Cystitis made easy
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This document discusses cystitis, an inflammation of the bladder. It describes the acute and chronic forms of cystitis, including common causes such as bacterial and fungal infections. Predisposing factors like diabetes, urinary obstruction, and immune deficiency are mentioned. Gross and microscopic findings for acute, chronic, and specific types of cystitis like schistosomal and interstitial cystitis are summarized. Complications involving fibrosis and bladder cancer are also noted. The document provides an overview of cystitis and guidance on evaluation, diagnosis, and key characteristics of different cystitis types.
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The document discusses cystitis, or urinary bladder inflammation. It defines cystitis as a urinary tract infection that affects the bladder. The most common cause is bacterial infection, which can occur when bacteria enter the bladder from the urethra or anus. Common symptoms include pain or burning during urination, frequent urination in small amounts, and bloody or cloudy urine. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and self-care measures like drinking water and avoiding irritants. Preventative measures include proper hygiene and not delaying urination.
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• Dear viewers,
• Greetings from “ Surgical Educator”
• Today I have uploaded one more video in Pediatric Surgery/Pediatric Urology- “ Posterior Urethral Valves”
• Posterior Urethral Valves is the congenital cause for Bladder Outlet Obstruction, resulting in abnormal development of the kidneys as well as the bladder.
• In this video, I talked about the learning outcomes, introduction, etiopathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, differential diagnosis, treatment, follow-up and prognosis of “ Posterior Urethral Valves”
• I hope you will enjoy the video for its educational value.
• You can watch all my teaching videos in the following links
• surgicaleducator.blogspot.com youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator
• Thank you for watching the video.
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This document summarizes renal (kidney) stones, including their epidemiology, composition, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
- Kidney stones are common and recurrent in many patients. Calcium oxalate and uric acid stones account for over 75% of cases.
- Risk factors include dietary factors, anatomical abnormalities, certain drugs, and metabolic conditions like hypercalciuria.
- Patients present with flank pain, hematuria, and sometimes fever. Diagnosis involves medical history, imaging like ultrasound or CT, and urine/blood tests.
- Treatment depends on stone size and includes increased fluid intake, medications to modify risk factors, procedures like
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Mastalgia, or breast pain, is a common complaint affecting up to 70% of women at some point in their lives. It can be cyclic, related to the menstrual cycle, or non-cyclic. First-line treatment involves reassurance, proper bra support, and supplements like evening primrose oil. If symptoms persist, tamoxifen is effective for both cyclic and non-cyclic mastalgia. Danazol and bromocriptine may be tried as third-line options if tamoxifen provides no relief. Proper diagnosis is important to rule out potential underlying causes of breast pain.
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Interstitial Cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder condition characterized by pelvic pain and urinary urgency and frequency. The cause is unknown but may involve defects in the bladder lining. It predominantly affects women and symptoms can worsen premenstrually. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam, cystoscopy and ruling out other causes. Treatment progresses from behavioral modifications and physical therapy to medications, hydrodistension, nerve stimulation and rarely surgery. The goal is a multimodal approach to manage symptoms, with conservative treatments tried before more invasive options.
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This document defines interstitial cystitis (IC) and bladder pain syndrome (BPS) as chronic bladder pain and discomfort perceived to be related to the urinary bladder. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of IC/BPS. Regarding treatment, it emphasizes conservative therapies like behavioral modification, physical therapy, and oral medications first before more invasive options like intravesical therapies, cystoscopy, neuromodulation, or in rare cases, surgery. The goal is to avoid surgery if possible and use multiple simultaneous treatments for best outcomes.
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urinary tract infection
The document discusses urinary tract infections (UTIs). It notes that UTIs can affect people of all ages but are more common in females, especially younger girls. The main causes are E. coli and other bacterial infections that enter the urinary tract. Symptoms vary depending on whether the infection involves the bladder (cystitis) or kidneys (pyelonephritis). Risk factors, diagnosis through urinalysis and culture, treatment with antibiotics or conservatively, and potential long-term issues like renal scarring are covered.
Uti
1. Urinary tract infections are usually caused by bacteria like E. coli entering the urinary tract and multiplying. Risk factors include anatomical abnormalities, catheters, diabetes, and pregnancy.
2. Symptoms depend on the location of infection, ranging from painful urination with cystitis to fever and flank pain with pyelonephritis. Diagnosis involves urine tests and culture.
