The document discusses causes of delay and cost overruns in construction of groundwater projects in Ghana. It presents results of a survey of project owners, consultants, and contractors on factors contributing to these issues. The top five factors identified were monthly payment difficulties from agencies, poor contractor management, material procurement problems, poor technical performance, and escalation of material prices. Effective project planning, control, and monitoring are needed to improve project performance and minimize delays and cost overruns for groundwater projects in Ghana.
Reasons for the Delay and Cost Overrun in Residential Projects - 2017Sankalp Swarnkar
This work found out the most significant reasons of time and cost overrun for ongoing residential projects, along with this, the study focuses on formulating recommendations for improving construction performance. At the end of this work, I have reached a conclusion that what are common issues that are attributing to time and cost overrun in projects.
Infrastructure plays a vital role in ensuring a sustained growth trajectory for India, it is imperative that we identify the core issues affecting completion of infrastructure projects in India and chalk out initiatives that need to be acted upon in short term as well as long term. This study attempts to identify these pertinent issues.
Cost Overrun Causes Related to the Design Phase in the Egyptian Construction ...World-Academic Journal
Cost overrun is one of the most common problems that threaten any construction project. As the Design phase is responsible for many critical decisions, many of cost overrun causes are related to such phase. This paper aims to identify the most significant causes of cost overrun related to the design phase in the Egyptian construction industry from the point of view of owners, consultant, designers, project managers and contractors. A list of cost overrun causes related to the design phase collected through an extensive literature review, main causes were adapted to the Egyptian construction industry through seven semi-structured interviews. The resultant list was submitted to a questionnaire survey for the impact and frequency quantitative evaluation. the results of the research is expected to help the participants in the design phase to develop more optimized design and avoid the most usual flaws that could led to cost overruns.
A Review of Cost overruns in Construction Project Managementijsrd.com
In construction industry cost is amongst the major considerations throughout the project management life cycle and thus can be regarded as one of the most important parameter of a project and the driving force of project success. Despite of its proven importance it is not uncommon to see a construction project failing to achieve its objectives within the specified cost. Cost overrun is a very frequent phenomenon and is almost associated with nearly all projects in the construction industry. In this paper different type of cost are enlisted and due to the effect of cost overruns enumerated in building projects. Effects Cost overruns are decrease in the building projects so, different methods are used the analysis cost overruns factors and give the top ten ranks.
Effect of construction delays on project time overruneSAT Journals
Abstract The time and cost for performance of a project are usually important to the employer and contractor. About 57% of Indian construction projects are experiencing time overrun. These time overruns always contributed as expensive to all parties. This paper highlights the types of construction delays due to which project suffer time and cost overrun. Construction delay is considered to be one of the recurring problems in the construction industry and it has an adverse effect on project success in terms of time, cost and quality. The construction industry is the tool through which a society achieves its goal of urban and rural development. It is one of the sectors that provides important ingredient for the development of an economy. This paper studies external and internal factors that influence the construction process and outlines the effect of delay in large construction projects. Various media reports shows incidents of extended delays and extensive cost overruns in infrastructure projects. These delayed projects are further can conclude additional delays and this affects an ongoing projects and also new projects which could not be started due to pending projects whose completion date already elongated. Realizing the density of matter this paper studies the performance of previous year 2012 ongoing and also completed projects. These projects are from around 17 various central sectors costing Rs. 1000 crore and above (Mega Projects). Keywords: Delays, Time overrun, Cost overrun, Megaprojects etc
Reasons for the Delay and Cost Overrun in Residential Projects - 2017Sankalp Swarnkar
This work found out the most significant reasons of time and cost overrun for ongoing residential projects, along with this, the study focuses on formulating recommendations for improving construction performance. At the end of this work, I have reached a conclusion that what are common issues that are attributing to time and cost overrun in projects.
Infrastructure plays a vital role in ensuring a sustained growth trajectory for India, it is imperative that we identify the core issues affecting completion of infrastructure projects in India and chalk out initiatives that need to be acted upon in short term as well as long term. This study attempts to identify these pertinent issues.
Cost Overrun Causes Related to the Design Phase in the Egyptian Construction ...World-Academic Journal
Cost overrun is one of the most common problems that threaten any construction project. As the Design phase is responsible for many critical decisions, many of cost overrun causes are related to such phase. This paper aims to identify the most significant causes of cost overrun related to the design phase in the Egyptian construction industry from the point of view of owners, consultant, designers, project managers and contractors. A list of cost overrun causes related to the design phase collected through an extensive literature review, main causes were adapted to the Egyptian construction industry through seven semi-structured interviews. The resultant list was submitted to a questionnaire survey for the impact and frequency quantitative evaluation. the results of the research is expected to help the participants in the design phase to develop more optimized design and avoid the most usual flaws that could led to cost overruns.
A Review of Cost overruns in Construction Project Managementijsrd.com
In construction industry cost is amongst the major considerations throughout the project management life cycle and thus can be regarded as one of the most important parameter of a project and the driving force of project success. Despite of its proven importance it is not uncommon to see a construction project failing to achieve its objectives within the specified cost. Cost overrun is a very frequent phenomenon and is almost associated with nearly all projects in the construction industry. In this paper different type of cost are enlisted and due to the effect of cost overruns enumerated in building projects. Effects Cost overruns are decrease in the building projects so, different methods are used the analysis cost overruns factors and give the top ten ranks.
