Cyclospora is a serious food-borne illness that is becoming increasingly frequent in the US and can be contracted when you're traveling if you don't know how to prevent it. Learn how to stay safe from cyclospora.
Parvoviruses are the smallest DNA viruses, including human parvovirus B19. B19 is pathogenic in humans, infecting erythroid progenitor cells and causing fifth disease in children characterized by a rash. It can also cause aplastic crisis, hydrops fetalis in fetuses, and chronic anemia in immunocompromised patients. Diagnosis involves detecting IgG and IgM antibodies by ELISA or PCR to detect the virus. There is no treatment, though a vaccine is in clinical trials.
Campylobacter is a common cause of foodborne illness worldwide and Campylobacter jejuni is a typical organism, which is a gram-negative, motile bacterium that causes both intestinal and systemic infections. Key virulence factors of Campylobacter include lipopolysaccharides and enterotoxins, and pathogenesis involves oral transmission from contaminated food or animals followed by colonization of the small intestine. Symptoms include acute diarrhea and abdominal pain that are usually self-limiting but antibiotics may be used for severe or prolonged cases.
Giardia duodenalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis. It has both a trophozoite and cyst stage. The trophozoite lives in the small intestine where it attaches to epithelial cells and feeds on mucus, interfering with absorption. It can cause diarrhea and malabsorption. The cyst forms when trophozoites pass through the large intestine and are excreted in feces. Cysts are hardy and infect new hosts when ingested. Giardiasis is common worldwide and transmitted through contaminated water. Treatment involves metronidazole antibiotics.
E. coli is a common bacteria that lives in the intestines of humans and animals. While most strains are harmless, some can cause illness. Symptoms of infection include abdominal cramps, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. The bacteria is rod-shaped and uses various virulence factors like fimbriae, toxins and flagella to cause disease. Antibiotics are used to treat infections and vaccines may help reduce human illnesses, but are not widely used due to costs.
Parvoviruses are the smallest DNA viruses, including human parvovirus B19. B19 is pathogenic in humans, infecting erythroid progenitor cells and causing fifth disease in children characterized by a rash. It can also cause aplastic crisis, hydrops fetalis in fetuses, and chronic anemia in immunocompromised patients. Diagnosis involves detecting IgG and IgM antibodies by ELISA or PCR to detect the virus. There is no treatment, though a vaccine is in clinical trials.
Campylobacter is a common cause of foodborne illness worldwide and Campylobacter jejuni is a typical organism, which is a gram-negative, motile bacterium that causes both intestinal and systemic infections. Key virulence factors of Campylobacter include lipopolysaccharides and enterotoxins, and pathogenesis involves oral transmission from contaminated food or animals followed by colonization of the small intestine. Symptoms include acute diarrhea and abdominal pain that are usually self-limiting but antibiotics may be used for severe or prolonged cases.
Giardia duodenalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis. It has both a trophozoite and cyst stage. The trophozoite lives in the small intestine where it attaches to epithelial cells and feeds on mucus, interfering with absorption. It can cause diarrhea and malabsorption. The cyst forms when trophozoites pass through the large intestine and are excreted in feces. Cysts are hardy and infect new hosts when ingested. Giardiasis is common worldwide and transmitted through contaminated water. Treatment involves metronidazole antibiotics.
E. coli is a common bacteria that lives in the intestines of humans and animals. While most strains are harmless, some can cause illness. Symptoms of infection include abdominal cramps, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. The bacteria is rod-shaped and uses various virulence factors like fimbriae, toxins and flagella to cause disease. Antibiotics are used to treat infections and vaccines may help reduce human illnesses, but are not widely used due to costs.
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites with spores that range from 1-20 micrometers in length. They infect host cells through a unique polar tube structure. The microsporidian life cycle involves the spore injecting its contents into the host cell, proliferating within the cell, and then releasing new spores to infect other cells. Epidemiological data shows human microsporidia infections are often underreported but can be found worldwide, with transmission occurring through oral-fecal routes, inhalation, or possibly water sources. The host immune response plays a key role in controlling microsporidian infections.
This document discusses Entamoeba histolytica, an intestinal protozoan parasite. It covers the classification, geographical distribution, life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of E. histolytica. Key points include that E. histolytica causes amoebiasis and can lead to intestinal or extra-intestinal infections. Symptoms range from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool or biopsy samples. Treatment involves use of amoebicide drugs like metronidazole. Prevention focuses on proper sanitation and water treatment to avoid contamination.
