A dam is a hydraulic structure of fairly impervious material built across a river to create a reservoir on its upstream side for impounding water for various purposes. A detailed ppt on dams,its types,pros and cons.
Types- selection of the suitable site for the diversion headwork components
of diversion headwork- Causes of failure of structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s theory- Design of concrete sloping
glacis weir.
this slide shows different types of dams, their sizes and short information of dams.following dams are explained in this slide which are given below masonry dam, concrete dam, arch dam,earthen dam. this slide also shows types of material required for dam, strength, hight
Types- selection of the suitable site for the diversion headwork components
of diversion headwork- Causes of failure of structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s theory- Design of concrete sloping
glacis weir.
this slide shows different types of dams, their sizes and short information of dams.following dams are explained in this slide which are given below masonry dam, concrete dam, arch dam,earthen dam. this slide also shows types of material required for dam, strength, hight
Any hydraulic structure which supplies water to the off taking canal known as headwork. Storage head work is that stores water when it is available and supplies when needed.
Reservoir Planning: Introduction; Investigations for reservoir planning; Selection of site for a reservoir; Zones of storage in a reservoir; Storage capacity and yield; Mass inflow curve and demand curve; Calculation of reservoir capacity for a specified yield from the mass inflow curve; Determination of safe yield from a reservoir of a given capacity; Sediment flow in streams; Life of reservoir; Reservoir sediment control; flood routing. Various types of Spillways and design.
All the important and main rivers of India are mentioned in this PowerPoint Presentation. All the information stored in this PowerPoint Presentation is accurate.
Any hydraulic structure which supplies water to the off taking canal known as headwork. Storage head work is that stores water when it is available and supplies when needed.
Reservoir Planning: Introduction; Investigations for reservoir planning; Selection of site for a reservoir; Zones of storage in a reservoir; Storage capacity and yield; Mass inflow curve and demand curve; Calculation of reservoir capacity for a specified yield from the mass inflow curve; Determination of safe yield from a reservoir of a given capacity; Sediment flow in streams; Life of reservoir; Reservoir sediment control; flood routing. Various types of Spillways and design.
All the important and main rivers of India are mentioned in this PowerPoint Presentation. All the information stored in this PowerPoint Presentation is accurate.
This document talks about the ongoing dispute between India and China regarding the ownership and usage of the water resource in the Brahmaputra River.
Dam is a solid barrier constructed at a suitable location across a river valley to store flowing water.
Storage of water is utilized for following objectives:
Hydropower
Irrigation
Water for domestic consumption
Drought and flood control
For navigational facilities
Other additional utilization is to develop fisheries
Hydropower
Irrigation
Water for domestic consumption
Drought and flood control
For navigational facilities
Other additional utilization is to develop fisheries
Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) in Schools (PPT)Seminar Links
AI tools can be helpful. It is important to approach AI in education with caution and proper consideration of the potential benefits and challenges. In this PowerPoint presentation, we have discussed the pros and cons of using AI in schools and how it affects students as well as teachers.
To Download this PPT Visit www.topicsforseminar.com
Sustainable Materials Management (SMM), a term chosen by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) for a holistic approach aimed at minimizing environmental impact, conserving resources, and promoting sustainable practices throughout a material's life cycle. It revolves around the efficient use of resources, waste reduction, recycling, and fostering a circular economy.
Visit www.topicsforseminar.com to access our SMM PPT and learn more about this powerful initiative
This PowerPoint presentation explains why to be good in academics is not the only indicator of future success. Excellent grades are important and can benefit a person's career but there are other factors also such as skills, experiences, etc. that play critical roles. The pursuit of academic excellence should ideally be balanced with other aspects of life, including personal interests, extracurricular activities, and well-being.
Visit www.topicsforseminar.com to Download the PPT
This PPT discusses the potential of AI to create new opportunities for Youth and transform various industries. It also focuses on the key skills needed in the AI-driven job market and the ethical challenges that could shape the employment landscape for the young generation.
To download the PPT Visit: https://www.topicsforseminar.com/
Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic: PPTSeminar Links
The presentation highlighted the major impacts on the environment and the climate caused by the ongoing COVID‑19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic in India and the world. The effects on air quality, water quality, energy sector, wildlife, and increasing waste issue are covered in this PPT. At last, the challenges and the need for action are also discussed.