Effect of construction delays on project time overruneSAT Journals
Abstract The time and cost for performance of a project are usually important to the employer and contractor. About 57% of Indian construction projects are experiencing time overrun. These time overruns always contributed as expensive to all parties. This paper highlights the types of construction delays due to which project suffer time and cost overrun. Construction delay is considered to be one of the recurring problems in the construction industry and it has an adverse effect on project success in terms of time, cost and quality. The construction industry is the tool through which a society achieves its goal of urban and rural development. It is one of the sectors that provides important ingredient for the development of an economy. This paper studies external and internal factors that influence the construction process and outlines the effect of delay in large construction projects. Various media reports shows incidents of extended delays and extensive cost overruns in infrastructure projects. These delayed projects are further can conclude additional delays and this affects an ongoing projects and also new projects which could not be started due to pending projects whose completion date already elongated. Realizing the density of matter this paper studies the performance of previous year 2012 ongoing and also completed projects. These projects are from around 17 various central sectors costing Rs. 1000 crore and above (Mega Projects). Keywords: Delays, Time overrun, Cost overrun, Megaprojects etc
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A case study of Delay Analysis of construction project: Al Kut Olympic Stadiu...Gaurav Verma
These slides present a case study of Delay Analysis in Construction of "AL KUT OLYMPIC STADIUM". After going through these slides you will gotta know the following things:
1. What are construction delays?
2. Types of Construction Delays.
3. Effects of Construction Delays.
4. Location of "Al Kut Olympic Stadium".
5. Scope of study.
6. Objectives of study.
7. Research Methodology.
8. Result Analysis.
Delay Analysis of Projects and Effects of Delays in the Mining/Manufacturing ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
FACTORS AFFECTING DELAYS ON PRIVATE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSIAEME Publication
Construction Delays is a major of concern in the private projects construction industry in Jordan. With the fact that construction delays are nothing but loss of time and money such study was conducted to identify the factors that causes the construction delays. Therefore three groups consist of consultants, contractors and owners were questioned, Shortage of manpower (skilled, semiskilled, unskilled labor), Delay in the approval of contractor submissions by the engineer, Shortage of materials, The relationship between different subcontractors’ schedules were the most important factors that cause delays in private projects sector in Jordan. Furthermore one way ANOVA analysis conducted to select factors that share agreement between the three groups.
Causes and Effects of Change Orders on Construction Projects in KuwaitIJERA Editor
This research investigates the change orders in public and private construction projects in Kuwait. The study in this research presents the results of a questionnaire surveying the owners, contractors and consultants on a sample comprising 385 engineers representing the construction industry. The responses to the questionnaire help in identifying the general characteristics of the construction industry in Kuwait as well as ranking the most common causes of changes, their effects on the projects and the control measures to address the changes. The results of the questionnaire indicate that the owner is the most responsible party causing changes. The study identifies that the first cause is change of plans by owner, otherwise increase in cost of the project is the first effect. All changes to design documents are checked and reviewed is the first control.
Causes of delays on Construction Projects in Kuwait according to opinion of e...IJERA Editor
This paper presents an investigation into analysis of the causes of delays on Construction Projects in Kuwait according to opinion of engineers working in Kuwait. This is achieved through identification of the major causes of delays in the construction industry as reported in literature and using a questionnaire survey to collect the views of the various key players in the Kuwaiti construction industry. The data is analyzed and the views of the groups surveyed discussed and the relative importance index used to rank the causes of delays in the construction industry as per the questionnaire responses obtained. .It is found that the top 10 causes of delays in construction projects in Kuwait are as listed below. Using a lowest price bidding and tendering system Poor performance of the main contractor Inadequate experience or qualifications of main contractor’s staff Delay of payments from client to other parties Poor performance of subcontractors Shortage in the supply of general labour Frequent changes of subcontractors Delay in decision making by the client Poor management of subcontractors Conflict between the main parties to the contract Inappropriate methods used by the main contractor Proposals of ways to effectively prevent delays in the future construction projects managed in Kuwait construction industry were developed from the identified causes delay
Stakeholders’ Perception of the Causes and Effect of Construction Delays on P...IJMER
Indian Construction industry is large, volatile, and requires tremendous capital outlays. Typically, the work offers low rates of return in relation to the amount of risk involved. A unique element of risk in the industry is the manner in which disputes and claims are woven through the fibre of the construction process. Delay is generally acknowledged as the most common, costly, complex and risky problem encountered in construction projects. Because of the overriding importance of time for both the Owner and the Contractor, it is the source of frequent disputes and claims leading to lawsuits. The growing rate of delays is adversely affecting the timely delivery of construction projects. Presently construction industries are facing a lot of problems, considering that a paper assess construction stakeholder’s perception to the causes of delays and its effects on project delivery. And also one case study is considered in this paper to elicit responses from construction stakeholders. The primary aim of this paper is to identify the perceptions of the different parties regarding causes of delays, the allocation of responsibilities and the types of delays, and method of minimizing the construction delays
A Study of Factors Caused for Time & Cost Overruns in Construction Project & ...IJERA Editor
The Construction industry is one of the key economic industry in India and is the main motivating force in Indian national economy. But, it suffers from a number of problems that affect time, cost and quality performances. Successful management of construction projects is based on three major factors i.e. time, cost and quality. The successful completion of construction projects within the specified time has become the most valuable and challenging task for the Managers, Architects, Engineers and Contractors. How to achieve this task is a problem, which should be solved. The overall objective of this study is to identify the factors resposinle for overruns in time and cost of the construction project and suggest the suitable remedial solutions. Poor planning, implementation and management are the main reasons for time and cost overruns in construction projects in India. Since most of the reasons are well known and can be controlled if a proper arrangement is made
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A case study of Delay Analysis of construction project: Al Kut Olympic Stadiu...Gaurav Verma
These slides present a case study of Delay Analysis in Construction of "AL KUT OLYMPIC STADIUM". After going through these slides you will gotta know the following things:
