Urethritis
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Urethritis is the swelling, irritation, and inflammation of the urethra. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the body.
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Urethritis
Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra that is commonly caused by sexually transmitted pathogens like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It presents with symptoms like burning during urination and discharge from the penis. Diagnosis involves examination for discharge and testing first-voided urine or urethral swabs. Treatment involves antibiotics like azithromycin or ceftriaxone to cover gonococcal and non-gonococcal causes. Complications are rare but may include strictures or spread to the epididymis or prostate.
Urethritis
This document discusses urethritis and its causes. It begins by defining urethritis as inflammation of the urethra, which can cause discharge and dysuria. The main causes of urethritis discussed are infectious agents like Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma genitalium. Non-infectious causes like trauma are also mentioned. Gonococcal urethritis and chlamydial urethritis are then described in more detail, outlining their clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and complications. The document concludes with a discussion of the syndromic approach to treating ureth
Prostatitis
Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland that is caused by infectious agents like bacteria or other conditions. There are four main types: acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome where the cause is unclear, and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis. Prostatitis causes symptoms like perineal pain and difficulty urinating and is most common in men under 50. Treatment involves antibiotics, alpha-blockers, pain medication, and sitz baths. Chronic forms are difficult to treat due to poor antibiotic diffusion into prostatic fluid.
Orchitis
Orchitis is an inflammation of the testicles that is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Common causes include mumps, STDs like chlamydia and gonorrhea, and infections that spread from other parts of the body through the bloodstream. Symptoms include pain, swelling and tenderness in one or both testicles. Diagnosis involves physical examination and tests to check for infection. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, scrotal support and rest. Complications can include infertility, testicular atrophy and chronic pain if left untreated. Prevention involves vaccination against mumps and safe sex practices.
Cystitis
Cystitis, or a urinary tract infection, is very common, affecting 1-3% of all GP consultations and up to 50% of women at some point in their lives. Symptoms include dysuria, frequency, nocturia, and urgency. The most common cause is a bacterial infection such as E. coli, though some women experience symptoms without an infection. Treatment involves drinking fluids, antibiotics like trimethoprim, and ensuring follow up care for at-risk groups to prevent complications like pyelonephritis.
Cystitis INFLAMMATION OF URINARY BLADDER
The document discusses cystitis, or urinary bladder inflammation. It defines cystitis as a urinary tract infection that affects the bladder. The most common cause is bacterial infection, which can occur when bacteria enter the bladder from the urethra or anus. Common symptoms include pain or burning during urination, frequent urination in small amounts, and bloody or cloudy urine. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and self-care measures like drinking water and avoiding irritants. Preventative measures include proper hygiene and not delaying urination.
Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine. Nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood.
Prostatitis
1. Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate gland that can be acute or chronic and is caused by bacterial or non-bacterial factors.
2. It is classified into four categories including acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and asymptomatic inflammatory types.
3. Symptoms vary depending on the type but can include urinary issues, pain, and sexual dysfunction. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, urine culture, and examination of expressed prostatic secretions. Treatment focuses on antibiotics for bacterial infections and supportive care.
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Urethritis
Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra that is commonly caused by sexually transmitted pathogens like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It presents with symptoms like burning during urination and discharge from the penis. Diagnosis involves examination for discharge and testing first-voided urine or urethral swabs. Treatment involves antibiotics like azithromycin or ceftriaxone to cover gonococcal and non-gonococcal causes. Complications are rare but may include strictures or spread to the epididymis or prostate.
Urethritis
This document discusses urethritis and its causes. It begins by defining urethritis as inflammation of the urethra, which can cause discharge and dysuria. The main causes of urethritis discussed are infectious agents like Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma genitalium. Non-infectious causes like trauma are also mentioned. Gonococcal urethritis and chlamydial urethritis are then described in more detail, outlining their clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and complications. The document concludes with a discussion of the syndromic approach to treating ureth
Prostatitis
Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland that is caused by infectious agents like bacteria or other conditions. There are four main types: acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome where the cause is unclear, and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis. Prostatitis causes symptoms like perineal pain and difficulty urinating and is most common in men under 50. Treatment involves antibiotics, alpha-blockers, pain medication, and sitz baths. Chronic forms are difficult to treat due to poor antibiotic diffusion into prostatic fluid.
Orchitis
Orchitis is an inflammation of the testicles that is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Common causes include mumps, STDs like chlamydia and gonorrhea, and infections that spread from other parts of the body through the bloodstream. Symptoms include pain, swelling and tenderness in one or both testicles. Diagnosis involves physical examination and tests to check for infection. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, scrotal support and rest. Complications can include infertility, testicular atrophy and chronic pain if left untreated. Prevention involves vaccination against mumps and safe sex practices.
Cystitis
Cystitis, or a urinary tract infection, is very common, affecting 1-3% of all GP consultations and up to 50% of women at some point in their lives. Symptoms include dysuria, frequency, nocturia, and urgency. The most common cause is a bacterial infection such as E. coli, though some women experience symptoms without an infection. Treatment involves drinking fluids, antibiotics like trimethoprim, and ensuring follow up care for at-risk groups to prevent complications like pyelonephritis.
Cystitis INFLAMMATION OF URINARY BLADDER
The document discusses cystitis, or urinary bladder inflammation. It defines cystitis as a urinary tract infection that affects the bladder. The most common cause is bacterial infection, which can occur when bacteria enter the bladder from the urethra or anus. Common symptoms include pain or burning during urination, frequent urination in small amounts, and bloody or cloudy urine. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and self-care measures like drinking water and avoiding irritants. Preventative measures include proper hygiene and not delaying urination.
Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine. Nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood.
Prostatitis
1. Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate gland that can be acute or chronic and is caused by bacterial or non-bacterial factors.
2. It is classified into four categories including acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and asymptomatic inflammatory types.
3. Symptoms vary depending on the type but can include urinary issues, pain, and sexual dysfunction. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, urine culture, and examination of expressed prostatic secretions. Treatment focuses on antibiotics for bacterial infections and supportive care.
