This document discusses various foodborne parasites, viruses, and toxins that can cause illness. It provides details on the life cycles and transmission routes of common protozoan parasites like Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Entamoeba, and Giardia. It also discusses parasitic worms including Anisakis, Ascaris, Clonorchis, Fasciolopsis, and Taenia, and how they can infect humans by consuming undercooked meat or seafood, or contaminated water/food. The document outlines characteristics, food sources, and symptoms of biotoxins produced by bacteria like Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus aureus, and fungi
How Industrial Dryers Use Hot Air Generators:
Many types of industrial dryers use an indirect fired or direct fired air heater for hot air generation. Which dryer/ air heater combination works best is decided by the wet material to be dried.
The Four Most Common Types of Industrial Dryers:
Rotary Dryers
Pneumatic or Flash Dryers
Spray Dryers
Fluidized Bed Dryers
This presentation covers how each dryer works with air heaters and some of the industries that use air heaters with dryers.
in this ppt i descussed about evaporator.evaporation,Evaporation is the process by which an element or compound transitions from its liquid state to its gaseous state below the temperature at which it boils.
types of Evaporators
Open kettle or pan
Horizontal tube natural circulation evaporator
Vertical tube natural circulation evaporator
Long tube vertical evaporator
Falling film evaporator
Forced circulation evaporator
Open-pan solar evaporator
How Industrial Dryers Use Hot Air Generators:
Many types of industrial dryers use an indirect fired or direct fired air heater for hot air generation. Which dryer/ air heater combination works best is decided by the wet material to be dried.
The Four Most Common Types of Industrial Dryers:
Rotary Dryers
Pneumatic or Flash Dryers
Spray Dryers
Fluidized Bed Dryers
This presentation covers how each dryer works with air heaters and some of the industries that use air heaters with dryers.
in this ppt i descussed about evaporator.evaporation,Evaporation is the process by which an element or compound transitions from its liquid state to its gaseous state below the temperature at which it boils.
types of Evaporators
Open kettle or pan
Horizontal tube natural circulation evaporator
Vertical tube natural circulation evaporator
Long tube vertical evaporator
Falling film evaporator
Forced circulation evaporator
Open-pan solar evaporator
Caustic potash potassium hydroxide Industrial production, applications rita martin
Caustic potash potassium hydroxide Industrial production, chemical properties applications and uses of potassium hydroxide, major suppliers and manufacturers of potassium hydroxide
Manufacturing nitric acid by ostwald processrita martin
Nitric acid is a colourless liquid most commonly manufactured by Ostwald process which converts ammonia to nitric acid, nitric acid used for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives
Surface coating industry is one of the most popular industries. Paints, varnishes and lacquers industry is gaining ground at a rapid pace in modern time accompanied with closed advance in surface coating technology. They are formulated for specific purposes: outside house paints and exterior varnishes are intended to give good service when exposed to weathering; interior wall paints are formulated to give excellent coverage and good wash ability; and lacquers are formulated for rapid drying. Varnish is one of the important parts of surface coating industry. Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials.