1. What are construction delays?
2. Types of Construction Delays.
3. Effects of Construction Delays.
4. Location of "Al Kut Olympic Stadium".
5. Scope of study.
6. Objectives of study.
7. Research Methodology.
8. Result Analysis.
Delay Analysis of Projects and Effects of Delays in the Mining/Manufacturing ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
FACTORS AFFECTING DELAYS ON PRIVATE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSIAEME Publication
Construction Delays is a major of concern in the private projects construction industry in Jordan. With the fact that construction delays are nothing but loss of time and money such study was conducted to identify the factors that causes the construction delays. Therefore three groups consist of consultants, contractors and owners were questioned, Shortage of manpower (skilled, semiskilled, unskilled labor), Delay in the approval of contractor submissions by the engineer, Shortage of materials, The relationship between different subcontractors’ schedules were the most important factors that cause delays in private projects sector in Jordan. Furthermore one way ANOVA analysis conducted to select factors that share agreement between the three groups.
Causes and Effects of Change Orders on Construction Projects in KuwaitIJERA Editor
This research investigates the change orders in public and private construction projects in Kuwait. The study in this research presents the results of a questionnaire surveying the owners, contractors and consultants on a sample comprising 385 engineers representing the construction industry. The responses to the questionnaire help in identifying the general characteristics of the construction industry in Kuwait as well as ranking the most common causes of changes, their effects on the projects and the control measures to address the changes. The results of the questionnaire indicate that the owner is the most responsible party causing changes. The study identifies that the first cause is change of plans by owner, otherwise increase in cost of the project is the first effect. All changes to design documents are checked and reviewed is the first control.
Causes of delays on Construction Projects in Kuwait according to opinion of e...IJERA Editor
This paper presents an investigation into analysis of the causes of delays on Construction Projects in Kuwait according to opinion of engineers working in Kuwait. This is achieved through identification of the major causes of delays in the construction industry as reported in literature and using a questionnaire survey to collect the views of the various key players in the Kuwaiti construction industry. The data is analyzed and the views of the groups surveyed discussed and the relative importance index used to rank the causes of delays in the construction industry as per the questionnaire responses obtained. .It is found that the top 10 causes of delays in construction projects in Kuwait are as listed below. Using a lowest price bidding and tendering system Poor performance of the main contractor Inadequate experience or qualifications of main contractor’s staff Delay of payments from client to other parties Poor performance of subcontractors Shortage in the supply of general labour Frequent changes of subcontractors Delay in decision making by the client Poor management of subcontractors Conflict between the main parties to the contract Inappropriate methods used by the main contractor Proposals of ways to effectively prevent delays in the future construction projects managed in Kuwait construction industry were developed from the identified causes delay
Stakeholders’ Perception of the Causes and Effect of Construction Delays on P...IJMER
Indian Construction industry is large, volatile, and requires tremendous capital outlays. Typically, the work offers low rates of return in relation to the amount of risk involved. A unique element of risk in the industry is the manner in which disputes and claims are woven through the fibre of the construction process. Delay is generally acknowledged as the most common, costly, complex and risky problem encountered in construction projects. Because of the overriding importance of time for both the Owner and the Contractor, it is the source of frequent disputes and claims leading to lawsuits. The growing rate of delays is adversely affecting the timely delivery of construction projects. Presently construction industries are facing a lot of problems, considering that a paper assess construction stakeholder’s perception to the causes of delays and its effects on project delivery. And also one case study is considered in this paper to elicit responses from construction stakeholders. The primary aim of this paper is to identify the perceptions of the different parties regarding causes of delays, the allocation of responsibilities and the types of delays, and method of minimizing the construction delays
A Study of Factors Caused for Time & Cost Overruns in Construction Project & ...IJERA Editor
The Construction industry is one of the key economic industry in India and is the main motivating force in Indian national economy. But, it suffers from a number of problems that affect time, cost and quality performances. Successful management of construction projects is based on three major factors i.e. time, cost and quality. The successful completion of construction projects within the specified time has become the most valuable and challenging task for the Managers, Architects, Engineers and Contractors. How to achieve this task is a problem, which should be solved. The overall objective of this study is to identify the factors resposinle for overruns in time and cost of the construction project and suggest the suitable remedial solutions. Poor planning, implementation and management are the main reasons for time and cost overruns in construction projects in India. Since most of the reasons are well known and can be controlled if a proper arrangement is made
Construction Delay Analysis, SimplifiedMichael Pink
Learn how to perform a delay analysis in the construction industry. Capture and study your impacts to determine why a project was late. Use this proven method to ensure that you get paid for delays caused by others.
A brief introduction to Pattern Recognition. Slides were used for a Seminar at the Interactive Art PhD at School of Arts of the UCP, Porto, Portugal (http://artes.ucp.pt)
Lecture notes for An Introduction to Operations Management (taught by Prof. Christian Terwiesch / University of Pennsylvania / online course at www.coursera.org).
This study examined principal risks affecting performance in the Nigeria’s east-west coastal highway
project. The objective was to identify critical risks and their allocation preference. The study involved a
two tier descriptive research processes. The first stage involved 10 high profile engineering design
consultants and 6 projects managers, and the second stage was a survey of 66 construction/projects
managers in Akwa Ibom and Rivers states, Nigeria. During the first stage, respondents were presented
with a risk register containing 245 risk factors relating to the pre-construction stages to determine their
applicability in the project. In the second phase, critical risks were ranked for degree of impact and
likelihood of occurrence. Risk matrix was used to map risk impact and probability. Among the high
impact/probability risk factors are government lack of political will; change in government, and
corruption. 66% of the risks are allocated to contractor while the client bears only 34%. To ensure smooth
delivery of the project, the study advocates the allocation of all policy; economic, financial, social,
environmental, and technological risks to the client based on their shifting nature and existing contractual
practice. The study provides an in-depth risk analysis and a comprehensive risk register for managing
risks apparent in the project.