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)
Mr. Sachin Dwivedi's document discusses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It defines BPH as an enlargement of the prostate gland resulting from increased cells that obstruct urine flow. Symptoms include frequent urination and weak urine stream. Diagnosis involves exams and PSA tests. Treatment options discussed are medications that shrink the prostate, such as 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, or surgeries like transurethral resection of the prostate to remove obstructing tissue. With early detection and treatment, BPH has a good prognosis.
Hydrocele
Hydrocele is a collection of fluid around one or both testicles, causing swelling of the scrotum or groin area. It commonly occurs in men over 40. There are two types of hydrocele: noncommunicating, where the fluid sac closes but the body does not absorb the fluid; and communicating, where the sac surrounding the testicle does not close completely, allowing fluid to flow in and out. Symptoms include swelling of the scrotum, pain, redness, and a feeling of pressure at the base of the penis. Diagnosis involves physical examination, transillumination to identify structures beneath the skin, and ultrasound to check for fluid in the scrotum. Treatment options include surgery, needle aspiration
BPH BENGIN PROSTATE HYPERPLASIA
BPH is an enlargement of the prostate gland due to increased cell growth. Risk factors include aging, family history, and lifestyle factors like smoking, alcohol, and diet high in animal fats. Symptoms include difficulty urinating and frequent urination. Treatment involves medications to relax the bladder and prostate or surgical procedures to remove prostate tissue. Nursing management focuses on restoring urinary function, preventing infections, and educating patients.
Orchitis & epididymitis
This document provides information about orchitis, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Orchitis is an inflammation of the testicles that is usually caused by a virus like mumps or bacteria that spreads from an associated epididymitis. Common symptoms include pain and tenderness in the testicles and scrotum. Diagnosis involves examination of the testicles and scrotum along with potential laboratory tests. While viral orchitis cannot be cured, it will resolve on its own. Bacterial orchitis is treated with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications.
Epididymitis
Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymis, the coiled tube behind the testicle that stores and carries sperm. It is most common in men ages 20-39 and is usually caused by a bacterial infection spreading from the urinary tract or an STD. Symptoms include testicle pain and tenderness, painful urination, and fever. Doctors evaluate with exams, tests, and imaging to diagnose and rule out other conditions, then treat with antibiotics and anti-inflammatories. Leaving epididymitis untreated can cause permanent damage.
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2. Chronic renal failure is a permanent loss of kidney function that progresses to end stage renal disease. It is usually caused by congenital anomalies or acquired glomerular diseases. Symptoms emerge late and include fatigue, nausea, and cardiac/bone issues. Treatment manages complications and slows progression with a low protein
Benign Prostate Hypertrophy for nursing students
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs in most men as they age. It results from an increase in the number and size of cells in the prostate and affects around 50% of men by age 50 and 90% of men by age 80. Symptoms include difficulty urinating, frequent urination, urgency, and dribbling. Risk factors include family history, diet high in saturated fats, lack of exercise, and alcohol consumption. Treatment options range from medication to minimally invasive procedures like TUNA to more invasive surgeries like TURP. Nursing care focuses on restoring urinary drainage, treating any infections, educating patients, and managing
Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis is a condition where one or both kidneys become swollen due to a blockage in the urinary system. It can be caused by a blockage in the ureters or bladder backing up urine into the kidneys. Symptoms may include flank pain, hematuria, urinary infections, or the condition may be asymptomatic. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, ultrasound to visualize the kidneys and ureters, IVU to assess the location of blockage, and CT scan to detect stones. Treatment focuses on removing the obstruction, draining excess urine, and antibiotics to prevent infection.
Ureteral stricture
This document discusses urethral strictures, which are characterized by a narrowing of the urethral lumen causing obstruction. Common causes include ureteropelvic junction obstruction, pelvic radiation therapy, urinary diversion surgery, traumatic injuries, congenital anomalies, kidney stones, cancers, and infections. Symptoms include blood in urine or semen, painful urination, and decreased urine flow. Diagnosis involves examinations, urinalysis, imaging tests. Treatment options include balloon dilation, endoureterotomy, ureteral stents, transureteroureterostomy, and ureteroneocystostomy.
Pyelonephritis
This document defines pyelonephritis as inflammation of the kidney parenchyma and renal pelvis lining. It discusses the epidemiology and risk factors, including those related to host factors like sex, obstruction, and genetics. The etiology is typically gram-negative bacteria like E. coli ascending from the urethra. Clinical features range from mild fever to severe fever and flank pain. Diagnosis involves urine testing and culture. Treatment depends on severity and involves antibiotics like fluoroquinolones for 7-14 days.
Urolithiasis
Kidney stones, also known as urolithiasis, occur when solid material forms in the urinary tract. They typically form in the kidneys and pass through the ureters. Small stones may pass without symptoms, but larger stones can cause severe pain by blocking the ureter. Risk factors include genetics, dehydration, obesity, and certain foods or medications. Stones are classified by their location like nephrolithiasis in the kidney or composition such as calcium, uric acid, or cystine. Diagnosis involves urine testing, imaging, and blood tests.
Cryptorchidism
Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. It occurs in approximately 3% of full term and 30% of premature baby boys. There are several types including retractile, palpable, nonpalpable, and ectopic. Risk factors include low birth weight, prematurity, family history, and maternal health conditions. Diagnosis involves physical examination and may include ultrasound, CT scan, or laparoscopy. Treatment is usually hormone therapy or surgery to bring the testes into the scrotum, helping them develop properly and reducing cancer risks.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly affects men over 50 years old. BPH causes obstruction of urine flow due to enlargement of the prostate pressing on the urethra. Symptoms include frequent and urgent urination, weak urine stream, and incomplete bladder emptying. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and urinalysis. Treatment options include medications to shrink the prostate, minimally invasive procedures, or surgery if medications are not effective. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for complications and educating patients on symptom management and lifestyle changes.