See more at
http://goo.gl/enBjnk
https://goo.gl/V26h8x
https://goo.gl/tzTyws
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
How Paint is Made, How to Start Paint Manufacturing Industry, How to Manufacture Paints, Varnishes and Lacquers, How to Manufacture Commercial Paint?, Paint Manufacture, Paint Manufacturing Process, Paint Formulation and Process, How to Manufacture Paint, Paint Manufacturing Unit, Paint Manufacturing, Low Cost Business Ideas, Simple Low Cost Business Ideas, Top Small Business Ideas Low Invest Big Profit in India Smart Business Ideas, Very Low Budget Best Business Ideas, Low Investment High Profit Business, Small Business Ideas to Make Money, Top Profitable Small Business Ideas in India, Best Business Ideas for Rural Areas in India & World Top Best Small Business Idea, Invest Low, Top Best Small Business Ideas for Beginners 2017, Small Business But Big Profit in India, Profitable Small Business Ideas with Small Investment, Best Home Based Business Ideas, Best Part Time Business Ideas to Start New Business, Best Ideas for Low Budget Business and More Profits, Top Best Small Business Ideas for Women in 2017, Low-Cost Business Ideas for Introverts, Top Small Business Ideas in India for Starting Your Own Business, Secret to Making Money by Starting Small Business, Small Business Ideas with Small, Top Easy Small Business Ideas in India, Small Investment Big Returns, Top Best Small Business Ideas in India, Business Ideas With Low Investment, How to Get Rich?, Low Cost Small Business Ideas for India, Best Small Business Ideas in India to Start Business, 100% Risk Free Business, Low Budget Best Small Business Idea for Self Employment, Low Cost Business Ideas with High Profit, Most Profitable Business Ideas with Low Investment, Easy Simple Best Unique Low Cost Small Investment, Start up Business Ideas, What is Low Cost Business to Start?, Start Small Business, Low Investment Manufacturing Business in India, Low Cost Small Business Ideas
Caustic potash potassium hydroxide Industrial production, applications rita martin
Caustic potash potassium hydroxide Industrial production, chemical properties applications and uses of potassium hydroxide, major suppliers and manufacturers of potassium hydroxide
Manufacturing nitric acid by ostwald processrita martin
Nitric acid is a colourless liquid most commonly manufactured by Ostwald process which converts ammonia to nitric acid, nitric acid used for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives
Surface coating industry is one of the most popular industries. Paints, varnishes and lacquers industry is gaining ground at a rapid pace in modern time accompanied with closed advance in surface coating technology. They are formulated for specific purposes: outside house paints and exterior varnishes are intended to give good service when exposed to weathering; interior wall paints are formulated to give excellent coverage and good wash ability; and lacquers are formulated for rapid drying. Varnish is one of the important parts of surface coating industry. Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials.
See more at
http://goo.gl/enBjnk
https://goo.gl/V26h8x
https://goo.gl/tzTyws
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
How Paint is Made, How to Start Paint Manufacturing Industry, How to Manufacture Paints, Varnishes and Lacquers, How to Manufacture Commercial Paint?, Paint Manufacture, Paint Manufacturing Process, Paint Formulation and Process, How to Manufacture Paint, Paint Manufacturing Unit, Paint Manufacturing, Low Cost Business Ideas, Simple Low Cost Business Ideas, Top Small Business Ideas Low Invest Big Profit in India Smart Business Ideas, Very Low Budget Best Business Ideas, Low Investment High Profit Business, Small Business Ideas to Make Money, Top Profitable Small Business Ideas in India, Best Business Ideas for Rural Areas in India & World Top Best Small Business Idea, Invest Low, Top Best Small Business Ideas for Beginners 2017, Small Business But Big Profit in India, Profitable Small Business Ideas with Small Investment, Best Home Based Business Ideas, Best Part Time Business Ideas to Start New Business, Best Ideas for Low Budget Business and More Profits, Top Best Small Business Ideas for Women in 2017, Low-Cost Business Ideas for Introverts, Top Small Business Ideas in India for Starting Your Own Business, Secret to Making Money by Starting Small Business, Small Business Ideas with Small, Top Easy Small Business Ideas in India, Small Investment Big Returns, Top Best Small Business Ideas in India, Business Ideas With Low Investment, How to Get Rich?, Low Cost Small Business Ideas for India, Best Small Business Ideas in India to Start Business, 100% Risk Free Business, Low Budget Best Small Business Idea for Self Employment, Low Cost Business Ideas with High Profit, Most Profitable Business Ideas with Low Investment, Easy Simple Best Unique Low Cost Small Investment, Start up Business Ideas, What is Low Cost Business to Start?, Start Small Business, Low Investment Manufacturing Business in India, Low Cost Small Business Ideas
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
4. Parasites..??
• Organisms that obtain their food from other living
creatures
• Smaller than their food source and this
distinguishes them from predators which also eat
other living things
• Common food borne animal parasites - worms
and protozoa
• Worms include tapeworms (cestodes), flukes
(trematodes) and roundworms (nematodes)
5.
