This document outlines objectives and content for a lesson on the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The objectives include comparing cellular components, genome organization, generation of new genes, and explaining the endosymbiotic theory of organelle evolution. Key differences discussed are that eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and complex genome organization with introns, while prokaryotes have simpler genome structure without introns. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from ancient endosymbiotic prokaryotes.

1. Eukaryotic and
Prokaryotic Cells
AHMP 5406

2. Objectives:
1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cellular components
2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic
cells
3. Discuss the different nutritional classes
4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of
organelles in the Euk. cell
5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of
prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated
from existing genes
7. Explain why the human genome is complex

3. Objectives:
1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cellular components
2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic
cells
3. Discuss the different nutritional classes
4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of
organelles in the Euk. cell
5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of
prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated
from existing genes
7. Explain why the human genome is complex

4. 1
Features All Cells Share
Hereditary info stored in DNA
Proteins are used as catalysts
DNA replication occurs through templated
polymerization
Hereditary info transcribed into RNA
RNA translated into protein
Later we will discuss these things in
greater detail

5. From DNA to Protein
(Why is this eukaryotic?)

6. 1
Prokaryotic cells:
No membrane bound organelles
Simple genome organization
Genes usually do not have introns
Between 500 and 4000 genes

M. genitalium has 477 genes
Great degree of diversity
Unicellular

7. 1
Mycoplasma
genitalium

8. 1
Eukaryotic cells
All organelles are membrane-bound
Complex genome organization
Large genome size
Between 6,000 and 30,000 genes
Genes have introns
 Where is the genetic diversity?
Large amount of regulatory DNA
 To control gene expression
High degree of genetic redundancy
Unicellular or multicellular

9. 1

10. Objectives:
1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cellular components
2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic
cells
3. Discuss the different nutritional classes
4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of
organelles in the Euk. cell
5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of
prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated
from existing genes
7. Explain why the human genome is complex

11. 1 and 2
General eukaryotic cell

12. Objectives:
1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cellular components
2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic
cells
3. Discuss the different nutritional classes
4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of
organelles in the Euk. cell
5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of
prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated
from existing genes
7. Explain why the human genome is complex

13. 3
Cells can be powered by different
energy sources
I eat other living things!

Organotrophic
Animals
Protists etc.
I need a tan?
 Phototrohpic
Bacteria
Plants
Algae
I eat dirt?
 Lithotropic
Arcaebacteria

14. Objectives:
1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cellular components
2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic
cells
3. Discuss the different nutritional classes
4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of
organelles in the Euk. cell
5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of
prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated
from existing genes
7. Explain why the human genome is complex

15. 4
Eukaryotic cell may have been
predators
The primordial eukaryotic cell may have
survived by eating other cells
This would require:

A large cell
 A flexible membrane
 An elaborate cytoskeleton

Protected DNA (in an organelle, which one?)

16. 4 Dinidium is a cilliated protozoan
Lunch!
He looks hungry

17. 4

18. 4

19. 4

20. Objectives:
1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cellular components
2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic
cells
3. Discuss the different nutritional classes
4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of
organelles in the Euk. cell
5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of
prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated
from existing genes
7. Explain why the human genome is complex

21. 5
Genome organization in Prok. and
Euk.
Prokaryotes
 Circular DNA
mtDNA very similar
Eukaryotes
 Linear DNA
 nuclear DNA

22. 5
Prokaryotic DNA

23. 5
Eukaryotic DNA
DNA packaged in a
chromosome
Linear DNA
Associated proteins
More details later

24. Objectives:
1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cellular components
2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic
cells
3. Discuss the different nutritional classes
4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of
organelles in the Euk. cell
5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of
prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated
from existing genes
7. Explain why the human genome is complex

25. 6
Ways to generate new genes from preexisting genes
Intragenic mutation

Simply a mutation in the sequence
Gene duplication

Whole gene is just recopied into different part of the genome
DNA segment shuffling

Similar genes may exchange segments
Horizontal transfer

Cell to cell transfer of genetic material
e.g. Plasmids
ancient mitochondrial genes
Viruses
Sex

26. 6
Gene Families
Created by generation of different genes
from a precursor
Speciation results in orthologous genes
 An organismal phylogeny is produced
Gene duplication can result in paralogous
genes
 A gene phylogeny is produced

27. Objectives:
1. Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cellular components
2. Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic
cells
3. Discuss the different nutritional classes
4. Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of
organelles in the Euk. cell
5. Compare and contrast the genome organization of
prokaryotes versus eukaryotes
6. Compare the different ways new genes are generated
from existing genes
7. Explain why the human genome is complex

28. 7
The human genome is complex:
Partly because of duplications

29. 7
Regulatory
DNA is
everywhere
in eukaryotic
genomes

30. 7
mRNA Structure

31. 7
Comparative Genome Sizes