Chronic pyelonephritis
Chronic pyelonephritis is a chronic inflammation of the renal tubules and interstitium that occurs due to recurrent urinary tract infections and scarring. It most commonly affects children with congenital anomalies or spinal cord injuries and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. It is typically caused by either chronic obstructive pyelonephritis due to obstruction of urine outflow, or reflux nephropathy caused by vesicoureteral reflux allowing urine to flow back into the kidneys. Symptoms may include fever, flank pain, and symptoms of chronic renal failure like hypertension. The condition can lead to complications like proteinuria, focal glomerulosclerosis, and papillary necrosis.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also called prostate enlargement, is a noncancerous increase in size of the prostate gland. Symptoms may include frequent urination, trouble starting to urinate, weak stream, inability to urinate, or loss of bladder control.
Congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract
Congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tractDepartment of Health & Family Welfare, Government of West Bengal
This presentation comprises of congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract made concise and in depth for PG preparation. It contains all important topics of the regarding subject covered in detail.Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys (glomeruli). Glomeruli remove excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine.
Group 5
Phimosis is a condition where the foreskin of the male penis cannot retract fully, preventing it from being pulled back over the glans. There are two main types - infantile/congenital phimosis where infants are born with a tight foreskin, and acquired phimosis in adults caused by infections under the foreskin like balanitis. Diagnosis involves physical examination of the penis and foreskin. Treatment options include circumcision, steroid creams, or stretching the foreskin gradually with devices. Complications can include pain urinating and recurring infections if not treated.
Phimosis ,paraphimosis ,circumcision.pptx
The document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation. It recommends:
- Freely editing, modifying, and adding your name to slides.
- Not worrying about the number of slides, as many are blank except for titles to prompt discussion.
- Showing blank slides, asking students what they know, and then showing slides with content.
- Repeating this process of blank slide, questions, content slide three times for active learning.
- Using this approach also for self-study by thinking about a topic before reading the next slide.
The document then provides the objectives and some sample slides for a presentation on phimosis, including definitions, etiology, pathophysiology,
Urethritis seminar
Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra that can be caused by various pathogens like Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis. It is characterized by dysuria with or without urethral discharge. Gonorrhea diagnosis involves Gram stain of urethral discharge to identify kidney bean shaped diplococci or culture. Treatment includes ceftriaxone or cefixime. Chlamydia diagnosis uses NAAT and treatment involves azithromycin or doxycycline. Trichomoniasis is diagnosed by culture or PCR and treated with metronidaz
Urethritis period1
Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra that is typically caused by a bacterium or virus. Common causes include herpes simplex virus, E. coli, chlamydia, and gonorrhea. Symptoms in males include blood in urine or semen, painful urination and ejaculation, itching, and discharge. In females, symptoms can include pelvic discomfort, stomach pain, fever, chills, discharge, and itching. Treatment involves antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and home remedies like cranberry juice to prevent bacteria from sticking to the urethra.
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Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)
Mr. Sachin Dwivedi's document discusses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It defines BPH as an enlargement of the prostate gland resulting from increased cells that obstruct urine flow. Symptoms include frequent urination and weak urine stream. Diagnosis involves exams and PSA tests. Treatment options discussed are medications that shrink the prostate, such as 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, or surgeries like transurethral resection of the prostate to remove obstructing tissue. With early detection and treatment, BPH has a good prognosis.
Hydrocele
Hydrocele is a collection of fluid around one or both testicles, causing swelling of the scrotum or groin area. It commonly occurs in men over 40. There are two types of hydrocele: noncommunicating, where the fluid sac closes but the body does not absorb the fluid; and communicating, where the sac surrounding the testicle does not close completely, allowing fluid to flow in and out. Symptoms include swelling of the scrotum, pain, redness, and a feeling of pressure at the base of the penis. Diagnosis involves physical examination, transillumination to identify structures beneath the skin, and ultrasound to check for fluid in the scrotum. Treatment options include surgery, needle aspiration
BPH BENGIN PROSTATE HYPERPLASIA
BPH is an enlargement of the prostate gland due to increased cell growth. Risk factors include aging, family history, and lifestyle factors like smoking, alcohol, and diet high in animal fats. Symptoms include difficulty urinating and frequent urination. Treatment involves medications to relax the bladder and prostate or surgical procedures to remove prostate tissue. Nursing management focuses on restoring urinary function, preventing infections, and educating patients.
Orchitis & epididymitis
This document provides information about orchitis, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Orchitis is an inflammation of the testicles that is usually caused by a virus like mumps or bacteria that spreads from an associated epididymitis. Common symptoms include pain and tenderness in the testicles and scrotum. Diagnosis involves examination of the testicles and scrotum along with potential laboratory tests. While viral orchitis cannot be cured, it will resolve on its own. Bacterial orchitis is treated with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications.
Epididymitis
Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymis, the coiled tube behind the testicle that stores and carries sperm. It is most common in men ages 20-39 and is usually caused by a bacterial infection spreading from the urinary tract or an STD. Symptoms include testicle pain and tenderness, painful urination, and fever. Doctors evaluate with exams, tests, and imaging to diagnose and rule out other conditions, then treat with antibiotics and anti-inflammatories. Leaving epididymitis untreated can cause permanent damage.
Polycystic kidney disease
definition
types of Polycystic kidney disease
complications of Polycystic kidney disease
management for Polycystic kidney disease
renal failure
1. Acute renal failure (ARF) is an acute, potentially reversible condition where the kidneys fail to maintain homeostasis. Causes include prerenal factors like shock, congestive heart failure, or intrarenal injury from toxins. Symptoms range from nonspecific like fever to specific kidney issues like electrolyte imbalances. Treatment focuses on fluid management, electrolyte replacement, and potentially dialysis.