Download Link: https://www.topicsforseminar.com/2020/07/covid19-environment-impact.html
20 Latest Computer Science Seminar Topics on Emerging TechnologiesSeminar Links
A list of Top 20 technical seminar topics for computer science engineering (CSE) you should choose for seminars and presentations in 2019. The list also contains related seminar topics on the emerging technologies in computer science, IT, Networking, software branch. To download PDF, PPT Seminar Reports check the links.
This Claytronics PPT presentation focuses on the concept of Programmable Matter. The claytronic atoms or catoms are capable to interact with each other and form 3D display of electronic information which further users can interact with. PPT gives a brief introduction to Claytronics and its future aspects. Visit www.topicsforseminar.com to Download the PPT.
3D holographic projection technology clearly has a big future ahead. 3D Holographic projection is the new wave of technology that will change how we see things in the modern era. Three-dimensional holographic projection technology will have tremendous effects on all fields of life including business, education, science, art, and healthcare.
This is a brief introduction to MicroLED also known as micro-LED, mLED or µLED, which is a latest self-emitting display technology that shares many traits with OLED. MicroLED has the potential to take on and outperform OLED, but it won’t completely displace OLED and LCD. Here we discuss the basic structure, differences with OLED and LCD. What are the major challenges? Advantages and Disadvantages, Application and the Future of MicroLED.
Performance of 400 kV line insulators under pollution | PDF | DOC | PPTSeminar Links
Visit https://seminarlinks.blogspot.com to download.
Outdoor insulators are subjected to nature Polluted environmental contaminants, which may include sea salt, cement dust, fly ash, birds droppings, industrial emissions etc. deposit on their surface With the increasing industrialization not only the degree of pollution but also the type of pollution has an effect on the performance of the insulators.
Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to Download.
The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to as a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing is generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over the bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track.
Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to Download
The Atmospheric Vortex Engine (AVE) is a process for capturing the energy produced when heat is carried upward by convection in the atmosphere. The process is protected by patent applications and could become a major source of electrical energy. The unit cost of electrical energy produced with an AVE could be half the cost of the next most economical alternative.
Artificial photosynthesis is a chemical process that replicates the natural process of photosynthesis, a process that converts sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen; as an imitation of a natural process, it is biomimetic. The term, artificial photosynthesis, is commonly used to refer to any scheme for capturing and storing the energy from sunlight in the chemical bonds of a fuel (a solar fuel). Photocatalytic water splitting converts water into hydrogen ions and oxygen and is a major research topic in artificial photosynthesis. Light-driven carbon dioxide reduction is another process studied, that replicates natural carbon fixation.
This Artificial Photosynthesis ppt covers all the processes involved in Artificial Photosynthesis, current researchers on Artificial Photosynthesis, key issues, challenges in artificial photosynthesis
A ransomware cyber-attack that may have originated from the theft of “cyber weapons” linked to the US government has hobbled hospitals in England and spread to countries across the world. "Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts a user’s data, then demands payment in exchange for unlocking the data. This attack was caused by a bug called “WanaCrypt0r 2.0” or WannaCry, that exploits a vulnerability in Windows. Microsoft released a patch (a software update that fixes the problem) for the flaw in March, but computers that have not installed the security update remain vulnerable."
Bioenergy draws on a wide range of potential feedstock materials: forestry and agricultural residues and wastes of many sorts, as well as material grown specifically for energy purposes. The raw materials can be converted to heat for use in buildings and industry, to electricity, or into gaseous or liquid fuels, which can be used in transport, for example. This degree of flexibility is unique amongst the different forms of renewable energy.
Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to download
An alloy is a mixture of metals, or a mixture of metal and another element. White metal alloys are those which are light-coloured and generally have a lead or tin base. These alloys are also known as Babbitt metal, or bearing metal, a term which is generally preferred over ‘white metals’. Babbitt metal can be one of several alloys used as a bearing surface in a plain bearing.
Ceramic bearings are typically constructed with a ferrous inner and outer ring or race with ceramic balls in the place of steel. Ceramic bearings offer many advantages over all steel bearings, such as higher speed and acceleration capability, increased stiffness, lower friction and more. Ceramic balls are also nonconductive. Ceramic bearings are available in all standard industry configurations such as, angular bearings, thrust bearing, pillow block bearing, needle bearings, and roller bearings.
