Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can range from cystitis to severe kidney infections. Lower UTIs involve the bladder (cystitis) while upper UTIs involve the kidneys (pyelonephritis). UTIs can be isolated incidents or recurrent. Recurrent UTIs may be caused by bacterial persistence within the urinary tract or reinfections. Acute cystitis presents with symptoms like frequent urination, dysuria, and suprapubic pain. Treatment involves short courses of antibiotics like TMP-SMX or nitrofurantoin. Recurrent UTIs require evaluation for underlying causes and may be managed with low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis.