Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina. About 1 in every 3 women will suffer from Vaginitis at some point in her life. Vaginitis affects women of all ages, but is most common during the reproductive years.
It is often caused by infections, which are sometimes linked to more serious diseases.
The most common vaginal infections are:
-- Bacterial Vaginosis
-- Trichomin
-- Vaginal Yeast Infection
Although most vaginal infections are caused by bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, or yeast, there may be other causes as well. These causes include sexually transmitted diseases, allergic reactions, and irritations.
Allergic symptoms can be caused by spermicides, vaginal hygiene products, detergents, and fabric softeners. Inflammation of the cervix (opening to the womb) from these products often is associated with abnormal vaginal discharge, but healthcare providers can tell them apart from true vaginal infections by doing lab tests.
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/vaginitis/Pages/default.aspx
Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina. About 1 in every 3 women will suffer from Vaginitis at some point in her life. Vaginitis affects women of all ages, but is most common during the reproductive years.
It is often caused by infections, which are sometimes linked to more serious diseases.
The most common vaginal infections are:
-- Bacterial Vaginosis
-- Trichomin
-- Vaginal Yeast Infection
Although most vaginal infections are caused by bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, or yeast, there may be other causes as well. These causes include sexually transmitted diseases, allergic reactions, and irritations.
Allergic symptoms can be caused by spermicides, vaginal hygiene products, detergents, and fabric softeners. Inflammation of the cervix (opening to the womb) from these products often is associated with abnormal vaginal discharge, but healthcare providers can tell them apart from true vaginal infections by doing lab tests.
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/vaginitis/Pages/default.aspx
Bartholin’s Gland
Function :
The production of mucoid secretion that lubricates the
distal end of the vagina during intercourse.
The glands become active after menarche and are non
palpable.
Bartholinitis
Causative agent:
Gonococcus
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
E. coli
End result :
Complete resolution
Recurrence
Abscess
Cyst formation
Clinical features :
Local pain discomfort.
Difficulty in walking / sitting.
Examination :
Tenderness
Induration of post half of vagina.
Secretion coming out from the duct when pressed.
Treatment
Local :
Systemic:
Ampicillin 500 mg TDS
Bartholin’s Abscess
End result of acute Bartholinitis.
Clinical features:
Severe local pain and discomfort.
Difficult / painful walking and sitting.
On examination:
Unilateral tender swelling.
Oedomatous red overlying skin.
Treatment:
Rest.
Sitz bath.
Systemic antibiotic Ampicillin 500 mg.
Drainage of abscess.
Bartholin’s cyst
The content is colourless glairy liquid.
C/f :
Small cyst : usually unnoticed.
Larger cyst : Local discomfort and dyspareunia.
Examination:
Unilateral swelling on post half of labia majora.
Projection on vulval cleft into S-shape.
Overlying skin is shiny and thin.
Cyst remains non tender and fluctuant.
Treatment:
Marsupilisation.
Hydatidiform Mole (HM) is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a pregnancy. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
When a normal sperm cell fertilizes one of these oocytes, the resulting embryo has only one set of chromosomes. Because the embryo has no genes from the mother, the pregnancy cannot develop normally, resulting in a hydatidiform mole.
Explains the inflammatory process of endometrium,its causes and its two clinical variants as acute and chronic endometritis.
Describes the pathology of its two types with histologic perspective.
Bartholin’s Gland
Function :
The production of mucoid secretion that lubricates the
distal end of the vagina during intercourse.
The glands become active after menarche and are non
palpable.
Bartholinitis
Causative agent:
Gonococcus
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
E. coli
End result :
Complete resolution
Recurrence
Abscess
Cyst formation
Clinical features :
Local pain discomfort.
Difficulty in walking / sitting.
Examination :
Tenderness
Induration of post half of vagina.
Secretion coming out from the duct when pressed.
Treatment
Local :
Systemic:
Ampicillin 500 mg TDS
Bartholin’s Abscess
End result of acute Bartholinitis.
Clinical features:
Severe local pain and discomfort.
Difficult / painful walking and sitting.
On examination:
Unilateral tender swelling.
Oedomatous red overlying skin.
Treatment:
Rest.
Sitz bath.
Systemic antibiotic Ampicillin 500 mg.
Drainage of abscess.
Bartholin’s cyst
The content is colourless glairy liquid.
C/f :
Small cyst : usually unnoticed.