Theoretical Risk Identification within the Nigeria East- West Coastal Highway...civejjour
This study examined principal risks affecting performance in the Nigeria’s east-west coastal highway project. The objective was to identify critical risks and their allocation preference. The study involved a two tier descriptive research processes. The first stage involved 10 high profile engineering design consultants and 6 projects managers, and the second stage was a survey of 66 construction/projects managers in Akwa Ibom and Rivers states, Nigeria. During the first stage, respondents were presented with a risk register containing 245 risk factors relating to the pre-construction stages to determine their applicability in the project. In the second phase, critical risks were ranked for degree of impact and likelihood of occurrence. Risk matrix was used to map risk impact and probability. Among the high impact/probability risk factors are government lack of political will; change in government, and corruption. 66% of the risks are allocated to contractor while the client bears only 34%. To ensure smooth delivery of the project, the study advocates the allocation of all policy; economic, financial, social, environmental, and technological risks to the client based on their shifting nature and existing contractual practice. The study provides an in-depth risk analysis and a comprehensive risk register for managing risks apparent in the project
Delay Analysis in EPC Projects using Ishikawa DiagramIJAEMSJORNAL
Delay is one of the major issues in EPC projects in Oman. Project managers are not considering the root causes of delay while taking preventive measures. This project aims to identify the most common types of delay in EPC projects, to find out the root causes of delay by using Ishikawa diagram and further to prepare acceleration plan for a running project by using schedule compression techniques. The objectives of this project are: (a ) to identify root causes of various delays commonly affecting the EPC projects in Oman by using Ishikawa diagram. (b) to identify critical delay cause factors for a running project by conducting questionnaire survey. (c) to prepare acceleration plan for the project by using schedule compression techniques. To achieve this study: all the information was collected, schedules were compared to calculate the delay in each activity, questionnaire survey was conducted to study the impact of various factors causing delay and the root causes by using Ishikawa diagram and finally prepared an acceleration plan by using schedule compression techniques . The results found are: time and cost constraints are the biggest obstacle causing delay in EPC projects. The study identified the importance of analyzing the root causes before taking any particular preventive measures.
RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN SCOPE AND IDENTIFICATION5Christopher Mi.docxSUBHI7
RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN SCOPE AND IDENTIFICATION
5
Christopher Mihun
Risk Management Plan Scope and Identification – Sydney Opera House Project
PM650-1801B-01
Professor Al-Nizami
Risks Associated with the Project
The development of the Sydney Opera House was scheduled to be completed in 4 years with a budget of around AUD 7 million. But the project ended costing more than AUD 102 million and 14 years to complete. The risks associated with the development of the project include:
i. Incomplete designs which resulted in poor structural planning and delivery of the project.
ii. Poor stakeholder involvement in the due process and project planning
iii. Lack of project leadership from the project manager
iv. Lack of project progress reports and this hampered the performance appraisals
v. Poor Cost Estimates and budgeting
vi. Incomplete designs requirement gathering
vii. Failure to keep within the cost estimate.
viii. Inability to meet the completion timeline
ix. Changes in project scope and requirements.
x. Project scope and design changes.
xi. Lack of project change controls and Scope of the project
xii. The pressure to deliver projects on an accelerated schedule.
xiii. Inaccurate contract time estimates.
xiv. Lack of communication between project participants.
xv. Inadequately defined roles and responsibilities.
xvi. Insufficient skilled staff.
xvii. Political risks.
xviii. Poor task and roles assigning among the project stakeholders
xix. Inexperienced project managers
xx. Lack of stakeholders engagement in the development of the project development
Techniques Used to Identify the Risks
There are different techniques which can be used in the risk identification and this will be critical to risk assessment and management in any project. Based on the project carried and developed by the Sydney Opera House, risk identification was conducted through the use of risk screening using risk registers and identification of the risk associated with the project (Shenhar, Aaron, & Dvir, 2007). The risk registers as indicated in the table below, it indicates the process of meeting and identification of the critical risks which impacts the different phases of the project. The project considers the development of a construction project which takes into consideration process of planning, site reconnaissance and survey. It is only possible by ensuring there is a process for engaging in the managerial of risks and their root causes. Therefore, through root cause analysis, the risks as identified were analyzed and this helped in the planning, development and recognition of the necessary and ideal breakdown phases or work structures(National Research Council, 2005). The risks identified also were conducted through work uncertainties and checking the work phases such as planning on the phases and plotting the risks through risk registers. Risk registers indicates the ranking the risks in terms of impacts, probability and hazard level.
Stak ...