Carbon foams will help to enhance capabilities and improve affordability, supporting today’s warfighter. Applications for coal-based carbon foams continue to be developed as the material is accepted as a mainstream structural building block for tomorrow’s technology. Current application examples include targeted advances in composite tooling, vehicle blast mitigation, radar absorption, and ablation panels.
Computer science is faced with many challenges as the digital universe expands. From mobile and cloud computing to data security, addressing these issues can require large, structural changes, but an examination of these problems can lead to organizational solutions and improvements in the world.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...
Dams PPT
1.
2. Dams are massive barriers built across rivers and streams to confine
and utilize the flow of water for human purposes. These purposes may
be Irrigation, Hydropower, Water-supply, Flood Control, Navigation,
Fishing and Recreation. This confinement of water creates lakes or
reservoirs.
INTRODUCTION
3. REASONS TO BUILD A DAM
Dams have two main functions.
• The first is to store water to compensate for fluctuations in river flow or in
demand for water and energy.
• The second to raise the level of the water upstream to enable water to be
diverted into a canal or to increase ’hydraulic head’ –– the difference in
height between the surface of a reservoir and the river downstream.
• The creation of storage and head allow
• Dams to generate electricity (hydropower provides nearly a fifth of the world’s
electricity)
• To supply water for agriculture, industries and households
• To control flooding
• To assist river navigation by providing regular flows and drowning rapids.
• Other reasons for building large dams include reservoir fisheries and
leisure activities such as boating.
4. ANCIENT DAMS
• The earliest known dam is the
Jawa Dam in Jordan, 100
kilometres (62 mi) northeast of the
capital Amman.
• This gravity dam featured an
originally 9-metre-high (30 ft) and
1 m-wide (3.3 ft) stone wall,
supported by a 50 m-wide (160 ft)
earth rampart.
• The structure is dated to 3000 BC
6. ANCIENT DAMS
Kallanai Dam, India
2nd century AD
One of the oldest water-diversion or water-
regulator structures in the world which is still in use.
Dujiangyan irrigation system, China
256 BC
The oldest surviving irrigation system
7. ROMAN ENGINEERING
CHARACTERISTICS
• Larger dam structures
• Large reservoir dams
• Pioneering use of water-proof
hydraulic mortar
DESIGNS USED
• Embankment dams
• Masonry gravity dams
• Arch-gravity dams
• Arch dams
• Buttress dams
• Multiple arch buttress dams
• First to build dam bridges
• Hydropower through water
wheels
• Water supply
8. ROMAN ENGINEERING
Remains of the Band-e Kaisar dam, Iran,
built by the Romans in the 3rd century AD
The Roman dam at Cornalvo, Spain has
been in use for almost two millennia.
9. EARLY 19th CENTURY
Mir Alam dam, Hyderabad, India
Built in 1804 by Royal Engineers
,British Empire
Jones Falls Dam, Ontario Canada
When completed in 1832, the
Jones Falls dam was the largest dam
in North America
The 75-miles dam near
Warwick, Australia
Built in 1880
World's first concrete arch
dam
10. LARGE DAMS
• The era of large dams was initiated with the construction of the Aswan Low
Dam in Egypt in 1902 by the British.
• When initially constructed between 1899 and 1902, nothing of its scale had
ever been attempted
• On completion, it was the largest masonry dam in the world.
11. HOOVER DAM
• The Hoover Dam is a massive concrete arch-gravity dam
• Constructed in the black canyon of the Colorado river, on the border between
the US states of Arizona and Nevada between 1931 and 1936.
• Such a large concrete structure had never been built before, and some of the
techniques were unproven.
12. DIFFERENT PARTS & TERMINOLOGIES OF DAMS
• Crest: The top of the Dam. These may in some cases be used for
providing a roadway or walkway over the dam.
• Parapet walls: Low Protective walls on either side of the roadway or
walkway on the crest.
• Heel: Portion of Dam in contact with ground or river-bed at upstream
side.
• Toe: Portion of dam in contact with ground or river-bed at
downstream side.