Larger cyst : Local discomfort and dyspareunia.
Examination:
Unilateral swelling on post half of labia majora.
Projection on vulval cleft into S-shape.
Overlying skin is shiny and thin.
Cyst remains non tender and fluctuant.
Treatment:
Marsupilisation.
Hydatidiform Mole (HM) is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a pregnancy. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
When a normal sperm cell fertilizes one of these oocytes, the resulting embryo has only one set of chromosomes. Because the embryo has no genes from the mother, the pregnancy cannot develop normally, resulting in a hydatidiform mole.
Explains the inflammatory process of endometrium,its causes and its two clinical variants as acute and chronic endometritis.
Describes the pathology of its two types with histologic perspective.
Each month, join us as we highlight and discuss hot topics ranging from the future of higher education to wearable technology, best productivity hacks and secrets to hiring top talent. Upload your SlideShares, and share your expertise with the world!
Presentation notes about PID for medical students, undergraduate doctors and other health allied courses. It was prepared by medical doctor at Free Medicine.
Pelvic inflammatory disease is ascending infection from the endocervix. There are two main groups of organisms involved. These are STIs and commensals of the female genital tract
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Salpingitis
1.
2. • The fallopian tubes extend from the uterus, one on
each side, and both open near an ovary.
• During ovulation, the released egg (ovum) enters a
fallopian tube and is swept along by tiny hairs
towards the uterus.
3. • It is inflammation of the fallopian tubes.
• Almost all cases are caused by bacterial infection, including
sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia.
• The inflammation prompts extra fluid secretion or even pus to
collect inside the fallopian tube.
• Infection of one tube normally leads to infection of the other,
since the bacteria migrates via the nearby lymph vessels.
• Salpingitis is one of the most common causes of female infertility.
• Without prompt treatment, the infection may permanently
damage the fallopian tube so that the eggs released each
menstrual cycle can't meet up with sperm.
4. Contd…
• Scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes is the
most frequent long-term complication of pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID) and so this condition can
sometimes be referred to as PID.
• However, the umbrella term of PID includes other
infections of the female reproductive system, such as
the uterus and ovaries.
5. Epidemiology
• Over one million cases of acute salpingitis are reported every year in the U.S.,
but the number of incidents is probably larger, due to incomplete and untimely
reporting methods and that many cases are reported first when the illness has
gone so far that it has developed chronic complications.
• For women aged 16–25, salpingitis is the most common serious infection.
• It affects approximately 11% of the female of reproductive age.
• Salpingitis has a higher incidence among members of lower socioeconomic
classes.
• However, this is thought of being an effect of earlier sex debut, multiple
partners and decreased ability to receive proper health care rather than any
independent risk factor for salpingitis.
• As an effect of an increased risk due to multiple partners, the prevalence of
salpingitis is highest for people aged 15–24 years.
• Decreased awareness of symptoms and less will to use contraceptives are also
common in this group, raising the occurrence of salpingitis.
6. Types of salpingitis
1. Acute salpingitis:
o In acute salpingitis, the fallopian tubes become red and
swollen, and secrete extra fluid so that the inner walls of the
tubes often stick together.
o The tubes may also stick to nearby structures such as the
intestines.
o Sometimes, a fallopian tube may fill and bloat with pus.
o In rare cases, the tube ruptures and causes a dangerous
infection of the abdominal cavity (peritonitis).
2. Chronic salpingitis:
o Chronic salpingitis usually follows an acute attack.
o The infection is milder, longer lasting and may not produce
many noticeable symptoms.
7. Causes of salpingitis
In 9 out of 10 cases of salpingitis, bacteria are the cause.
Some of the most common bacteria responsible for
salpingitis include:
Chlamydia
Gonococcus
Mycoplasma
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus.
8. Contd:
The bacteria must gain access to the woman's reproductive
system for infection to take place. The bacteria can be
introduced in a number of ways, including:
• sexual intercourse
• insertion of an IUD (intra-uterine device)
• miscarriage
• abortion
• childbirth
• appendicitis.
9. Risk Factors:
• Young age (<25)
• Prior history of STD
• IUD or other non-barrier contraception
• Multiple partners
• Promiscuous partners
• Iatrogenic factors
10. Symptoms of salpingitis
In milder cases, salpingitis may have no symptoms. This means the fallopian
tubes may become damaged without the woman even realising she has an
infection. The symptoms of salpingitis may include:
• Abnormal vaginal discharge, such as unusual colour or smell
• Spotting between periods
• Dysmenorrhoea (painful periods)
• Pain during ovulation
• Uncomfortable or painful sexual intercourse
• Fever
• Abdominal pain on both sides
• Lower back pain
• Frequent urination
• Nausea and vomiting
• Bloating
• The symptoms usually appear after the menstrual period.