Investigating the Effectiveness of Construction Practices in Delayed Resident...ijtsrd
Construction schedule delays could also be explained by means of the late completion of construction add comparison of designed schedule of project. If the explanations of the development projects schedule delay are found then the project schedule delay in construction may be reduced. During this study, factors of schedule delay were selected after the past review of literature then arranged them in primary sets. On following the survey outcomes, the highest causative groups and factors that require more consideration of delays in kokan region were explained. Satej R. Desai | A. T. Pawar "Investigating the Effectiveness of Construction Practices in Delayed Residential Projects in Gadhinglaj City through Time and Cost Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30530.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30530/investigating-the-effectiveness-of-construction-practices-in-delayed-residential-projects-in-gadhinglaj-city-through-time-and-cost-perspective/satej-r-desai
An Investigation into the Delays in Road Projects in BahrainIJRES Journal
This research investigated the delays in road projects in Bahrain. It studied frequency and severity of delay’s causes, as well as frequency of delay’s effects in such projects. Forty seven causes were identified and classified by responsibility into six groups. A field survey was conducted through a questionnaire including 36 contractors, 24 consultants and 84 engineers working at Ministry of Works (MOW). The researcher concluded that there are many causes of delay related to contractors such as the improper planning and scheduling. One of the major causes related to the owner, i.e. MOW is delay in decision making. The main problems related to consultants are due to lack of experience. Moreover, cost and time overruns were two of the most frequent effects of delay.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
India Orthopedic Devices Market: Unlocking Growth Secrets, Trends and Develop...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, “India Orthopedic Devices Market -Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2030”, the India Orthopedic Devices Market stood at USD 1,280.54 Million in 2024 and is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 7.84% in the forecast period, 2026-2030F. The India Orthopedic Devices Market is being driven by several factors. The most prominent ones include an increase in the elderly population, who are more prone to orthopedic conditions such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Moreover, the rise in sports injuries and road accidents are also contributing to the demand for orthopedic devices. Advances in technology and the introduction of innovative implants and prosthetics have further propelled the market growth. Additionally, government initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases have led to an upward trend in orthopedic surgeries, thereby fueling the market demand for these devices.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
Causes of delay and cost overruns in construction of groundwater projects in developing countries ghana as a case study
1. Causes of delay and cost overruns in construction of groundwater
projects in a developing countries;
Ghana as a case study
Yaw Frimponga,
*, Jacob Oluwoyeb
, Lynn Crawfordc
a
1/9-11 Oxford Street, Merrylands, NSW 2160, Australia
b
University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway NSW, 2007 Sydney, Australia
c
Project Management Program, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway NSW, 2007 Sydney, Australia
Received 28 June 2001; received in revised form 19 September 2001; accepted 27 September 2002
Abstract
Delay and cost overruns are common in construction projects and groundwater construction projects in Ghana are not an
exception. The paper presents the results of a questionnaire survey conducted to identify and evaluate the relative importance of the
significant factors contributing to delay and cost overruns in Ghana groundwater construction projects. Respondents of this survey
included personnel from owners, consultants and contractors involved in groundwater projects in Ghana. The results of the study
revealed the main causes of delay and cost overruns in construction of groundwater projects included: monthly payment difficulties
from agencies; poor contractor management; material procurement; poor technical performances; and escalation of material prices.
Hence, effective project planning, controlling and monitoring should be established to enhance project performance in order to
minimise or avoid delay and cost problems in groundwater construction projects.
# 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd and IPMA. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Project management; Groundwater projects; Construction; Overruns; Ghana; Developing countries
1. Introduction
Project success can be defined as meeting goals and
objectives as prescribed in the project plan. A successful
project means that the project has accomplished its
technical performance, maintained its schedule, and
remained within budgetary costs.
Project management tools and techniques play an
important role in the effective management of a project.
Therefore, a good project management lies in the man-
agement tools and techniques used to manage the pro-
ject. Project management involves managing the
resources—workers, machines, money, materials and
methods used [1]. Some projects are effectively and effi-
ciently managed while others are mismanaged, incurring
much delay and cost overruns.
A construction project such as groundwater com-
prises two distinct phases: the preconstruction phase,
(the period between the initial conception of the project
and signing of the contract; and the construction phase
which is the period after award of the contract when the
actual construction is going on) [1]. Delay and cost
overruns occur in both phases however, major causes of
project overruns usually take place in the construction
phase. Therefore, this paper is limited to this phase.
Previous studies show extensive information on project
schedule delays and cost overruns [2–7].
This paper identifies and examines the causes of delay
and cost overruns in the construction of groundwater
projects. The study is based on data relating to ground-
water construction projects in Ghana. There are many
factors that can cause delay and cost overruns in
groundwater drilling projects. These range from factors
inherent in the technology and its management, to those
resulting from the physical, social and financial envir-
onment. In a preliminary survey conducted in water
drilling projects in Ghana, for the purpose of this
research, it was found that 33 out of a total of 47 pro-
jects completed between 1970 and 1999 were delayed
0263-7863/03/$30.00 # 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd and IPMA. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/S0263-7863(02)00055-8
International Journal of Project Management 21 (2003) 321–326
www.elsevier.com/locate/ijproman
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: yawfrimpong@hotmail.com (Y. Frimpong).
2. while 38 projects were overruns [8]. The data indicated
that 75% of the projects exceeded the original project
schedule and cost whereas only 25% were completed
within the budget and on time. The survey revealed that
delay and cost overruns occur frequently in construc-
tion of groundwater projects in Ghana and developing
countries in general, especially in long-duration pro-
jects. It is therefore important that thorough analysis be
carried out to help in efficient project management, to
reduce delay, and cost overruns.
2. Nature of groundwater work
Groundwater-drilling projects involve the following
activities:
Groundwater exploration (siting of boreholes)
which involves geophysical surveys conducted at
the ground surface using highly sophisticated
equipment, borehole sampling, and geophysical
logging of the borehole with highly sophisticated
well-logging equipment.
Borehole drilling and construction; which
involves drilling, installing the casing, placing a
well screen and filter pack, if required, grouting
to provide sanitary protection, and developing
the well to ensure sand-free operation at max-
imum yield.
Pumping test and water quality analysis: which
involves pumping a well at a certain rate,
recording the drawdown in the pumping well,
monitoring and recording the recovery of the
water, and conducting water quality tests.
Civil works and exploration: which involves
construction of well base pads and installation of
appropriate pump.
The nature of work in groundwater projects and the
environment within which they are built make such
projects susceptible to delay and cost overruns. Some of
the influential factors can be summarised as followings:
Poor technical performance due to improper
planning result number of wells abandoned and
thereby causes project delay and cost overruns.
Work in these projects depends mainly on
equipment, plants and materials, project may be
delayed without effective and efficient procure-
ment procedures.
Numerous series of activities are involved in the
water drilling project and reluctant to use of
scheduling techniques and update schedules on
regular basis are needed. A great deal of co-
ordination among these activities is required to
avoid delay especially in public projects.
Due to lack of skilful management less attention
is paid to resources allocation i.e. human, finan-
cial and material resources.
In an attempt to identify the reasons for such delays
and overruns, an extensive survey was conducted in
Ghana.
3. Research aim and objectives
This paper identifies and examines the causes of delay
and cost overruns in the construction of groundwater
projects in Ghana. The objectives are:
To study and evaluate the factors that contribute
to delay and cost overruns in groundwater con-
struction,
To identify the main factors that influence the
causes of delay and cost overruns in construction
of groundwater projects and to examine their
relative importance.
4. Methodology
In order to evaluate and analyse the causes of delay
and cost overrun in groundwater projects, a wide range
of personnel involved in groundwater construction in
project Ghana were targeted. Personnel were randomly
selected from Ghanaian project managers, consultants,
contractors, client’s representatives and construction
managers. A questionnaire of 26 factors was carefully
designed from previous preliminary investigations con-
ducted in groundwater drilling projects between 1970
and 1999 in Ghana. It was organised in the form of a
priority scaling (1=very low, 2=low, 3=medium,
4=high, and 5=very high).
The questionnaire was directed towards three groups
in both public and private organisations: owners of the
groundwater projects, consulting offices, and con-
tractors working in the groundwater works. The ques-
tionnaire was distributed to a random sample of 55
owners, 40 contractors and 30 consultants. The sample
selected for each of the three groups is described below
as:
Owners comprising the government agency (key
decision-makers) responsible for the projects,
private organisations (industries), and individual
owners.
Consultants working in the groundwater con-
struction projects.
Contractors who are involved in the ground-
water drilling project.
322 Y. Frimpong et al. / International Journal of Project Management 21 (2003) 321–326
3. Respondents were from public and private agencies
that sponsor groundwater construction projects, and the
contracting and consulting organisations that work for
them. There were 125 in the group targeted, 72 (57%)
questionnaires were returned completed of these: 28
were from owners; 19 from consultants; and 25 from
contractors (see Table 1).
5. Data analysis
The procedure used in analysing the results was aimed
at establishing the relative importance of the various
factors responsible for project delay and cost overruns.
The score for each factor is calculated by summing up
scores assigned to it by respondents. Therefore, the level
of importance as indicated by the owners, contractors
and consultants were used to measure the relative
weight of each factor. The relative weight was computed
using the following equation:
Relative Importance Weight (RIW)=
P5
i¼1
ai Áni
PN
j¼1
xj
 100 ð1Þ
where: xj=the sum of the jth factor; j=the factors 1, 2,
3, 4, . . .. . .N; N=total number of factors (26); ai=con-
stant expressing the weight given to the ith response:
i=1, 2, 3, 4, 5
for a response of ‘very high’ a1=5
for a response of ‘high’ a2=4
for a response of ‘medium’ a3=3
for a response of ‘low’ a4=2
for a response of ‘very low’ a5=1
ni=the variable expressing the frequency of the ith
response
n1=frequency of ‘very high’ responsen2=frequency of
‘high’ response
n3=frequency of ‘medium’ response
n4=frequency of ‘low’ response
n5=frequency of ‘very low’ response
Eq. (1) was used to calculate the Relative Importance
Weight for all delay and cost overruns factors. The
Weights were ranked for Contractors, Owners and
Consultants.
To determine whether there is degree of agreement
among the three groups with respect to their rankings
of the factors, Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance
was used. The Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance
says that the degree of agreement on a zero to one scale
is:
W ¼
12U À 3m2
n n À 1ð Þ2
m2n n À 1ð Þ
ð2Þ
where:
U ¼
Xn
j¼1
SRð Þ2
n=number of factors; m=number of the groups; j=the
factors 1, 2, 3, 4, . . .. . .N.
The calculated Kendall’s Coefficient of concordance
W =0.9208
In order to know whether there is disagreement or
agreement between the three groups on ranking the
factors, a test of hypothesis is needed.
Null hypothesis: H0: Disagreement in rankings
among the three groups.
Alternative hypothesis: H1: Agreement in rankings
among the three groups.
Since n=26 is too large for the table of critical values
of Kendall’s, chi-square approximation of the sampling
distribution of W is computed with Eq. (3).
2
¼ k n À 1ð ÞW ð3Þ
Therefore, w2
=69.06 and using a w2
critical table for
n=26 and a=0.05, the wa
2(nÀ1)
=2 25ð Þ
:05 =7.65. Since
computed value w2
is greater than critical table 2 25ð Þ
:05
null hypothesis H0 is rejected and alternative hypothesis
H1 is accepted. Therefore, concluded that there is a sig-
nificant degree of agreement between the three groups
with respect to how they rank the factors.
6. Survey results and analysis
The questionnaire was analysed from contractors,
owners and consultants’ perspective. In order to identify
the most important factors that influence time and cost
Table 1
Per cent of questionnaire distribution and their response
Description Questionnaire
distributed
Number of
respondents
Percentage of
responses
Owners 55 28 38.9
Contractors 40 25 34.7
Consultants 30 19 26.4
Total 125 72 57.6
Y. Frimpong et al. / International Journal of Project Management 21 (2003) 321–326 323
4. overruns in groundwater projects, the items were ranked
in the various groups. On the basis of ranking of the
factors by the various groups it was possible to identify
the most important factors that influenced project time
and cost overruns. A summary of all the factors causing
delays and cost overruns in groundwater projects in
relative importance weights, ranking by the groups, and
overall ranking as identified by all groups is shown in
the Table 2.