• Spillway: It is the arrangement made (kind of passage) near the top of
dam for the passage of surplus/excessive water from the reservoir.
• Abutments: The valley slopes on either side of the dam wall to which
the left & right end of dam are fixed to.
13. DIFFERENT PARTS & TERMINOLOGIES OF DAMS
• Gallery: Level or gently sloping tunnel like passage (small room like space)
at transverse or longitudinal within the dam with drain on floor for seepage
water. These are generally provided for having space for drilling grout holes
and drainage holes. These may also be used to accommodate the
instrumentation for studying the performance of dam.
• Sluice way: Opening in the dam near the base, provided to clear the silt
accumulation in the reservoir.
• Free board: The space between the highest level of water in the reservoir
and the top of the dam.
• Dead Storage level: Level of permanent storage below which the water will
not be withdrawn.
• Diversion Tunnel: Tunnel constructed to divert or change the direction of
water to bypass the dam construction site. The dam is built while the river
flows through the diversion tunnel
14.
15. TYPES OF DAMS
BY STRUCTURE
• Arch dam
• Gravity dam
• Buttress dam
• Arch-gravity dam
• Barrages
• Embankment dam
• Rock-fill dam
• Concrete-face rock-fill dam
• Earth-fill dam
BY USE
• Saddle dam
• Weir
• Check dam
• Dry dam
• Diversionary dam
• Underground dam
• Tailings dam
BY MATERIAL
• Steel dam
• Timber dam
OTHER TYPES
• Cofferdam
• Natural dam
• Beaver dam
16. ARCH DAM
• An arch dam is a solid dam made of the bedrock
of the surrounding area that is curved upstream
in plan.
• The arch dam is designed so that the force of the
water against it, known as hydrostatic pressure,
presses against the arch, compressing and
strengthening the structure as it pushes into its
foundation or abutments.
• An arch dam is most suitable for narrow gorges or
canyons with steep walls of stable rock to support
the structure and stresses.
• Since they are thinner than any other dam type,
they require much less construction material,
making them economical and practical in remote
areas.
17. GRAVITY DAM
• A gravity dam is a dam constructed from
concrete or stone masonry and designed
to hold back water by primarily utilizing
the weight of the material alone to resist
the horizontal pressure of water pushing
against it.
• Gravity dams are designed so that each
section of the dam is stable, independent
of any other dam section.
• Most gravity dams are straight.
• Some masonry and concrete gravity dams
have the dam axis curved to add stability
through arch action.
18. BUTTRESS DAM
• A buttress dam or hollow dam is basically a
derivation of a gravity dam with the introduction
of intermediate space.
• With a buttress dam, the face of the dam is held
by a series of supports or buttresses that are
placed at intervals on the downstream side.
• The buttresses work to combat the force of
reservoir water from trying to push the dam over.
• The forces or laws of physics working against a
buttress dam are exactly the same as those that
act on a gravity dam except the vertical load
presented by the water on a buttress dam is
greater.
• The advantage of a buttress dam is that it typically
requires less concrete to construct than a gravity
dam.
• The formwork and reinforced steel used in the
building of buttresses is expensive, however, and
will ultimately offset any costs saved
19. ARCH-GRAVITY DAMS
• A gravity dam can be combined with
an arch dam into an arch-gravity dam
for areas with massive amounts of
water flow but less material available
for a purely gravity dam.
• The inward compression of the dam by
the water reduces the lateral
(horizontal) force acting on the dam.
• Thus, the gravitation force required by
the dam is lessened, i.e. the dam does
not need to be so massive.
• This enables thinner dams and saves
resources. Hoover Dam, USA
20. BARRAGES
• A special kind of dam which
consists of a line of large gates
that can be opened or closed to
control the amount of water
passing the dam.
• The gates are set between
flanking piers which are
responsible for supporting the
water load, and are often used
to control and stabilize water
flow for irrigation systems
21. EMBANKMENT DAMS
• They are massive dams made of earth
and rock.
• Like gravity dams, embankment dams
rely on their heavy weight to resist
the force of the water.
• But embankment dams are also
armed with a dense, waterproof core
that prevents water from seeping
through the structure.
• Embankment dams are of two main
types, rock-fill and earth-fill dams.