11. Diagnosis of salpingitis
Diagnosing salpingitis involves a number of tests, including:
• general examination - to check for localised tenderness and
enlarged lymph glands
• pelvic examination - to check for tenderness and discharge
• blood tests - to check the white blood cell count and other
factors that indicate infection
• mucus swab - a smear is taken to be cultured and examined in
a laboratory so that the type of bacteria can be identified
• laparoscopy - in some cases, the fallopian tubes may need to
be viewed by a slender instrument inserted through
abdominal incisions.
12. Treatment for salpingitis
Treatment depends on the severity of the condition, but
may include:
• antibiotics - to kill the infection, which is successful in
around 85 per cent of cases
• hospitalisation - including intravenous administration
of antibiotics
• surgery - if the condition resists drug treatment
13. Contd…
• Outpatient therapy
– Regimen A
• Ofloxacin/Levofloxacin + Metronidazole PO x 14 days
– Regimen B
• Ceftriaxone or Cefoxitin (+probenecid PO) IM x 1 dose
+ Doxycycline +/- Metronidazole PO x 14 days
– Remember to also provide treatment to the
patient’s partner if the infection is due to an STD.
14. Contd…
• Inpatient therapy
– Regimen A
• Cefotetan or Cefoxitin IV until clinical improvement +
Doxycyline x 14 days
– Regimen B
• Clindamycin + Gentamycin IV until clinical improvement
+ Doxycycline or Clindamycin PO x 14 days
• Medical therapy alone results in an 85% cure rate
with the rest requiring surgical intervention.
15. Indications for Hospitalization
• Pregnancy
• Immunodeficient
• Nausea/Vomiting and high fever
• Unpredictable compliance
• Poor response to outpatient therapy
• Tubo-ovarian abscess
16. Complications of salpingitis
Without treatment, salpingitis can cause a range of
complications, including:
• Further infection - the infection may spread to
nearby structures, such as the ovaries or uterus.
• Infection of sex partners - the woman's partner or
partners may contract the bacteria and become
infected too.
• Tubo-ovarian abscess - about 15 per cent of women
with salpingitis develop an abscess, which requires
hospitalisation.
17. Complications
• Infertility
– Infertility - the fallopian tube may become deformed or
scarred to such an extent that the egg and sperm are unable
to meet. After one bout of salpingitis or other PID, a woman's
risk of infertility is about 15 per cent. This rises to 50 per cent
after three bouts.
www.freelivedoctor.com
18. Complications
• Chronic pelvic pain
– Found in up to 18% of women after resolution of PID.
• Adhesions
• Dyspareunia
www.freelivedoctor.com
21. Complications
• Tubo-ovarian abscess
– Serious sequelae of PID causing 350,000 hospitalizations and
150,000 surgeries/yr.
– Occurs in 15-30% of women requiring hospitalization for PID
treament.
– Ruptured TOA has a mortality rate as high as 9%.
www.freelivedoctor.com
23. • Tubo-ovarian abscess
– Can be diagnosed by ultrasound with 94%
sensitivity.
– Can attempt conservative management with
antibiotics but often require drainage or excision
via laparoscopy.
– 86-93% infertility rate following TOA.
24. • Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome
– Extrapelvic manifestation of PID associated with RUQ pain
due to inflammation of the liver capsule and diaphragm.
– As with PID, it is mainly caused by N. gonorrhea and C.
trachomatis.
– Probably spreads via direct seeding into the peritoneal
cavity, although hematogenous and lymphatic spread can’t
be ruled out.
– Occurs in 15-30% of women with PID worldwide though
this is probably less in developed countries.
Complication:
26. Complication:
• Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome
– Vague symptoms often make it a diagnosis of
exclusion.
• Amylase/Lipase to r/o gallbladder disease
• LFTs to r/o hepatitis
• UA to r/o pyelonephritis or kidney stones
• Hemoccult to r/o perforated ulcer
• Ultrasound and CT to r/o other diseases
– Gold standard for diagnosis is laparoscopy and
visualization of adhesions or inflammation.