The results show that, there are several important
factors underlying causes of delay and cost overruns in
groundwater construction projects in developing coun-
tries such as Ghana. The five most important factors
agreed by the owners, contractors and consultants, as
the main causes were (see Table 2) monthly payment
difficulties from agencies, poor contractor management,
material procurement, poor technical performances,
and escalation of material prices.
Contractors and consultants ranked the monthly
payment difficulties from agencies for completed works
first whereas the owners ranked it tenth. This problem
may be due to the existing culture in the construction
industry. In Ghana, the biggest customer of the
groundwater industry is the government and there is
very little participation from private investors [8]. Like
most developing countries, groundwater projects in
Ghana are financed either through domestic savings or
foreign funding. Groundwater construction projects
funds may be from capital allocation from Ministry of
Work and/or foreign assistance which have been bud-
geted. However, there is delay in payment for the com-
pleted work due to bureaucracy in governments
departments. Regular monthly payment to contractors
for work done removed constraints which otherwise may
have impeded project progress to cause delay and cost
overruns. Failure to provide adequate funding resources
to contractors for the job done will make it difficult for the
contractors to meet project objectives [14].
The second most important factor attributing to the
cause of delay and cost overruns in groundwater projects
is poor contract management. Poor contract management
was ranked first by owners, second by consultants, while
contractors ranked it sixth (see Table 2). This can be
attributed to the way contracts are been awarded. Most
cases, projects are awarded to the lowest bidder. Some
of the lowest bidders may lack management skills and
less attention is paid to contractor’s plan, cost control,
overall site management, and resource allocation, ie,
human, financial and material resources. Evidence from
Ogunlana and Olomolaiye [9] and Wahab [11] postu-
lated that many contractors in developing countries are
entrepreneurs who are in the business of making money
Table 2
Rank of all the factors responsible for project delays and cost overruns according to contractors, consultants and owners
Factors Owners Contractors Consultants Overall
RIW% RANK RIW% RANK RIW% RANK RANK
Planning and scheduling deficiencies 4.52 3 4.17 10.5 4.60 4 8
Deficiencies in cost estimates prepared 4.29 8.5 4.13 12.5 4.14 10 10
Inadequate control procedures 3.75 18 3.78 16.5 3.62 19.5 19
Delays in work approval 3.67 20 3.87 15 3.62 19.5 18
Waiting for information 2.97 24.5 3.22 23 3.45 22.5 24
Mistakes during construction 3.48 21.5 2.96 24 3.50 21 22
Delays in inspection and testing of work 2.97 24.5 2.87 25 3.22 24 25
Cash flow during construction 4.44 6 4.48 6 4.48 5.5 7
Frequent breakdowns of construction plant and equipment 4.02 14 3.65 19.5 3.85 16 16
Shortages of technical personnel 3.48 21.5 3.65 19.5 3.79 17 20
Labour shortages 3.09 23 3.57 21 3.45 22.5 21
Monthly payment difficulties 4.44 5 4.96 1 4.88 1 1
Poor contract management 4.91 1 4.30 7 4.77 2 2
Shortage of materials, Plant/equipment parts 4.09 13 3.78 16.5 4.08 11 15
Contractor’s financial difficulties 4.13 12 4.70 3.5 4.65 3 5
Low bid 3.94 16 4.13 12.5 3.96 14 14
Material procurement 4.71 2 4.78 2 4.31 9 3
Imported materials 3.82 17 3.74 18 3.91 15 17
Late delivery of materials and equipment 4.21 11 4.09 14 4.02 12.5 11
Escalation of material prices 4.48 4 4.57 5 4.37 7.5 6
Slow decision-making 2.96 26 2.81 26 2.78 26 26
Inflation 4.36 7 4.70 3.5 4.48 5.5 4
Difficulties in obtaining construction materials at official current prices 3.98 15 4.17 10.5 4.02 12.5 13
Ground problems 3.71 19 3.26 22 2.81 25 23
Bad weather 4.29 8.5 4.22 9 4.37 7.5 9
Unexpected geological conditions 4.25 10 4.26 8 3.68 18 12
324 Y. Frimpong et al. / International Journal of Project Management 21 (2003) 321–326
5. at the expense of good management. They pay low wages,
submit very low bids and have very little, if any, ability to
plan and coordinate contracts.
The third significant factor identified was material
procurement (see Table 2). It demonstrates a complete
absence of effective material procurement management
on the part of the contractors. The established bureau-
cratic structures in material procurement processes in
developing countries like Ghana seem to hinder the easy
flow of construction materials. In Ghana, the processing
of an order can take from a week to several months
especially in public sector.
Project procurement involves the development of
contract strategy, the management of contracting activ-
ities from initiation such as project and contract defini-
tion, market study through tendering process, contract
documentation to contract performance, management
and administration after contract award. The project
team of client, consultants and contractors should join
to establish proper material procurement strategy and
methods in order to remove all the obstacles in the
material procurement.
The fourth item in Table 2 which was given by
respondents as a cause of delay and cost overruns in
groundwater construction projects is poor technical
performances. Well completion problems are emerging
from problems faced during actual drilling activities
and from technical failures, which are accounted
for improper planning and management experience
limitation.
The escalation of material prices was ranked fifth,
resulting principally from the high and unstable infla-
tionary trend in Ghana and developing countries in
general. The average rate of inflation in Ghana was
12.7% between 1970 and 1979; 48.6% between 1980
and 1989; 30.8% between 1990 and 1999 [11]. The trend
of inflation is probably due to demand exceeding sup-
ply, which creates scarcity of goods and hence the prices
of materials increase. These unpredictable inflationary
trends are readily observed in many developing coun-
tries and may have aided inaccurate projection of con-
struction costs in such areas [7].