2. Chronic renal failure is a permanent loss of kidney function that progresses to end stage renal disease. It is usually caused by congenital anomalies or acquired glomerular diseases. Symptoms emerge late and include fatigue, nausea, and cardiac/bone issues. Treatment manages complications and slows progression with a low protein
Benign Prostate Hypertrophy for nursing students
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs in most men as they age. It results from an increase in the number and size of cells in the prostate and affects around 50% of men by age 50 and 90% of men by age 80. Symptoms include difficulty urinating, frequent urination, urgency, and dribbling. Risk factors include family history, diet high in saturated fats, lack of exercise, and alcohol consumption. Treatment options range from medication to minimally invasive procedures like TUNA to more invasive surgeries like TURP. Nursing care focuses on restoring urinary drainage, treating any infections, educating patients, and managing
Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis is a condition where one or both kidneys become swollen due to a blockage in the urinary system. It can be caused by a blockage in the ureters or bladder backing up urine into the kidneys. Symptoms may include flank pain, hematuria, urinary infections, or the condition may be asymptomatic. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, ultrasound to visualize the kidneys and ureters, IVU to assess the location of blockage, and CT scan to detect stones. Treatment focuses on removing the obstruction, draining excess urine, and antibiotics to prevent infection.
Ureteral stricture
This document discusses urethral strictures, which are characterized by a narrowing of the urethral lumen causing obstruction. Common causes include ureteropelvic junction obstruction, pelvic radiation therapy, urinary diversion surgery, traumatic injuries, congenital anomalies, kidney stones, cancers, and infections. Symptoms include blood in urine or semen, painful urination, and decreased urine flow. Diagnosis involves examinations, urinalysis, imaging tests. Treatment options include balloon dilation, endoureterotomy, ureteral stents, transureteroureterostomy, and ureteroneocystostomy.
Pyelonephritis
This document defines pyelonephritis as inflammation of the kidney parenchyma and renal pelvis lining. It discusses the epidemiology and risk factors, including those related to host factors like sex, obstruction, and genetics. The etiology is typically gram-negative bacteria like E. coli ascending from the urethra. Clinical features range from mild fever to severe fever and flank pain. Diagnosis involves urine testing and culture. Treatment depends on severity and involves antibiotics like fluoroquinolones for 7-14 days.
Urolithiasis
Kidney stones, also known as urolithiasis, occur when solid material forms in the urinary tract. They typically form in the kidneys and pass through the ureters. Small stones may pass without symptoms, but larger stones can cause severe pain by blocking the ureter. Risk factors include genetics, dehydration, obesity, and certain foods or medications. Stones are classified by their location like nephrolithiasis in the kidney or composition such as calcium, uric acid, or cystine. Diagnosis involves urine testing, imaging, and blood tests.
Cryptorchidism
Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. It occurs in approximately 3% of full term and 30% of premature baby boys. There are several types including retractile, palpable, nonpalpable, and ectopic. Risk factors include low birth weight, prematurity, family history, and maternal health conditions. Diagnosis involves physical examination and may include ultrasound, CT scan, or laparoscopy. Treatment is usually hormone therapy or surgery to bring the testes into the scrotum, helping them develop properly and reducing cancer risks.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly affects men over 50 years old. BPH causes obstruction of urine flow due to enlargement of the prostate pressing on the urethra. Symptoms include frequent and urgent urination, weak urine stream, and incomplete bladder emptying. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and urinalysis. Treatment options include medications to shrink the prostate, minimally invasive procedures, or surgery if medications are not effective. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for complications and educating patients on symptom management and lifestyle changes.
Chronic pyelonephritis
Chronic pyelonephritis is a chronic inflammation of the renal tubules and interstitium that occurs due to recurrent urinary tract infections and scarring. It most commonly affects children with congenital anomalies or spinal cord injuries and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. It is typically caused by either chronic obstructive pyelonephritis due to obstruction of urine outflow, or reflux nephropathy caused by vesicoureteral reflux allowing urine to flow back into the kidneys. Symptoms may include fever, flank pain, and symptoms of chronic renal failure like hypertension. The condition can lead to complications like proteinuria, focal glomerulosclerosis, and papillary necrosis.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also called prostate enlargement, is a noncancerous increase in size of the prostate gland. Symptoms may include frequent urination, trouble starting to urinate, weak stream, inability to urinate, or loss of bladder control.
Congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract
Congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tractDepartment of Health & Family Welfare, Government of West Bengal
This presentation comprises of congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract made concise and in depth for PG preparation. It contains all important topics of the regarding subject covered in detail.Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys (glomeruli). Glomeruli remove excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine.
Group 5
Phimosis is a condition where the foreskin of the male penis cannot retract fully, preventing it from being pulled back over the glans. There are two main types - infantile/congenital phimosis where infants are born with a tight foreskin, and acquired phimosis in adults caused by infections under the foreskin like balanitis. Diagnosis involves physical examination of the penis and foreskin. Treatment options include circumcision, steroid creams, or stretching the foreskin gradually with devices. Complications can include pain urinating and recurring infections if not treated.
Phimosis ,paraphimosis ,circumcision.pptx
The document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation. It recommends:
- Freely editing, modifying, and adding your name to slides.
- Not worrying about the number of slides, as many are blank except for titles to prompt discussion.
- Showing blank slides, asking students what they know, and then showing slides with content.
- Repeating this process of blank slide, questions, content slide three times for active learning.
- Using this approach also for self-study by thinking about a topic before reading the next slide.
The document then provides the objectives and some sample slides for a presentation on phimosis, including definitions, etiology, pathophysiology,
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Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra that can be caused by various pathogens like Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis. It is characterized by dysuria with or without urethral discharge. Gonorrhea diagnosis involves Gram stain of urethral discharge to identify kidney bean shaped diplococci or culture. Treatment includes ceftriaxone or cefixime. Chlamydia diagnosis uses NAAT and treatment involves azithromycin or doxycycline. Trichomoniasis is diagnosed by culture or PCR and treated with metronidaz
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Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra that is typically caused by a bacterium or virus. Common causes include herpes simplex virus, E. coli, chlamydia, and gonorrhea. Symptoms in males include blood in urine or semen, painful urination and ejaculation, itching, and discharge. In females, symptoms can include pelvic discomfort, stomach pain, fever, chills, discharge, and itching. Treatment involves antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and home remedies like cranberry juice to prevent bacteria from sticking to the urethra.
