain. There are 64 possible codons but only 20 standard amino acids, so most amino acids have multiple codons. Three codons act as stop signals to end protein synthesis. The genetic code is nearly universal across all life due to its high degree of specificity and redundancy.
PROJECT ON LUCIFERASE GENE CLONING
*PROJECT ON LUCIFERASE GENE CLONING
1. SUITABLE VECTOR
2. RESTRICTION ENZYMES ALONG WITH THEIR RESTRICTION SITES
3. CLONING PROCESS
4. EXPRESSION
5. PGL-2 CONTROL VECTOR DIAGRAM
6. COMPARISON OF VECTOR IN MORE THAN ONE HOST
7. NEW INNOVATIVE IDEA FOR CLONING
8. CONCLUSION
9. SUMMARY
Genetic code
1) There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, tRNA transfers amino acids during protein synthesis, and rRNA makes up the ribosomes.
2) Transcription copies one DNA strand into mRNA which moves to ribosomes for translation. During translation, tRNAs match their anticodons to mRNA codons and add the corresponding amino acids.
3) Mutations in DNA can lead to production of defective proteins through altered mRNA and incorrect amino acid sequences, resulting in genetic diseases.
Genetic code - with YouTube video
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Genetic codons
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3) The genetic code is universal, uses triplets of nucleotides, has no commas, does not overlap, is not ambiguous, but is degenerate meaning several codons can code for the same amino acid.
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3. CLONING PROCESS
4. EXPRESSION
5. PGL-2 CONTROL VECTOR DIAGRAM
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The document summarizes various mechanisms of transport across cell membranes, including diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential to lower. Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient by using energy. Other topics covered include endocytosis, exocytosis, and vesicle-mediated transport.
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Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) was a notable British physicist and chemist who made seminal contributions to the development of the modern atomic model. Through his gold foil experiment in 1911, Rutherford was able to formulate the Rutherford model of the atom, which established that atoms have a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by low-mass electrons. For this breakthrough discovery, Rutherford received numerous honors including the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908. His work fundamentally changed scientific understanding of atomic structure.
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