This document provides an overview of dams and rivers, including: 1) An introduction to dams, their purposes of irrigation, hydropower, flood control, and more. 2) Reasons for building dams such as power generation, irrigation, flood control, drinking water, recreation, and transportation. 3) Details on ancient dams from around the world dating back to 3000 BC. 4) The different parts of a dam including the heel, crest, parapet wall, toe, abutments, conduits, cutoffs, galleries, diversion tunnels, and spillways. 5) The main types of dams classified by structure, use, and material including arch dams, gravity dams, buttress dams

1. Dams and river (world
scenario)
Name- Pradeep
Roll No.- 20110140
B.Tech. Civil Engineering,
IIT GANDHINAGAR
CE 201 PROJECT PRESENTATION

2. CONTENT:
► INTRODUCTION
► REASONS TO BUILD A DAM
► ANCIENT DAMS
► DIFFERENT PARTS OF A DAM
► TYPES OF DAM
► SOME OF FAMOUS INDIAN DAMS

3. INTRODUCTION:
►Dams are massive barriers built across rivers and streams to
confine and utilize the flow of water for human purposes. These
purposes maybe Irrigation, Hydropower, Water-supply, Flood
Control, Navigation, Fishing and Recreation. This confinement of
water creates lakes or reservoirs.

4. RESONS TO BUILD A DAM:
► Power- Hydroelectric power is made when water passes through a dam.
Irrigation- Dams and waterways store and provide water for irrigation so
farmers can use the water for growing crops.
► Flood Control- Dams help in preventing floods.
► Drinking Water
► Recreation
► Transportation

5. RESONS TO BUILD A DAM:
Recreation-
Dams provide a wonderful opportunity for recreation. In building a dam water is stored
behind it. This water is called a reservoir. Reservoirs are used to store water, especially
during times of excess. They provide activities like fishing, boating, swimming, camping,
and hiking.

6. RESONS TO BUILD A DAM:
⮚ The dam stores lots of water behind it in the
reservoir. Gravity causes it to fall through the
penstock inside the dam. At the end of the
penstock there is a turbine propellor, which is
turned by the moving water. The shaft from the
turbine goes up into the generator, which
produces the power.
POWER GENERATION FROM DAM-

7. ANCIENT DAMS:
• The earliest known dam is the
Jawa Dam in Jordan, 100
kilometres (62 mi) northeast of the
capital Amman.
• This gravity dam featured an
originally 9-metre-high (30 ft) and
1 m-wide (3.3 ft) stone wall,
supported by a 50 m-wide (160 ft)
earth rampart.
• The structure is dated to 3000 BC.

8. ANCIENT DAMS:
Sadd-el-Kafara Dam, Egypt
2800-2600 BC
Great Dam of Marib, Yemen
1750-1700 BC

9. ANCIENT DAMS:
Kallanai Dam, India
2nd century AD
One of the oldest water-diversion or water-
regulator structures in the world which is still in use.
Dujiangyan irrigation system, China
256 BC
The oldest surviving irrigation system

10. DIFFERENT PARTS OF A DAM:
► Heel- The part of the dams meeting with the groundwater or upstream side is called the heel.
► Crest- The section of the dams used as a roadway or walkway is the crest. It is the upper area of the dam.
► Parapet wall- The parapet wall is seen below the crest near the roadway. This assists in the dam investigation
and safety barriers.
► Toe- The portion of the dams meeting with the groundwater or downstream side is called the Toe.
► Abutment- Abutments support the lateral pressure. These are sides of the valley. These are concrete or
masonry structures.
► Conduit- These are closed pipe structures. Conduits act as a passage for the water supply. Bottom
discharge conduits are pipes that cross the body of the dam from the upstream to the downstream sides enabling
water flow.

11. DIFFERENT PARTS OF A DAM:
► Cutoff- Cut off is an impervious barrier constructed beneath the earthen dams .The main function is to
reduce the loss of stored water in the reservoir by preventing seepage.
► Galleries- These are hollow openings passing through the dam. The main purpose of providing
drainage gallery is to collect seepage water from the foundation and body of the dam, and drain it out.
► Diversion tunnel- The purpose of the diversion canal is to redirect the water. Diversion tunnels
are constructed during the construction stage of dams.
► Spillways- The role of the spillway is conveying excess water and preventing damages. The water
passes from upstream to downstream. Spillway helps in the emergency discharge of water.
► Sluice way- The role of the sluiceway is to remove the silt accumulated.
► Free board- The interval between the dam heads to the maximum water level on the upstream side.

12. DIFFERENT PARTS OF A DAM:

13. TYPES OF DAM:
BY STRUCTURE
• Arch dam
• Gravity dam
• Buttress dam
• Arch-Gravity dam
• Barrages
• Embankment dam
• Rock-fill dam
• Concrete-face rock-fill dam
• Earth-fill dam
BY USE
• Saddle dam
• Weir
• Check Dam
• Dry dam
• Diversionary dam
• Underground dam
• Tailing dam
BY MATERIAL
• Steel dam
• Timber dam
Other Types
• Cofferdam
• Natural dam
• Beaver dam

14. TYPES OF DAM:
• An arch dam is a solid dam made of the bedrock
of the surrounding area that is curved upstream
in plan
• The arch dam is designed so that the force of the
water against it, known as hydrostatic pressure,
presses against the arch, compressing and
strengthening the structure as it pushes into its
foundation or abutments.
• An arch dam is most suitable for narrow gorges or
canyons with steep walls of stable rock to support
the structure and stresses.
• Since they are thinner than any other dam type,
they require much less construction material,
making them economical and practical in remote
areas.
Arch Dam

15. TYPES OF DAM:
• A gravity dam is a dam constructed from
concrete or stone masonry and designed
to hold back water by primarily utilizing
the weight of the material alone to resist
the horizontal pressure of water pushing
against it.
• Gravity dams are designed so that each
section of the dam is stable, independent
of any other dam section.
• Most gravity dams are straight.
• Some masonry and concrete gravity dams
have the dam axis curved to add stability
through arch action.
Gravity Dam

16. SOME OF FAMOUS INDIAN DAMS:
Indira Sagar Dam, Narmada River
Madhya Pradesh.
Krishnarajasagar Dam, River Kaveri
Karnataka.

17. SOME OF FAMOUS INDIAN DAMS:
Bisalpur Dam, Banas River
Rajasthan
Tehri Dam, Bhagirathi River
Uttarakhand

18. THANK
YOU