22. EARTHFILL DAM & ROCK-FILL DAM
• Rock-fill dams are embankments of
compacted free-draining granular earth with
an impervious zone.
• The earth utilized often contains a high
percentage of large particles, hence the term
"rock-fill".
• The impervious zone may be on the
upstream face and made of masonry,
concrete, plastic membrane, steel sheet
piles, timber or other material.
• Earthfill dam, also called Earth Dam, or
Embankment Dam
• Dam built up by compacting successive layers of
earth, using the most impervious materials to form
a core and placing more permeable substances on
the upstream and downstream sides.
• A facing of crushed stone prevents erosion by wind
or rain, and an ample spillway, usually of concrete,
protects against catastrophic washout should the
water overtop the dam.
23. Concrete-face Rock-fill Dam (CFRD)
• A concrete-face rock-fill dam (CFRD)
is a rock-fill dam with concrete
slabs on its upstream face.
• This design provides the concrete
slab as an impervious wall to
prevent leakage and also a
structure without concern for uplift
pressure.
• In addition, the CFRD design is
flexible for topography, faster to
construct and less costly than
earth-fill dams.
Mohale Dam, Lesotho
24. SADDLE DAM & WEIR
Saddle dam is a subsidiary dam of any type
constructed across a saddle or low point on
the perimeter of a reservoir.
A weir (overflow dam) is a type of small
overflow dam that is often used within a
river channel to create an impoundment
lake for water abstraction purposes and
which can also be used for flow
measurement or retardation.
25. CHECK DAM & DRY DAM
• A check dam is a small dam designed to
reduce flow velocity and control soil
erosion.
• A dry dam, also known as a flood
retarding structure, is a dam designed to
control flooding.
• It normally holds back no water and
allows the channel to flow freely, except
during periods of intense flow that would
otherwise cause flooding downstream.
26. DIVERSIONARY DAM & UNDERGROUND DAM
A diversionary dam is a structure designed to
divert all or a portion of the flow of a river from
its natural course. The water may be redirected
into a canal or tunnel for irrigation and/or
hydroelectric power production.
• Underground dams are used to trap
groundwater and store all or most of it below
the surface for extended use in a localized
area.
• In some cases they are also built to prevent
saltwater from intruding into a freshwater
aquifer.
• Underground dams are typically constructed
in areas where water resources are minimal
and need to be efficiently stored, such as in
deserts and on islands
27. TAILINGS DAM
• A tailings dam is typically an earth-fill embankment dam used to store by-
products, which are produced during mining operations after separating
the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction of an ore.
28. STEEL DAM & TIMBER DAM
• A steel dam is a type of dam briefly
experimented with around the start of the
20th century which uses steel plating (at an
angle) and load-bearing beams as the
structure.
• The steel dams were an (arguably failed)
experiment.
• Timber dams were widely used in the early
part of the industrial revolution and in
frontier areas due to ease and speed of
construction.
• Rarely built in modern times because of their
relatively short lifespan and the limited height
to which they can be built, timber dams must
be kept constantly wet in order to maintain
their water retention properties and limit
deterioration by rot, similar to a barrel.
29. COFFERDAM & NATURAL DAM
• A cofferdam (also called a coffer) is a
temporary enclosure built within, or in
pairs across, a body of water and
constructed to allow the enclosed area to
be pumped out.
• Such structures are typically dismantled
after the ultimate work is completed.
• Dams can also be created by natural geological
forces
• Natural disasters such as earthquakes and
landslides frequently create landslide dams in
mountainous regions.
• Natural dams often pose significant hazards to
human settlements and infrastructure.
30. BEAVER DAM
• Beavers create dams primarily out of mud and sticks to flood a particular
habitable area.
• By flooding a parcel of land, beavers can navigate below or near the surface and
remain relatively well hidden or protected from predators.
• The flooded region also allows beavers access to food, especially during the
winter.
31. POWER GENERATION PLANT
• Hydropower is the leading renewable source for electricity generation
globally, supplying 71% of all renewable electricity at the end of 2015.
• Undeveloped potential is approximately 10 000 TWh/y worldwide.
• The global hydropower capacity increased by more than 30% between 2007 and
2015 accounting to a total of 1209 GW in 2015, of which 145 GW is pumped
storage.