Rotavirus is a major cause of diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. It spreads easily between people through contaminated food or surfaces. The virus causes infection and inflammation of the intestinal tract, leading to diarrhea and dehydration. Diagnosis involves detecting the virus in stool samples using tests like ELISA or electron microscopy. Treatment focuses on rehydration through oral rehydration therapy. Handwashing and sanitation can help prevent transmission. Two live, oral rotavirus vaccines provide protection against severe diarrhea from the most common strains.
Introduction, classification of virus, collection, Transport, & Storage of sample for Viral diagnosis. Staining Techniques used in virology,
Processing of sample for viral diagnosis (Egg Inoculation & Tissue culture)
This document summarizes key information about orthomyxoviruses and influenza viruses. It describes that orthomyxoviruses are enveloped viruses with segmented, single-stranded RNA genomes that cause hemagglutination. Influenza viruses belong to the orthomyxovirus family and have three serotypes: A, B, and C. Influenza A infects both humans and animals and is further classified into subtypes based on two surface proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The document outlines the structure, antigens, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology, and prevention of influenza viruses.
There are over 200 known species of mycoplasmas, which are the smallest self-replicating organisms. Four species commonly infect humans and cause respiratory or genitourinary infections: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma genitalium. Mycoplasmas lack cell walls and have pleomorphic shapes. They are difficult to study using typical bacteriological methods but can be grown in cell-free media supplemented with sterols. Mycoplasmas attach to and may directly damage host cells, leading to pathogenic effects. Tetracyclines and erythromycins are commonly used for treatment.
The document provides information about the genus Vibrio, including Vibrio cholerae which causes cholera. It discusses the morphology, growth characteristics, pathogenic species, and pathogenesis of Vibrio. Vibrio are common bacteria found in surface waters worldwide. Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 cause cholera in humans through an enterotoxin that causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The document details the identification and isolation of Vibrio species using different cultural techniques.
The document discusses various bacterial infections that can cause diarrhea, including salmonellosis, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, non-typhoidal salmonella infections, shigellosis, cholera, and escherichiosis. It describes the causative organisms, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of each infection. Key points include that salmonella can cause gastroenteritis, typhoid fever is caused by S. typhi, paratyphoid fever is milder illness caused by S. paratyphi, shigella causes dysentery, V. cholerae toxin causes cholera's profuse diarrhea, and E. coli strains like ETEC, EPE
This document discusses Salmonella, including its isolation, morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical activities, epidemiology, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical diseases, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment. Salmonella was first isolated in 1885 and causes diseases like typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and foodborne illness in humans. It is a gram-negative rod found in the intestines of animals and can contaminate foods. Diagnosis involves culturing specimens from blood, feces, urine or vomit. Treatment includes antibiotics like chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin.
Cryptosporidium parvum is an enteric parasite that is one of the most common causes of diarrhea worldwide. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contact with contaminated water. The oocyst stage of its life cycle is very resilient and can survive in water even after treatment. Infection occurs when an oocyst embeds itself in the gut epithelium. There is no cure for immunocompromised individuals who become infected.
- Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common bacteria that normally lives in the intestines of humans and animals. However, some strains of E. coli can cause illness, including diarrhea.
- E. coli that causes diarrhea is divided into six groups that produce diarrhea through different pathogenic mechanisms, such as the production of heat-stable or heat-labile toxins. One group, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), commonly causes travelers' diarrhea.
- In addition to diarrhea, E. coli can cause other illnesses like urinary tract infections, wound or blood infections, and even sepsis. The type of specimen collected for testing depends on the suspected infection.
Balantidium coli is the largest protozoan parasite that infects humans. It has two stages - the trophozoite stage, which is actively motile, and the cyst stage, which is the infective stage found in feces. B. coli's natural host is pigs, but it can infect humans through ingestion of contaminated food or water containing cysts. In humans, it causes the disease balantidiasis through invasion and ulceration of the large intestine. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloody stool. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool samples for trophozoites or cysts. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline or metronidazole.
Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative rod that causes plague. It is primarily transmitted between rodents like rats, mice and squirrels via flea bites. Humans are accidental hosts. There are three main forms of plague infection: bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, septicemic plague causes fever and hypotension, and pneumonic plague causes cough and bloody sputum. Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis can cause gastrointestinal illness in humans after consuming contaminated food, especially pork.
This document discusses Balantidium coli, a ciliated protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two life stages, a motile trophozoite stage that inhabits the large intestine and reproduces, and an infective cyst stage that is transmitted through fecal contamination. Symptoms include diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal pain and ulceration of the intestinal wall. Diagnosis is made by examining stool samples under a microscope. Treatment involves oral antibiotics such as tetracycline or metronidazole.
1. Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest roundworm that commonly infects humans, inhabiting the small intestine. It is highly prevalent in areas with poor sanitation.