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Approach to Urethritis
1. John Peters comes to the emergency department with burning urination and gray discharge from his urethra. He had unprotected sex with a partner, Tanga, one week prior who reported contact bleeding.
2. The doctor considers several potential diagnoses and must gather more information to reach a conclusive diagnosis. This includes taking a detailed medical and sexual history from both partners and examining the urethra for lesions, discharge, or tenderness. Laboratory tests may also be needed.
3. Differential diagnoses at this point could include sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, or herpes simplex virus based on the reported symptoms and sexual contact.
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This document discusses different types of prostatitis, including acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and prostate abscess. It describes the presentation, findings, diagnostic approach, and management for each condition. Chronic pelvic pain syndrome is further divided into inflammatory and noninflammatory subtypes based on cytological examination findings. While antibiotics may help certain types of prostatitis, treatment for chronic pelvic pain syndrome focuses on medications, physical therapies, and occasionally minimally invasive procedures to manage symptoms.
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Non-Gonococcal urethritis. main causative organisms are Chlamydiae, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma. various other bacteria and viruses can cause this. this powerpoint is made in systemic manner and will be helpful for Postgraduate students.
Urinary tract infections 2
This document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). It begins by defining upper and lower UTIs. It then lists risk factors for UTIs and the organisms commonly involved. Diagnosis involves urine examination and culture. Symptoms of specific types of UTIs like cystitis, pyelonephritis, and catheter-associated UTIs are provided. Treatment principles and regimens for uncomplicated and complicated UTIs are outlined, including appropriate antibiotics and durations. Factors regarding specific antibiotics like nitrofurantoin and quinolones are also covered. The document concludes by summarizing the classes of antimicrobials used to treat UTIs.
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy, Prostatitis and Hematuria
This document discusses benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), prostatitis, and hematuria. It provides details on the presentation, diagnostic approach, management, and referral criteria for each condition. For BPH, it describes a case study and recommends an initial workup including digital rectal exam, urine analysis, PSA, IPSS questionnaire, and uroflowmetry. Drug therapies for BPH include alpha-blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors. Complications may require referral. Acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis are also covered. The document outlines the approach to hematuria cases based on severity and risk factors.
Interstitial cystitis[1]
This document defines interstitial cystitis (IC) and bladder pain syndrome (BPS) as chronic bladder pain and discomfort perceived to be related to the urinary bladder. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of IC/BPS. Regarding treatment, it emphasizes conservative therapies like behavioral modification, physical therapy, and oral medications first before more invasive options like intravesical therapies, cystoscopy, neuromodulation, or in rare cases, surgery. The goal is to avoid surgery if possible and use multiple simultaneous treatments for best outcomes.
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Drug reactions can be caused by a variety of mechanisms related to both drug properties and host factors. Non-allergic drug reactions are caused by overdosage, drug accumulation, unwanted pharmacological effects, or idiosyncratic reactions in individuals. Allergic drug reactions occur in a minority of patients and present as urticaria, vasculitis, erythema multiforme, morbilliform erythema, or rarer reactions like bullae or toxic epidermal necrolysis. Common drugs that cause reactions include antibiotics, anticonvulsants, oral contraceptives, gold, and steroids. Treatment involves withdrawing the suspected drug when possible and providing supportive care like antihistamines or corticost
Interstitial Cystitis
Interstitial Cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder condition characterized by pelvic pain and urinary urgency and frequency. The cause is unknown but may involve defects in the bladder lining. It predominantly affects women and symptoms can worsen premenstrually. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam, cystoscopy and ruling out other causes. Treatment progresses from behavioral modifications and physical therapy to medications, hydrodistension, nerve stimulation and rarely surgery. The goal is a multimodal approach to manage symptoms, with conservative treatments tried before more invasive options.
Chapter18 obstetrics
This chapter provides an overview of obstetrics and discusses pregnancy, signs and symptoms of pregnancy, complications of pregnancy, labor signs and symptoms, and distinguishing false labor from true labor. Key points include pregnancy being divided into trimesters, common physiological changes during pregnancy like weight gain and skin changes, signs of labor including bloody show and lightening, and characteristics of true labor contractions being regular, longer, and more intense versus irregular and shorter false labor pains.
Drug eruptions
This document discusses drug eruptions, including their mechanisms and presentations. It provides details on common drug reactions involving specific medications such as antibiotics, oral contraceptives, steroids, and anticonvulsants. It describes some typical reaction patterns and treatments. Drug eruptions can be allergic or non-allergic, and involve a variety of skin manifestations. Making the correct diagnosis requires considering the patient's full drug history and ruling out other potential causes.
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Urethritis
Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra that is usually caused by a sexually transmitted disease like chlamydia or gonorrhea. Symptoms can include urethral discharge and burning during urination. Diagnosis involves examination for discharge and testing samples of urine or urethral secretions for bacteria and viruses. Treatment involves antibiotics to cure the infection as well as avoiding sexual activity until completion of treatment to prevent spread. Complications can include epididymitis, cystitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease if left untreated.
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This document provides information about gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), including that it is a common sexually transmitted infection that can infect the reproductive tract and cause complications if left untreated. It outlines the risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of gonorrhea. Screening is recommended for those at high risk. Complications include pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility if not treated properly.
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The document discusses sexually transmitted infections (STIs), describing their causes, symptoms, modes of transmission and effective treatment approaches. It focuses on commonly encountered STIs like syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes, and HIV. Management of STIs is outlined according to syndrome-based approaches like urethral discharge, genital ulcers, vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain, and neonatal conjunctivitis.
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amazing slide and work on this topic .its a very important and social topic for every one watch and share
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Reproductive health issues account for 20% of global ill health for women and 14% for men. This document discusses strategies to address reproductive health problems like population growth, birth control, sexually transmitted diseases, infertility, and more. Family planning, maternal healthcare, sex education, access to reproductive services, and prevention of abuse are some strategies proposed. Different birth control methods like condoms, IUDs, implants, sterilization and their mechanisms are explained. Common STDs like chlamydia, HPV, syphilis, and gonorrhea and their symptoms are also outlined.