33. SPILLWAYS
• A spillway is a section of a dam designed to pass water from the
upstream side of a dam to the downstream side.
• Many spillways have floodgates designed to control the flow through
the spillway.
34. THREE GORGES DAM, CHINA
The Three Gorges Dam, the hydroelectric dam is the world's largest power
station by installed capacity (22,500 MW)
35. ITAIPU DAM (BRAZIL-PARAGUAY)
Itaipu is the hydroelectric plant that produces more energy in the world, setting a
new world 103,098,366 megawatt hour (MWh) record in 2016 and had surpassed the
Three Gorges Dam plant in 2016 and 2015 in energy production.
36. FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF TYPE OF DAM
• Topography
• Geology and Foundation Conditions
• Availability of materials
• Spillway size and location
• Earthquake zone
• Height of the Dam
• Other factors such as cost of construction and maintenance, life of
dam, aesthetics etc.
37. SELECTION OF DAM SITE
• Suitable foundation must be available.
• For economy, the length of the dam should be as small as possible, and for a
given height, it should store the maximum volume of water.
• The general bed level at dam site should preferably be higher than that of the
river basin. This will reduce the height of the dam.
• A suitable site for the spillway should be available in the near vicinity.
• Materials required for the construction of dam should be easily available, either
locally or in the near vicinity.
• The value of land and property submerged by the proposed dam should be as low
as possible.
• The dam site should be easily accessible, so that it can be economically
connected to important towns and cities.
• Site for establishing labor colonies and a healthy environment should be available
near the site.
38. ADVANTAGES OF DAMS
• Clean, efficient, and reliable form of energy.
• Does not emit any direct pollutants or greenhouse gases.
• While the initial cost is high, they are very inexpensive to operate.
• Electricity generated by hydro-electric power plants is the cheapest
electricity generated.
• Dams prevent floods.
• Dams store water for irrigation in summer seasons and dry months.
Many desert areas can now farm due to dams and canals that supply
water.
• Dams supply water for local drinking needs.
• Allows for fish farming.
39. NEGATIVE IMPACT OF DAMS
• In flat basins large dams cause flooding of large tracts of land, destroying local animals and habitats.
• People have to be displaced causing change in life style and customs, even causing emotional
scarring. About 40 to 80 million people have been displaced physically by dams worldwide.
• Large amounts of plant life are submerged and decay anaerobically (in the absence of oxygen)
generating greenhouse gases like methane. It is estimated that a hydroelectric power plant
produces 3.5 times the amount of greenhouse gases as a thermal power plant burning fossil fuels.
• The migratory pattern of river animals like salmon and trout are affected.
• Dams restrict sediments that are responsible for the fertile lands downstream. Farmers use
chemical fertilizers and pesticides to compensate for the loss in productivity.
• Salt water intrusion into the deltas means that the saline water cannot be used for irrigation.
• Large dams are breeding grounds for mosquitoes and cause the spread of disease.
• Farmers downstream who used to wait for the flooding of the fields to plant their seeds are
affected.
• Dams serve as a heat sink, and the water is hotter than the normal river water. This warm water
when released into the river downstream can affect animal life.
• Peak power operations can change the water level thirty to forty feet in one day and can kill the
animals staying at the shorelines.
• Around 400,000 km2 of land worldwide has been submerged due to the construction of dams.
40. SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS
Negative effects on flora, fauna, and the local population can be reduced by
the following methods:
• Fish passages should be created to aid in the migration of the fish.
• New dam sites should be chosen with the environmental impacts in mind.
• Local people should be led into confidence and must be suitably re-settled.
• Proper compensation as per the market rate should be given.
• Religious monuments of historic significance should be shifted.
• Endangered species can be relocated.
If the political will to change and do a good job is there a dam can be
constructed in a way to minimize its effects on people and the environment.
41. CONCLUSION
Dams have made an important and significant contribution to human
development, and the benefits derived from them have been
considerable. Dam building has been one of the most disputed topics
affecting the environment today. The push and pull between the pros
and cons have created conflicts among different groups. While dams
destroy the nature and people surrounding the area in which they are
built, they do provide people with water and products from water. The
solutions are minimal, but the damages could be decreased depending
on the placement of the dam.