2. The adult worms can cause intestinal obstruction, while migrating larvae can cause aspiration pneumonia. Symptoms range from none to severe abdominal pain.
3. Diagnosis involves finding the eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs like albendazole or mebendazole. Maintaining good sanitation is important for prevention.
This document discusses Giardia lamblia, a unicellular parasite that causes giardiasis. Some key points:
- G. lamblia was first observed by Van Leeuwenhoek in 1681 and causes traveler's diarrhea or beaver fever. It inhabits the small intestine as a trophozoite attached to the mucosa.
- The infective stage is the cyst, which is ingested through contaminated food or water or from contact with infected flies or food handlers. The cyst contains 4 nuclei and can survive outside the host.
- Symptoms of giardiasis include diarrhea, flatulence, and greasy stool. The infection is common in children. The
This document discusses the laboratory diagnosis of Salmonella species. It begins by describing Salmonella bacteria and the diseases they can cause in humans, including typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and gastroenteritis. It then discusses the habitats of different Salmonella serotypes and outlines several methods for laboratory diagnosis, including culture-based isolation and identification using biochemical tests and serological or molecular techniques. The document provides details on the morphology, cultural characteristics, enrichment and selective media used for Salmonella as well as their typical biochemical reactions that are used for identification.
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a gram-negative bacteria that was formerly a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and other invasive diseases in children under 5 years old. Before Hib vaccines were introduced in 1988, approximately one in 200 children would develop invasive Hib disease and it was responsible for 50% of bacterial meningitis cases. Since widespread use of Hib conjugate vaccines, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has declined over 99%. Public health actions focus on rapid reporting, isolation, prophylaxis of contacts, and ensuring vaccination to prevent additional cases.
El documento describe las pruebas de función hepática, incluyendo enzimas hepáticas como las transaminasas, fosfatasa alcalina y bilirrubina, así como la albúmina, tiempo de protrombina, amoníaco y ácidos biliares. Estas pruebas pueden indicar daño hepático, alteraciones en la función hepática o enfermedades hepatobiliares al estar relacionadas con procesos de síntesis y metabolismo hepático.
La isosporosis es una infección causada por parásitos del género Isospora que infectan al hombre, primates y otros vertebrados. La especie I. belli es la única que causa patología en el intestino delgado humano. El parásito se reproduce sexualmente en el intestino delgado y su transmisión es fecal-oral a través de ooquistes maduros en agua o alimentos, especialmente en regiones tropicales y países en desarrollo.
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites with spores that range from 1-20 micrometers in length. They infect host cells through a unique polar tube structure. The microsporidian life cycle involves the spore injecting its contents into the host cell, proliferating within the cell, and then releasing new spores to infect other cells. Epidemiological data shows human microsporidia infections are often underreported but can be found worldwide, with transmission occurring through oral-fecal routes, inhalation, or possibly water sources. The host immune response plays a key role in controlling microsporidian infections.
This document discusses Entamoeba histolytica, an intestinal protozoan parasite. It covers the classification, geographical distribution, life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of E. histolytica. Key points include that E. histolytica causes amoebiasis and can lead to intestinal or extra-intestinal infections. Symptoms range from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool or biopsy samples. Treatment involves use of amoebicide drugs like metronidazole. Prevention focuses on proper sanitation and water treatment to avoid contamination.
Rotavirus is a major cause of diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. It spreads easily between people through contaminated food or surfaces. The virus causes infection and inflammation of the intestinal tract, leading to diarrhea and dehydration. Diagnosis involves detecting the virus in stool samples using tests like ELISA or electron microscopy. Treatment focuses on rehydration through oral rehydration therapy. Handwashing and sanitation can help prevent transmission. Two live, oral rotavirus vaccines provide protection against severe diarrhea from the most common strains.
Introduction, classification of virus, collection, Transport, & Storage of sample for Viral diagnosis. Staining Techniques used in virology,
Processing of sample for viral diagnosis (Egg Inoculation & Tissue culture)
This document summarizes key information about orthomyxoviruses and influenza viruses. It describes that orthomyxoviruses are enveloped viruses with segmented, single-stranded RNA genomes that cause hemagglutination. Influenza viruses belong to the orthomyxovirus family and have three serotypes: A, B, and C. Influenza A infects both humans and animals and is further classified into subtypes based on two surface proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The document outlines the structure, antigens, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology, and prevention of influenza viruses.
There are over 200 known species of mycoplasmas, which are the smallest self-replicating organisms. Four species commonly infect humans and cause respiratory or genitourinary infections: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma genitalium. Mycoplasmas lack cell walls and have pleomorphic shapes. They are difficult to study using typical bacteriological methods but can be grown in cell-free media supplemented with sterols. Mycoplasmas attach to and may directly damage host cells, leading to pathogenic effects. Tetracyclines and erythromycins are commonly used for treatment.