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Epididymo-orchitis is an infection of the epididymis and testicle that causes pain and swelling in the scrotum. It is usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection in men under 35 or a urinary tract infection in men over 35. Treatment involves antibiotics, pain medication, rest, and screening and treatment of partners for STIs. Left untreated, epididymo-orchitis can lead to long-term pain, abscesses, or rarely testicular shrinkage and infertility.
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Infertility is defined as not being able to get pregnant after one year of unprotected sex. It can be caused by problems with ovulation, the fallopian tubes, uterus, or a partner's sperm. Common causes include PCOS, endometriosis, age, smoking, being overweight, STDs, or unknown factors. Diagnosis involves tests for hormones, imaging of the reproductive organs, and semen analysis. Treatments may include fertility drugs to stimulate ovulation, surgery to repair damage, artificial insemination (IUI), or in vitro fertilization (IVF) to manually combine eggs and sperm.
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Hello everyone, you will get all materials associated with syndromic approaches of STI including management algorithm and treatment https://www.slideshare.net/brightaman/syndromic-approaches-of-sexually-transmitted-disease
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Infertility
Infertility is defined as the failure to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse. It affects approximately 15-20% of couples. The document defines and discusses the various causes and types of female and male infertility as well as diagnostic tests, medical and surgical treatment options, and assisted reproductive technologies. Advanced technologies like IVF, IUI, and ICSI are discussed as treatment options when other methods are unsuccessful. The nurse's role in supporting infertile couples through counseling, education and reducing stress is also summarized.
Uti
A urinary tract infection occurs when bacteria infect the urinary system. It can involve the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. Common symptoms include an urgent need to urinate, burning during urination, and cloudy or bloody urine. Untreated UTIs can lead to kidney infections which may cause back pain, fever, nausea, or vomiting. Doctors diagnose UTIs through urine tests and may use imaging tests if infections reoccur. Antibiotics are prescribed to treat UTIs depending on severity, and lifestyle changes like drinking cranberry juice or water can help prevent future infections.
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is a bacterial infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae that is transmitted through sexual contact. It is estimated that 98 million new cases occur annually worldwide. Common symptoms include abnormal discharge, burning during urination, and pelvic pain. Diagnosis involves testing samples from the affected area. Treatment consists of a single dose of ceftriaxone and azithromycin. Left untreated, gonorrhea can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and increase risk of infertility.
Infections
For sexually active women, lower genital tract infections are very common reasons for seeking medical care. The three most common causes are bacterial vaginosis (40-50% of cases), candidiasis (20-30% of cases), and trichomoniasis (20-30% of cases). These infections can cause symptoms like abnormal discharge and irritation. Left untreated, they may lead to serious complications, especially during pregnancy when they increase risks for the mother and baby. Proper diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics can resolve most cases.
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This document lists and provides brief descriptions of 10 common sexually transmitted diseases: Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, HIV/AIDS, Syphilis, Trichomoniasis, Genital Herpes, Scabies, Crabs (Pubic Lice), Hepatitis, and Bacterial Vaginosis. It focuses on Chlamydia, providing details on symptoms, diagnosis/testing, treatment, prevention, and complications if left untreated, such as pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. For Gonorrhea, it discusses causes, prevalence, symptoms, diagnosis, and testing. For HIV/AIDS, it summarizes what it is, how it is contracted and spread, the incubation period, symptoms,
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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of a woman's reproductive organs that spreads from the cervix to the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and surrounding structures. Common causes are sexually transmitted infections like gonorrhea and chlamydia. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, fever and painful sex. Investigations may include blood tests and ultrasounds. Complications can include infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain if scar tissue forms. Treatment involves antibiotics and sometimes surgery. Prevention focuses on safe sex practices and screening/treating STIs.
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Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of a woman's reproductive organs. It is a complication often caused by some STDs, like chlamydia and gonorrhea. Other infections that are not sexually transmitted can also cause PID
Urinary Tract Infection
A urinary tract infection (or UTI) is caused by a bacterial infection in the urinary tract. The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra.
Normally, bacteria that enter the urinary tract are quickly removed by the body before they cause symptoms. But sometimes bacteria overcome the body’s natural defenses and cause infection, thus leading to a UTI.
Urinary Tract Infections are the 2nd most popular type of infection in the body. Women are especially prone to UTIs for anatomical reasons. *One factor is that a woman’s urethra is shorter, allowing bacteria quicker access to the bladder. Also, a woman’s urethral opening is near sources of bacteria from the anus and vagina. For women, the lifetime risk of having a UTI is greater than 50 percent.
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Corneal Injury
Corneal injury describes an injury to the
cornea. The cornea is the crystal clear (transparent) tissue covering the front
of the eye. It works with the lens of the eye to focus images on the retina.
Viral Gastroenteritis
Have you ever had
the "stomach flu?" What you probably had was gastroenteritis - not a
type of flu at all. Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the lining of the
intestines caused by a virus, bacteria or parasites. Viral gastroenteritis is
the second most common illness in the U.S. It spreads through contaminated food
or water, and contact with an infected person. The best prevention is frequent
hand washing.
Symptoms of
gastroenteritis include diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, fever
and chills. Most people recover with no treatment.
The most common
problem with gastroenteritis is dehydration. This happens if you do not drink
enough fluids to replace what you lose through vomiting and diarrhea. Dehydration
is most common in babies, young children, the elderly and people with weak
immune systems.
Bacterial Gastroenteritis
Bacterial gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines caused by bacteria. Common symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting. Doctors diagnose it by examining patients for dehydration and testing stool samples. Treatment focuses on rehydration. Most cases resolve in a few days without antibiotics. It often occurs from eating contaminated food from improper handling or storage. Proper hygiene and food safety can help prevent bacterial gastroenteritis.
Medical solutions
Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences. Effective treatment employs both medication and behavioral therapies tailored to the individual, with the goal of stopping drug use and supporting long-term recovery. Treatment approaches may include detoxification, individual/group counseling, therapeutic communities, and medications to ease withdrawal symptoms and prevent relapse. Treatment is most successful when it addresses all aspects of an individual's life and continues over an extended period of time.