Other factors that emerged clearly as not very impor-
tant, but of interest, are bad weather and geological
conditions. These are the natural factors. Bad weather is
ranked eight by owners and consultants and 10 by con-
tractors while all the three groups ranked it 10. The
respondents ranked the geological condition factor low.
The bad weather and geological condition are the most
difficult and unknown factors because they cannot be
controlled. In Ghana, the effect of these natural factors
may not be very significant, but it is worthy of con-
sideration. Ghana is located in a tropical zone with only
two climates: wet and dry. Rain would definitely stop
groundwater construction activities because of the
works nature. In the dry season, the average tempera-
ture varies between 30 and 38
C while the humidity
ranges from 25 to 80%. Temperature and humidity
affect the productivity of workers. If the temperature
and humidity are high, workers feel dullness of senses
and poor coordination [12] and generate body heat
and subsequent discomfort [13]. Therefore, pro-
ductivity in hot climates is certainly low. In the dril-
ling world, the most apparent representative problem
is the nature of the work itself. It is a work that can
not see what is happening deep in the subsurface.
The number of abandoned well due to the unfavour-
able geological conditions causes project delay and
cost overruns.
7. Summary and conclusion
The main survey of contractors, owners and con-
sultants as discussed in this paper relates to the con-
struction of groundwater projects in Ghana. The survey
focused on identifying and ranking in order of impor-
tance, the main factors causing project delay and cost
overruns.
The main conclusions of the survey are as follows:
According to the contractors and consultants,
monthly payments difficulties from agencies
was the most important delay and cost factor,
while owners ranked poor contractor manage-
ment as the most important factor. Despite
some difference in viewpoint held by the three
groups surveyed, there is a high degree of
agreement among them with respect to their
ranking of the factors. The overall ranking
results indicates that the three groups felt that
the major factors that can cause excessive
groundwater project overruns in developing
countries are poor contractor management,
monthly payment difficulties from agencies,
material procurement, poor technical perfor-
mances, escalation of material prices according
to their degree of influence.
Other factors that emerged clearly as not very
important, but of interest, are bad weather and
unexpected natural events. These are the natural
factors. Bad weather is ranked eight by owners
and consultants and 10 by contractors while all
the groups on average ranked it 10. The respon-
dents ranked geological conditions low. The bad
weather and unfavourable geological conditions
are most difficult and unknown factors because
they cannot be controlled.
The result shows that many of the problems in
the groundwater construction projects are origi-
nated from poor resources management (human,
technical and material). In practice, this phe-
Y. Frimpong et al. / International Journal of Project Management 21 (2003) 321–326 325
6. nomenon is expected to continue unless actions
are taken to control these causes right away from
the planning to the implementation and man-
agement stages. Therefore, good practice in
planning, coordinating, controlling and mon-
itoring procedures needs to be recognised.
8. Recommendations
Based on this study, and with developing countries in
mind, some recommendations are given as follows:
Appropriate funding levels should always be
determined at the planning stage of the project so
that regular payment should be paid to con-
tractors for work done.
In order to improve contractors’ managerial
skills there is need for continuous work-training
programs for personnel in the industry to update
their knowledge and be familiar with project
management techniques and processes. have
effective and efficient performances.
Effective and efficient material procurement sys-
tems should be established within projects.
Material procurement has the potential to cause
major delays to construction projects. Therefore,
material procurement process should be executed
properly by improving procurement process in
order to avoid supply delays.
Developing effective and efficient technical per-
formances in the groundwater industry through
different types of training programs. The train-
ing should cover project planning, scheduling,
time and cost control, and the information
systems.
There should be adequate contingency allowance
in order to cover increase in material cost due to
inflation.
References
[1] Giridhar P, Ramesh K. Effective management of Turnkey pro-
jects. Aace Transactions, PM7- PM11 1998.
[2] Dlakwa MM, Culpin MF. Reasons for overrun in public sector
construction projects in Nigeria. International Journal of Project
Management 1990;8(4):237–41.
[3] Ogunlana SO, Promkuntong K, Vithool J. Construction delays in
a fast-growing growing economy: comparing Thailand with other
economies. International Journal of Project Management 1996;
14(1):37–45.
[4] Khalil ALMI, AL-Ghafly MA. Delay in public Utility projects in
Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Project Management
1999;17(2):101–6.
[5] Mansfield NR, Ugwu OO, Doran T. Causes of delay and cost
overruns in Nigeria construction projects. International Journal
of Project Management 1994;12(4):254–60.
[6] Okpala DC, Aniekwu AC. Causes of high costs of construction
in Nigeria. Journal of Management in Engineering, ASCE 1988;
114:233–44.
[7] Arditi D, Akan GT, Gurdamar S. Cost overruns in public pro-
jects. Project Management 1985;3(4):218–24.
[8] Frimpong, Y. (2000, November). Project management in develop-
ing countries: causes of delay and cost overruns in construction of
groundwater projects. Unpublished Masters Research Project,
University of Technology, Sydney, Australia.
[9] Ogunlana SO, Olomolaiye PO. A survey of site management
practice on some selected sites in Nigeria. Building Environ 1989;
24(2):191–6.
[11] Wahab KA. Improving efficiency in the building sector. West
Africa Tech Rev 1997:81–9.
[12] Okpala DC. Causes of delay and cost overrun in the construction
industry. CENSER Seminar Series 1986;May.
[13] Ministry of Finance. Government Budget Statement. Ghana:
Accra; 1999.
[14] Oglesby C, Parker H, Howell G. Productivity improvement in
construction. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1989.
326 Y. Frimpong et al. / International Journal of Project Management 21 (2003) 321–326