The document provides information about the genus Vibrio, including Vibrio cholerae which causes cholera. It discusses the morphology, growth characteristics, pathogenic species, and pathogenesis of Vibrio. Vibrio are common bacteria found in surface waters worldwide. Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 cause cholera in humans through an enterotoxin that causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The document details the identification and isolation of Vibrio species using different cultural techniques.
The document discusses various bacterial infections that can cause diarrhea, including salmonellosis, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, non-typhoidal salmonella infections, shigellosis, cholera, and escherichiosis. It describes the causative organisms, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of each infection. Key points include that salmonella can cause gastroenteritis, typhoid fever is caused by S. typhi, paratyphoid fever is milder illness caused by S. paratyphi, shigella causes dysentery, V. cholerae toxin causes cholera's profuse diarrhea, and E. coli strains like ETEC, EPE
This document discusses Salmonella, including its isolation, morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical activities, epidemiology, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical diseases, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment. Salmonella was first isolated in 1885 and causes diseases like typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and foodborne illness in humans. It is a gram-negative rod found in the intestines of animals and can contaminate foods. Diagnosis involves culturing specimens from blood, feces, urine or vomit. Treatment includes antibiotics like chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin.
Cryptosporidium parvum is an enteric parasite that is one of the most common causes of diarrhea worldwide. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contact with contaminated water. The oocyst stage of its life cycle is very resilient and can survive in water even after treatment. Infection occurs when an oocyst embeds itself in the gut epithelium. There is no cure for immunocompromised individuals who become infected.
- Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common bacteria that normally lives in the intestines of humans and animals. However, some strains of E. coli can cause illness, including diarrhea.
- E. coli that causes diarrhea is divided into six groups that produce diarrhea through different pathogenic mechanisms, such as the production of heat-stable or heat-labile toxins. One group, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), commonly causes travelers' diarrhea.
- In addition to diarrhea, E. coli can cause other illnesses like urinary tract infections, wound or blood infections, and even sepsis. The type of specimen collected for testing depends on the suspected infection.
Balantidium coli is the largest protozoan parasite that infects humans. It has two stages - the trophozoite stage, which is actively motile, and the cyst stage, which is the infective stage found in feces. B. coli's natural host is pigs, but it can infect humans through ingestion of contaminated food or water containing cysts. In humans, it causes the disease balantidiasis through invasion and ulceration of the large intestine. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloody stool. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool samples for trophozoites or cysts. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline or metronidazole.
Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative rod that causes plague. It is primarily transmitted between rodents like rats, mice and squirrels via flea bites. Humans are accidental hosts. There are three main forms of plague infection: bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, septicemic plague causes fever and hypotension, and pneumonic plague causes cough and bloody sputum. Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis can cause gastrointestinal illness in humans after consuming contaminated food, especially pork.
This document discusses Balantidium coli, a ciliated protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two life stages, a motile trophozoite stage that inhabits the large intestine and reproduces, and an infective cyst stage that is transmitted through fecal contamination. Symptoms include diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal pain and ulceration of the intestinal wall. Diagnosis is made by examining stool samples under a microscope. Treatment involves oral antibiotics such as tetracycline or metronidazole.
1. Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest roundworm that commonly infects humans, inhabiting the small intestine. It is highly prevalent in areas with poor sanitation.
2. The adult worms can cause intestinal obstruction, while migrating larvae can cause aspiration pneumonia. Symptoms range from none to severe abdominal pain.
3. Diagnosis involves finding the eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs like albendazole or mebendazole. Maintaining good sanitation is important for prevention.
This document discusses Giardia lamblia, a unicellular parasite that causes giardiasis. Some key points:
- G. lamblia was first observed by Van Leeuwenhoek in 1681 and causes traveler's diarrhea or beaver fever. It inhabits the small intestine as a trophozoite attached to the mucosa.
- The infective stage is the cyst, which is ingested through contaminated food or water or from contact with infected flies or food handlers. The cyst contains 4 nuclei and can survive outside the host.
- Symptoms of giardiasis include diarrhea, flatulence, and greasy stool. The infection is common in children. The
This document discusses the laboratory diagnosis of Salmonella species. It begins by describing Salmonella bacteria and the diseases they can cause in humans, including typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and gastroenteritis. It then discusses the habitats of different Salmonella serotypes and outlines several methods for laboratory diagnosis, including culture-based isolation and identification using biochemical tests and serological or molecular techniques. The document provides details on the morphology, cultural characteristics, enrichment and selective media used for Salmonella as well as their typical biochemical reactions that are used for identification.