Addiction
Addiction results when a person ingests a
substance (alcohol, cocaine, or nicotine, for example) or repeatedly takes part
in an activity (gambling) that can be pleasurable, but the continued use of
which becomes compulsive and interferes with everyday life.
Common addictions include:
-- Alcohol abuse
-- Drug abuse
-- Exercise abuse
-- Pornography
-- Gambling
Classic symptoms of addiction include
impaired control over substances/behavior, preoccupation with
substance/behavior, continued use despite consequences, and denial. Behavior
patterns and habits associated with addiction are commonly characterized by the
pursuit of immediate gratification, coupled with negative long-term effects.
Physiological dependence results when the
body is unable to function normally in the absence of the substance or
behavior. This state produces the conditions of tolerance and withdrawl.
Tolerance is the result of the body
requiring larger volumes of the substance or stimulus in order to achieve the
original effects.
Withdrawal is the physical and
psychological symptoms experienced when the body no longer receives the
substance in the same quantities it has become reliant upon.
Cold Weather Safety
When winter temperatures drop significantly below normal, staying
warm and safe can become a challenge. Extremely cold temperatures
often accompany a winter storm, so you may have to cope with power failures and icy roads. Although staying indoors as much as possible can help reduce the risk of car crashes and falls on the ice, you may also face indoor hazards.
Many homes will be too cold—either due to a power failure or because the heating system isn't adequate for the weather. When people must use space heaters and fireplaces to stay warm, the risk of household fires increases, as well as the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning.
Exposure to cold temperatures, whether indoors or outside, can cause other serious or life-threatening health problems. Infants and the elderly are particularly at risk, but anyone can be affected. To keep yourself and your family safe, you should know how to prevent cold-related health problems and what to do if a cold-weather health emergency arises. The emergency procedures outlined here are not a substitute for training in first aid. However, these procedures will help you to know when to seek medical care and what to do until help becomes available.
Stay safe while you work
Maintaining a healthy office environment requires attention to chemical hazards, equipment and work station design, physical environment (temperature, humidity, light, noise, ventilation, and space), task design, psychological factors (personal interactions, work pace, job control) and sometimes, chemical or other environmental exposures.
A well-designed office allows each employee to work comfortably without needing to over-reach, sit or stand too long, or use awkward postures (correct ergonomic design). Sometimes, equipment or furniture changes are the best solution to allow employees to work comfortably. On other occasions, the equipment may be satisfactory but the task could be redesigned. For example, studies have shown that those working at computers have less discomfort with short, hourly breaks.
Situations in offices that can lead to injury or illness range from physical hazards (such as cords across walkways, leaving low drawers open, objects falling from overhead) to task-related (speed or repetition, duration, job control, etc.), environmental (chemical or biological sources) or design-related hazards (such as nonadjustable furniture or equipment). Job stress that results when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities or resources of the worker may also result in illness.
Tobacco substitutes
When quitting smoking many people feel the need
for help in the form of a tobacco substitute. There are a wide variety of
different products billed as alternatives to smoking that are supposedly healthier.
The main additive in cigarettes that makes them so addictive is
nicotine. Hence most of the products that aim to replace smoking are nicotine
replacements such as nicotine gum, inhalers, patches and medications.
Other products are sold as smokeless tobacco such as snuff and hookah or as better because they are low yield cigarettes. Not all of these smoking substitutes are
healthy or even better than cigarettes.
Strategies
Tobacco use can lead to nicotine dependence and serious health problems. Cessation can significantly reduce the risk of suffering from smoking-related diseases. Tobacco dependence is a chronic condition that often requires repeated interventions, but effective treatments and helpful resources exist. Smokers can and do quit smoking. In fact, today there are more former smokers than current smokers.
Staying away
This document provides strategies for reducing alcohol consumption or abstaining from drinking. It suggests keeping track of alcohol intake, setting limits on drinking days and quantities, pacing drinks and having non-alcoholic drinks between alcoholic ones. Avoiding triggers for drinking and planning responses to resist social pressure are also recommended. Practicing refusal skills by role playing expected situations can help build confidence to say no to drink offers. The goal is for the reader to choose strategies that work for them and maintain control over their own drinking choices.
Relapse
Don't give up
Changing habits such as smoking, overeating, or drinking too much can take a lot of effort, and you may not succeed with the first try. Setbacks are common, but you learn more each time. Each try brings you closer to your goal. Whatever course you choose, give it a fair trial.
If one approach doesn't work, try something else. If a setback happens, get back on track as quickly as possible. In the long run, your chances for success are good.
Research shows that most heavy drinkers, even those with alcoholism, either cut back significantly or quit.
Withdrawal
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome is a set of symptoms that people who have a history of alcoholism experience when they stop drinking. People who are casual drinkers rarely have withdrawal symptoms.
People who have gone through withdrawal before are more likely to have withdrawal symptoms each time they quit drinking.
Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal can range from severe to mild, and can include:
-- Insomnia
-- Nightmares
-- Irritability
-- Fatigue
-- Shakes
-- Sweats
-- Anxiety
-- Depression
-- Headaches
-- Decreased appetite
Severe withdrawal symptoms include fever, convulsions and delirium tremens (DTs). Those who experience DTs may become confused, anxious and even have hallucinations. DTs can be very serious if they are not treated by a doctor.
Preventative Health
Eat healthy
-- Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains every day.
-- Limit foods and drinks high in calories, sugar, salt, fat, and alcohol.
-- Eat a balanced diet to help keep a healthy weight.
--
Men ages 60+
Learn the Facts
When you get a preventive medical test,
you're not just doing it for yourself. You're doing it for your family and
loved ones:
-- Men are 24 percent less likely than women
to have visited a doctor within the past year and are 22 percent more likely to
have neglected their cholesterol tests.
-- Men are 28 percent more likely than women
to be hospitalized for congestive heart failure.