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121 Week 5 Chapter 8 Urinary System Recent
The document discusses diseases and disorders of the urinary system. It begins by describing the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system, including the kidneys' roles in excretion, water balance, and blood regulation. Common symptoms of urinary diseases are then outlined. The document goes on to describe specific diseases like cystitis, tumors of the bladder, polycystic kidney disease, glomerulonephritis, end stage renal disease, and renal calculi or kidney stones. Diagnostic tests and treatments are provided for each condition.
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Cystitis made easy
- 1. Cystitis The acute and chronic form Made easy
- 3. THE CASE • 55 yrs old poorly controlled diabetic female presented with burning pain at micturition , excessive need to urinate but each time she goes , she was passing only small amount of cloudy coloured urine that has a fishy odour
- 4. Case highlights • 55 yrs old poorly contolled diabetic female presented with burning pain at micturition , excessive need to urinate but each time she goes , she was passing only small amount of cloudy coloured urine that has a fishy odour
- 5. So what to do • Extended history • Physical examination including the vital signs ( fever , tachycardia ) and searching for suprapubic tenderness • Urinalysis to look for the microorganism that caused the trouble • Complete blood picture will reveal leukocytosis • Urine culture that takes a day or two
- 6. What can cause the trouble ? • Bacterial cystitis : 1. E.coli 2. Proteus 3. Klebsiella • Tuberculous cystitis • Fungal cystitis ( candida albicans) Immunesuppressed and those on long term ABCs • Schistosomal cystitis • Viruses , chlamydia , mycoplasma • Other non infectious causes : drugs (cyclophosphamide) and radiation ( radiation cystitis)
- 7. Predisposing factors5 • Urinary obstruction ( BPH , bladder calculi and tumors ) • Cystocele or diverticula • D.M • Instrumentation • Immune defeciency
- 8. Grossly , what to see ? • Hyperemia of the mucosa • Hemorrhagic cystitis : (after Radio,Chemo or Adeno) • Suppurative cystitis : large amounts of suppurative exudate • Ulcerative cystitis : large mucosal ulcers and sometimes ulceration of entire bladder mucosa ! • IF the infection persists Chronic cystitis that’s seen as Red , Friable , Granular mucosa ANOTHER association is the fibrosing thickening and inelasticity of bladder wall
- 10. Fibrous thickening of bladder wall
- 11. Microscopically there is : • acute cystitis acute infammation • chronic cystitis chronic inflammatory cells ( ? ) with fibrosis • two variants of chronic cystitis : 1. Follicular cystitis 2. Eosinophilic cystitis
- 12. Schistosomal cystitis • Caused by S. Hematobuim • Eggs (by anastomosis) travel from sup. Rect. V. to the veins of bladder wall , these eggs are irritating so causing granulomatous cystitis with eosinphilic infiltrate and fibrosis • These granulomas are seen as minute granules hence the name (sand grain cystitis) • The eggs die and calcify
- 13. What are the complications ? • extensive fibrosis ( that may impinge on ureteric orifices to cause hydronephrosis • CA bladder (squamous type) : Schistosomal cystitis Squamous metaplasia Carcinoma
- 17. Special forms of cystitis 1. Interstitial cystitis (Hunner ulcer) : • painful form of chronic cystitis (very painful) • most frequently in women • Cystoscopy shows : fissures and punctate hemorrhages in the mucosa , sometimes with chronic mucosal ulcers • mast cell infiltrate is characteristic • Maybe of autoimmune origin
- 19. Special forms of cystitis 2. Malakoplakia : • Macroscopically : soft , yellow , slightly raised mucosal plaques 3-4 cm in diameter • Microscopically : infiltration by large foamy macrophages with debris of bacterial origin (E.coli) • Michaelis – Gutmann bodies (laminated mineralized concretions) are typically present • Occurs in increased frequency in immune suppressed transplant recipients
- 21. Special forms of cystitis 3. Polypoid cystitis : • Results from irritation of bladder mucosa by indwelling catheters • Submucosal Edema causes broad , bulbous , polypoid projections
- 22. Review • cystitis is either infectious or non infectious • 5 predisposing factors for cystitis • The acute form seen grossly : hyperemia, hemorrhagic cystitis , suppurative cystitis and ulcerative cystitis microscopically : acute inflammation. • The chronic form grossly : red , friable , granular ulcerated mucosa, and fibrous thickening and inelasticity of wall , microscopically : chronic cell infiltrate and fibrosis
- 23. Review • schistosomal cystitis : S. hematobium • Eggs in the walls causing granulomas, eosinophilic infiltrate, fibrosis • granulomas look like sand grains • 2 complications ( extensive fibrosis impenge ureters causing hydronephosis , and squamous metaplasia and carcinoma of bladder )