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a gram-negative bacteria that was formerly a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and other invasive diseases in children under 5 years old. Before Hib vaccines were introduced in 1988, approximately one in 200 children would develop invasive Hib disease and it was responsible for 50% of bacterial meningitis cases. Since widespread use of Hib conjugate vaccines, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has declined over 99%. Public health actions focus on rapid reporting, isolation, prophylaxis of contacts, and ensuring vaccination to prevent additional cases.
El documento describe las pruebas de función hepática, incluyendo enzimas hepáticas como las transaminasas, fosfatasa alcalina y bilirrubina, así como la albúmina, tiempo de protrombina, amoníaco y ácidos biliares. Estas pruebas pueden indicar daño hepático, alteraciones en la función hepática o enfermedades hepatobiliares al estar relacionadas con procesos de síntesis y metabolismo hepático.
La isosporosis es una infección causada por parásitos del género Isospora que infectan al hombre, primates y otros vertebrados. La especie I. belli es la única que causa patología en el intestino delgado humano. El parásito se reproduce sexualmente en el intestino delgado y su transmisión es fecal-oral a través de ooquistes maduros en agua o alimentos, especialmente en regiones tropicales y países en desarrollo.
This document provides information about tissue coccidia, specifically Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis species. It outlines the objectives, life cycles, morphology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, transmission, prevention and control of toxoplasmosis. Key points include that cats are the only known definitive host of T. gondii, which can cause severe disease in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. Serological testing is used for diagnosis, while prevention involves hand washing and not eating undercooked meat.
Isospora belli es un protozoo coccideo parásito intestinal del hombre. Se reproduce asexualmente formando ooquistes ovalados de 20-30 μm que contienen 2 esporoquistes con 4 esporozoitos cada uno. Los ooquistes son eliminados en las heces y su ingestión causa isosporiasis, provocando diarrea liquida, dolor abdominal y pérdida de peso en personas inmunodeprimidas. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante examen microscópico de las heces y su tratamiento es con trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol
Cystoisospora belli es un parásito protozoario que causa isosporiasis, una infección intestinal comúnmente asintomática pero que puede causar diarrea. El parásito tiene un ciclo de vida complejo que incluye etapas sexuales y asexuales dentro y fuera del cuerpo humano, culminando en la producción de ooquistes resistentes que se transmiten a través del contacto fecal-oral o de fómites contaminados. El diagnóstico se realiza a través del examen microscópico de las heces y la bi
Cryptosporidium parvum causa la enfermedad criptosporidiosis. Es un parásito esférico de 4-5 micras que se reproduce en el intestino delgado causando diarrea aguda o crónica. Los ooquistes son resistentes y pueden sobrevivir en el ambiente por meses, propagándose a través del agua o alimentos contaminados. Afecta principalmente a pacientes inmunocomprometidos como los que viven con VIH/SIDA.
This document discusses coccidian protozoa, an obligate intestinal parasite found worldwide in subtropical and tropical regions. It has a complex life cycle involving both sexual and asexual reproduction. Symptoms in humans include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route due to ingestion of contaminated food or water in areas with poor sanitation. Diagnosis involves finding oocysts in stool samples under a microscope. Treatment involves antibiotics like trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Prevention relies on proper sanitation and hygiene practices.
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that can cause the disease cryptosporidiosis. It is commonly transmitted when people ingest Cryptosporidium oocysts from contaminated food, water, or surfaces. Infection may cause diarrhea, stomach cramps, dehydration, nausea, and other symptoms. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples under a microscope to identify the oocysts. Treatment focuses on rehydration and antibiotics in severe cases.
it gives information about the infection caused by the round worms which enter in the human body through dirty water,poor sanitation system,child take soil which contain feces.
Shigella is one of the newest foodborne illnesses to increase in the United States and globally. It is highly infectious and even worse, it has gradually mutated to become increasingly resistant to many of the antibiotics which have been used to treat it.
This document discusses various foodborne illnesses and their causes. It provides information on common disease vectors like Salmonella, E. coli, C. botulinum, and Hepatitis A. Symptoms, food sources, and treatments are described for each. Proper food handling and sanitation are key to preventing contamination and spoilage. Common preservation methods like drying, cooling, freezing, boiling and sugaring can help extend the safe storage time of foods by inhibiting microbial growth.
The document discusses prevention and home remedies for diarrhea. It begins by describing the symptoms of diarrhea such as loose, frequent, or watery stools. It then discusses causes such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The document outlines symptoms in adults and children in detail. It discusses treatments like rehydration and antibiotics. Home remedies suggested include drinking fluids, eating bland foods, and avoiding fatty/spicy foods until symptoms subside. Prevention tips include handwashing, food safety, and being cautious of local water and foods while traveling.
- Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It is estimated to cause 1.3 to 4 million cases and 21,000 to 143,000 deaths worldwide each year.
- The bacteria produces a toxin that causes a massive outpouring of fluid into the intestines, leading to severe watery diarrhea that can cause life-threatening dehydration.
- Treatment involves oral rehydration with fluids like rice water and antibiotics to kill the bacteria. With prompt treatment, mortality can be reduced to less than 1%; however, without treatment, mortality rates as high as 50% have been reported.
- Prevention relies on access to safe water, proper san
Listeria is a form of bacteria commonly found in soil and water that can contaminate foods. It poses the greatest risk to pregnant women, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. The document provides information on how Listeria spreads, its symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and recommendations for preventing infection through proper food handling and hygienic practices like washing hands and surfaces. Key prevention strategies include thoroughly cooking foods, avoiding raw sprouts and deli meats, and being vigilant about cleaning and sanitation in the kitchen.
1. Infectious diarrhea is caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms spread through contaminated food, water, or poor hygiene. It is characterized by loose or watery stools and can range from mild to severe and potentially life-threatening.
2. Treatment involves rehydration through oral rehydration solutions or intravenous fluids. Antimotility agents like loperamide are also used. Antibiotics may be used for specific bacterial causes. Probiotics, zinc supplementation and vaccination can help prevent or treat cases.
3. A case study describes a child with bloody diarrhea, dehydration and later convulsions who is diagnosed with hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by E
The urinary tract infection document provides information about UTIs, including:
1. The urinary tract system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. UTIs usually involve the lower tract and are caused by bacteria like E. coli entering the urinary tract.
2. Symptoms of lower UTIs include painful urination and frequent urination. Upper UTIs cause fever and flank pain. Diagnosis involves a urinalysis and urine culture. Women are more prone to UTIs than men due to anatomical differences.
3. Certain groups like pregnant women, older adults, and those with diabetes are more susceptible to UTIs. Risk factors include sexual activity and not
Presentation food borne pathogens and infectionsUjalaTanveer2
Foodborne illnesses can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and chemicals or toxins in contaminated food or water. Common foodborne viruses include norovirus and hepatitis A virus, which cause gastroenteritis and hepatitis, respectively. Foodborne protozoa include Giardia, which causes giardiasis and associated diarrhea, and Cyclospora cayetanensis, which causes cyclosporiasis with watery diarrhea. Preventing foodborne illness involves proper food handling including washing produce, cooking foods thoroughly, and maintaining clean surfaces and hands.
Cholera, typhoid fever and dysentery are some communicable diseases that are mainly caused due to ingestion of food which are contaminated with pathogenic micro-organisms.
Gastrointestinal infections are caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are spread through contaminated food, water, or direct person-to-person contact. Diarrheal diseases account for 1 in 9 child deaths worldwide and affect over 2,000 children per day. Common causes of gastrointestinal infections include E. coli, Salmonella, Norovirus, Rotavirus, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. Diagnosis is confirmed through laboratory tests of stool samples, while treatment focuses on rehydration and symptomatic relief.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur more commonly in girls than boys, with the highest rates in infants and during toilet training. In boys, most UTIs occur in the first year of life and are more common in uncircumcised boys. UTIs are usually caused by bacteria that enter the bladder from the gastrointestinal tract. The main types of UTIs are pyelonephritis, cystitis, and asymptomatic bacteriuria. Pyelonephritis involves the kidneys and can cause fever and other systemic symptoms, while cystitis only involves the bladder. Imaging studies like ultrasound and voiding cystourethrogram help identify anatomical abnormalities and assess renal involvement and function in children with UTIs.
This document provides information on various foodborne parasites, viruses, and biohazards. It discusses protozoan parasites like Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Entamoeba, and Giardia. It also covers parasitic worms including Anisakis, Ascaris, Clonorchis, Opisthorchis, Fasciolopsis buski, and Taenia. Additionally, it summarizes biotoxins produced by bacteria, fungi, and algae like botulinum toxin, staphylococcus toxin, aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and patulin. Finally, it briefly discusses major foodborne viruses such as hepatitis A virus, rot
This document provides information on the enteric bacilli Salmonella typhi. It describes S. typhi as a gram-negative facultative anaerobe that causes the systemic disease typhoid fever. The document outlines the clinical symptoms of typhoid fever such as sustained fever, headache and abdominal issues. It discusses the virulence factors that allow S. typhi to cause disease, including its ability to invade non-phagocytic cells and inhibit the immune response. Prevention is focused on proper sanitation and hygiene to avoid contamination of food and water from human feces carrying the bacteria.