-- Men are 32 percent more likely than women
to be hospitalized for long-term complications of diabetes and are more than
twice as likely than women to have a leg or foot amputated due to complications
related to diabetes.
-- Men are 24 percent more likely than women
to be hospitalized for pneumonia that could have been prevented by getting an
immunization.
The single most important way you can take
care of yourself and those you love is to actively take part in your health
care. Educate yourself on health care and participate in decisions with your
doctor. This site will help you get started.
Men ages 35-60
Learn the Facts
When you get a preventive medical test, you're not just doing it for yourself. You're doing it for your family and loved ones:
-- Men are 24 percent less likely than women to have visited a doctor within the past year and are 22 percent more likely to have neglected their cholesterol tests.
-- Men are 28 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for congestive heart failure.
-- Men are 32 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for long-term complications of diabetes and are more than twice as likely than women to have a leg or foot amputated due to complications related to diabetes.
-- Men are 24 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for pneumonia that could have been prevented by getting an immunization.
The single most important way you can take care of yourself and those you love is to actively take part in your health care. Educate yourself on health care and participate in decisions with your doctor. This site will help you get started.
Men ages 18-35
When you get a preventive medical test, you're not just doing it for yourself. You're doing it for your family and loved ones:
Men are 24 percent less likely than women to have visited a doctor within the past year and are 22 percent more likely to have neglected their cholesterol tests.
Men are 28 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for congestive heart failure.
Men are 32 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for long-term complications of diabetes and are more than twice as likely than women to have a leg or foot amputated due to complications related to diabetes.
Men are 24 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for pneumonia that could have been prevented by getting an immunization.
The single most important way you can take care of yourself and those you love is to actively take part in your health care. Educate yourself on health care and participate in decisions with your doctor. This site will help you get started.
Cancer Screening
The document provides information about various types of cancer screening tests for women. It discusses screening for breast cancer via mammogram, clinical breast exam, and breast self-exam. It also discusses screening for cervical cancer via Pap test and sometimes HPV test, as well as screening guidelines. The document notes there is no reliable screening for ovarian, uterine, vaginal or vulvar cancers but discusses risk factors and symptoms to watch for.
Safety
Injury is the #1 killer of children and teens in the United States. In 2009, more than 9,000 youth age 0-19 died from unintentional injuries in the United States. Millions more children suffer injuries requiring treatment in the emergency department. Leading causes of child injury include motor vehicle crashes, suffocation, drowning, poisoning, fires, and falls.1 Child injury is predictable and preventable. It is also among the most under-recognized public health problems facing our country today.
Progress has been made in preventing child injury. Child injury death rates have decreased 29% in the last decade.2 Yet injury is still the leading cause of death for children and teens. More can be done to keep our children safe.
Shiatsu
Shiatsu is a physical therapy that supports
and strengthens the body’s natural ability to heal and balance itself. It works
on the whole person - not just a physical body, but also a psychological,
emotional and spiritual being.
Shiatsu originated in Japan from traditional
Chinese medicine, with influences from more recent Western therapies. Although
shiatsu means ‘finger pressure’ in Japanese, in practise a practitioner uses
touch, comfortable pressure and manipulative techniques to adjust the body’s
physical structure and balance its energy flow. It is a deeply relaxing
experience and regular treatments can alleviate stress and illness and maintain
health and well-being.
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Urethritis
- 2. 1 Overview Urethritis is the swelling, irritation, and inflammation of the urethra. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the body.
- 3. 2 Causes Urethritis may be caused by bacteria or a virus. The same bacteria that cause urinary tract infections and some sexually transmitted diseases can lead to urethritis. Viral causes of urethritis include herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus. Other causes include: -- Injury
- 4. 3 Causes -- Sensitivity to the chemicals used in spermicides or contraceptive jellies, creams, or foams Risks for urethritis include: -- Being a female in the reproductive years -- Being male, ages 20 - 35
- 5. 4 Causes -- Having many sexual partners -- High-risk sexual behavior (such as anal sex without a condom) -- History of sexually transmitted diseases
- 6. 5 Diagnosis Your health care provider will perform a physical examination. In men, the exam will include the abdomen, bladder area, penis, and scrotum. The physical exam may show: -- Discharge from the penis -- Tender and enlarged lymph nodes in the groin area
- 7. 6 Diagnosis -- Tender and swollen penis *A digital rectal exam will also be performed. Women will have abdominal and pelvic exams. The health care provider will check for: -- Discharge from the urethra
- 8. 7 Diagnosis -- Tenderness of the lower abdomen -- Tenderness of the urethra The following tests may be done: -- Complete blood count (CBC) -- C-reactive protein test
- 9. 8 Diagnosis -- Pelvic ultrasound (women only) -- Pregnancy test -- Urinalysis and urine cultures -- Tests for gonorrhea, chlamydia, and other sexually transmitted diseases
- 10. 9 Treatment The goals of therapy are to eliminate the cause of infection, improve symptoms, and prevent the spread of infection. If you have an infection, you will be given antibiotics. You may take pain relievers along with antibiotics.
- 11. 10 Treatment People with urethritis should avoid having sex or using condoms. If the cause of your urethritis is infection, your sexual partner must also be treated. With the correct diagnosis and treatment, the condition should clear up without any complications. If your condition does not clear up after antibiotics or lasts for at least 6 weeks, you may have chronic urethritis (which may require a different type of antibiotics).
- 12. 11 Risks Men with urethritis are at risk for the following complications: -- Bladder infection (cystitis) -- Epididymitis -- Infection in the testicles (orchitis)
- 13. 12 Risks -- Prostate infection (prostatitis) After a severe infection, the urethra may become scarred and then narrowed (urethral stricture). Women with urethritis are at risk for the following complications: -- Bladder infection (cystitis)
- 14. 13 Risks -- Cervicitis -- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID -- an infection of the uterus lining, fallopian tubes, or ovaries)
- 15. 14 Prevention Some causes of the condition may be avoided with good personal hygiene and by practicing safe sex behaviors (for example, having only one sexual partner and using condoms).