UNIT II: Preventive Medicine
General principles of prevention and control of diseases- CHOLERA
#cholera #preventivemedicine #General principles of
prevention and control of diseases such as: CHOLERA
#social and preventive pharmacy
Diseases Affecting the Gastro-Intestinal System LECTURE 3.pptxOsmanHassan35
A communicable disease can be transmitted from one person to another in several ways, such as contact with blood or body fluids, inhalation of an airborne virus, or insect bites.
Shannon Farrell's latest novel The Hungry Heart Available March 1, 2022 in Pa...Joan Mullally
The latest Irish romance novel by Shannon Farrell, The Hungry Heart, will be available in paperback March 1, 2022 from HerStoryBooks.net, just in time for St. Patrick's Day.
Irish novel Hunger for Love by Shannon Farrell Available Feb 22, 2022 in PaperJoan Mullally
The latest novel by Shannon Farrell, Hunger for Love, will be available in paperback Feb 22, 2022 from HerStoryBooks.net, just in time for St. Patrick's Day. Readers of historical fiction, historical romance, or Victorian romance will not want to miss this novel.
Palatine Pretense: Jacinta Carey's latest historical romance is now availableJoan Mullally
The document summarizes Jacinta Carey's new historical romance novel "Palatine Pretense", which follows the story of Quintus and Aurora who meet under shocking circumstances in Rome in 40 AD and embark on a pretend relationship that turns into a matter of life and death as they fall in love. The author wrote the book to explore a little-known fact of history and show how Ancient Rome influences modern society. It will be released on February 3, 2022 and available online from major booksellers.
Fall in love with Ancient Rome in Jacinta Carey's latest historical romanceJoan Mullally
Jacinta Carey is launching her brand new book, “Palatine Passion”, available online at Amazon and top retailers. Those who love historical romances can visit https://herstorybooks.net to learn more.
Discover what emotional eating is, what causes it, and the best ways to stop it, for a slimmer, trimmer you. Visit: http://eternalspiralbooks.com/store/product/stop-emotional-eating/ to learn more.
Top Tips for Healthy Skin All Year RoundJoan Mullally
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Raising start-up capital to launch your own company can be one of the most daunting aspects of starting a business. But it is easier than you think, once you know how. Visit: http://eternalspiralbooks.com/raising-start-up-capital/ for more information.
Finding your Ikigai: How to Seek Your Purpose in LifeJoan Mullally
Learn what the concept of ikigai is and how it can help you lead a more fulfilling life at work and home. http://eternalspiralbooks.com/courses/course/ikigai-101/
Protein can help with weight loss in several ways. It makes you feel fuller for longer since it doesn't spike blood sugar like carbs. It also has half the calories of fat. While your body can only absorb so much protein at once, eating it several times a day can aid weight loss. Protein is best obtained from foods like eggs, beans, nuts and tofu. Having protein before and after workouts can boost energy and aid muscle recovery. Making your own protein shakes and bars is healthier than store-bought versions. Starting your day with protein at breakfast helps control cravings and sets you up for weight loss success.
Discover 13 top tips for planning a great Easter celebration. Get great Easter dinner ideas and meal plans, Easter recipes, Easter activities and more.
Having a Happy St Patrick’s Day Made EasyJoan Mullally
Discover quick and easy ways to have a great St. Patrick's day, with games, activities, traditional Irish recipes, and more. Everyone is Irish on St. Patrick's Day. Make the most of the holiday with these quick and easy ideas.
Tabata Workouts 101-An Introduction to Tabata-style workoutsJoan Mullally
This document promotes a 4-minute training protocol called Tabata workouts that promises intense and efficient exercise in a short period of time. It provides a link for users to begin a course on Tabata workouts that explains the training method. The course teaches the Tabata workout technique for maximizing calorie burn and fitness gains in just a few minutes.
Having a Happy Valentine's Day Made EasyJoan Mullally
Discover a range of fun and interesting activities, recipes and more for Valentine's Day. Whether you are single or in a couple, or have children, you will find a range of ways to celebrate Valentine's Day.
Discover how easy it can be to create profitable webinars to increase traffic, brand exposure and sales. Webinars take advantage of the popularity of videos for marketing, the boom in online education, and the importance of building relationships with your target audience.
Effective Goal Setting - Why You Should Use Goal SettingJoan Mullally
Goal setting is one of the most effective ways to become your best self and live your best life. Learn about the SMART and FRAME techniques and how they can both help you set goals and achieve them.
For more information and resources like this, visit: http://eternalspiralbooks.com/success-habits
Discover 13 key elements of any happy Halloween at home, especially if you are throwing a Halloween party. From Halloween costumes to decorations and more, celebrate Halloween without spending a fortune.
Increase Your Emotional intelligence-Basics for BeginnersJoan Mullally
You may have a really high IQ, but how's your EQ? EQ, Emotional Quotient, also referred to as Emotional Intelligence, is shared by more than 80% of the top performers, and lacking in 80% of those rated the lowest performers at work. If you feel like you just don't get people sometimes, consider working on your Emotional Intelligence and see what a different it can make to your professional and personal life.
How to Control Your Anger: Anger Management Techniques for BeginnersJoan Mullally
Discover what anger management is and how you can use it to prevent your anger from running away with you and causing problems in your career and personal life.
Back-To-School Bugs: Keeping Kids Healthy When They’re in School PresentationJoan Mullally
Learn more about the most common germs your school-aged children are exposed to, and other key health concerns, to keep your children safe and healthy.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
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Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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2. INTRODUCTION
•Cyclospora is a particularly nasty stomach
bug
•The trouble these days is that there are so
many food-borne illnesses going around
that it can be tough to figure out which one
you are suffering from in order to get the
correct treatment as quickly as possible
•As with all stomach bugs, children and
seniors are most at risk.
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3. 1-What is Cyclospora?
•Cyclospora cayetanensis is a parasite
composed of one microscopic cell.
•When humans become exposed to this
parasite, they become ill with an infection
in the digestive tract and intestines called
cyclosporiasis.
•This results in various unpleasant and
potentially dangerous symptoms.
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4. 2-How is Cyclospora Spread?
•Cyclospora is spread when a person eats or
drinks something that has been contaminated
with the Cyclospora parasite.
•The main source of contamination is stool
(feces, excrement) from a sick person.
•The stool can contaminate food growing in the
ground or water that has not been chemically
treated to remove impurities.
•Once the Cyclospora parasite is consumed by a
person, it begins to multiply in their small
intestine, in most cases eventually leading to a
range of symptoms.
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5. 3-Who is Most at Risk of Contracting
a Cyclospora Infection?
•Cyclospora is common in many tropical
and subtropical countries around the
world that are lacking in good sanitation
systems.
•Travelers can become ill
•People who eat a lot of food that is
prepared by other people are also at
greater risk
•Those who don’t wash their produce well
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6. 4-What are the Symptoms of
Cyclosporiasis?
•Watery diarrhea
•Frequent, sometimes 'explosive', bowel
movements.
•Other symptoms may include:
* loss of appetite
* weight loss
* stomach cramps/pain
* bloating
* increased gas
* nausea
* fatigue.
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7. 5-How is Cyclosporiasis
Diagnosed?
•To get a correct diagnosis that the cause
of your symptoms is from cyclosporiasis
and not another foodborne illness or virus
like Norovirus, you will need to see your
doctor.
• Once you are there, you will be asked to
give a stool sample so that your feces
can be tested to see if the Cyclospora
parasite is present.
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8. 6-How Do Doctors Treat Laboratory-
Confirmed Cases of Cyclospora
Infection?
•Confirmed Cyclospora infections are treated
with antibiotics.
•At present, the usual protocol is antibiotics
given in combination therapy, that is, two
antibiotics to destroy the parasites in your
small intestine.
•All antibiotics should be taken as prescribed
to get the bacteria completely out of your
system.
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9. 7-Symptom Alert: Diarrhea and
Vomiting and the Dangers of
Dehydration
•If you or your loved one is:
• a senior
• a young child
• a person with a compromised immune system
• having trouble keeping down fluids
• pregnant, or suspect that you may be pregnant, or
• experiencing a sudden worsening of symptoms, or
new symptoms not on the main list of symptoms
provided above
• it is time to see a doctor, or go to the nearest
emergency room to be tested for Cyclospora.
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10. 8-What is the Best Way to Prevent
Cyclospora Infections?
•A-Prevention Overseas
•i-Drinking Water Safety
•ii-Food Safety
•iii-Other Travel Health Tips
•B-Prevention at Home
•i-Household Hotspots
•ii-Washing Your Hands Well
•iii-Hotspot Alert: Safety in the Workplace
•iv-Avoiding Food-borne Illness
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11. 9-Food Safety is Key
•Handling Raw Produce Safely
•Keeping the kitchen clean
•Choosing
•Storing
•Washing
•Cooking
•Food properly according to safety
recommendations
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12. CONCLUSION
•Knowing what cyclospora is, the
symptoms, causes, and how it spreads,
can help you and your family stay safe
•It can also stop you from spreading it to
your whole family, or anyone vulnerable
to illness
•Cyclospora can be avoided if you do all
you can to prevent it-education and care
are key.
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