6. 1. Protozoan Parasites
• One-celled organisms but are larger and more
complex than bacteria
• Generally not susceptible to antibiotics that kill
bacteria but there are effective drugs to treat some
(not all) parasitic infections
• Most common types;
– Toxoplasma
– Cryptosporidium
– Cyclospora
– Entamoeba
– Giardia
7. Toxoplasma
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Obligate, intracellular, parasitic protozoan that
causes toxoplasmosis
• Infection in humans and other warm-blooded
animals can occur
– by consuming raw or undercooked meat containing T.
gondii tissue cysts
– by ingesting water, soil, vegetables, or anything
contaminated with oocysts shed in the feces of an
infected animal
– from a blood transfusion or organ transplant
– transplacental transmission from mother to fetus,
particularly when T. gondii is contracted
during pregnancy
10. Risk factors of toxoplasmosis and
preventive methods
• Diminished vision or blindness after birth of child,
more severe effects include hydrocephalus,
convulsions, and calcium deposits in the brain
• Responsible for the deaths of AIDS patients and
causes encephalitis in many immunosuppressed
• Pregnant women and immunocompromised patients
should avoid the following:
– Raw or undercooked meat or eggs
– Unpasteurized milk, particularly goat's milk
– Contact with cat feces, including changing of cat
litter trays
11. Cryptosporidium
• Mainly Cryptosporidium parvum
• Cause cryptosporidiosis, a parasitic disease of
the mammalian intestine tract
• Primary symptoms - acute, watery, and nonbloody diarrhoea
• Other symptoms -anorexia, nausea/ vomiting and
abdominal pain
• The diagnosis of C. parvum consists of serological
tests and microscopic evaluation of oocysts in
stools using Kinyoun acid-fast staining
13. • The following groups have an elevated risk of
being exposed to Cryptosporidium:
– People who swim regularly in pools with insufficient
sanitation
– Parents of infected children
– People who take care of other people with
cryptosporidiosis
– People who drink untreated water
– People, including swimmers, who swallow water from
contaminated sources
– People who handle infected cattle
– People who eat contaminated food; meat, fish, milk,
fruits and vegetables
14. Cyclospora
• Cyclospora cayetanensis
• Cause cyclosporiasis
• By consuming food or water contaminated with C.
cayetanensis oocysts (the infective stage of the
organism)
• By putting anything into mouth that has touched
the stool of a person or animal with cyclosporiasis
15. • Symptoms of cyclosporiasis; watery diarrhea
(sometimes explosive), loss of appetite, bloating,
stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches,
low-grade fever, and fatigue
• Symptoms are more severe in persons with
weakened immune systems
17. Entamoeba
• Entamoeba histolytica
• An anaerobic, cause Amoebiasis
• Transmission of the parasite occurs when a person
ingests food/water that has been contaminated
with infected feces
• Cysts of the parasite are the viable form outside
the host. They can survive weeks in water, soils
and on foods under moist conditions.
• An active Entamoeba infection will cause diarrhea
19. • On occasion, Entamoeba is capable of traveling to
the liver
20. Giardia
• Giardia lamblia
• Single celled, flagellated, microscopic parasite
that can live in the intestines of animals and
people
• Cause giardiasis
• Giardiasis does not spread via the bloodstream,
nor does it spread to other parts of the
GI tract
21. How do people get giardiasis?
• Frequently associated with drinking
contaminated water, but some people might get
infected by consuming uncooked meat also
contaminated with G. lamblia cysts (the
infective stage of the organism)
• By putting anything into mouth that has
touched contaminated surfaces or the stool of a
person or animal with giardiasis
• Foodborne giardiasis can result from the use of
contaminated water for irrigating or washing
fruits and vegetables
23. Symptoms of giardiasis
• Most common symptoms- Diarrhea, abdominal
cramps, gas, and nausea
• Chronic infection might lead to dehydration and
severe weight loss
24. 2. Parasitic Worms
• animals that typically have a long cylindrical tubelike body and no legs
• Various types of worm occupy a small variety
of parasitic niches, living inside the bodies of
other animals.
• There are three types of worms found which act
as parasites.
– Nematoda
– Trmatoda
– Cestoda
25. Anisakis and Pseudoterranova
(Sealworm,Codworm)
• Anisakiasis was first recognized as a human
disease about forty years ago.
• Found with fish
• chub mackerel and flying squid in Japan and
pickled anchovies, raw sardines,cold smoked
salmon, raw or pickled herring are some
vectors.
26. • Other fish, including
whiting, mackerel, pollack, and flounder,may
also contain these parasites with anisakid
larvae.
• varies by season and increases with fish size
Water temperatures and seal populations may
also affect the abundance of these parasites
27. The way of forming of Anisakis
• Adult worms in these marine mammals produce
eggs
• That pass out with the feces, hatch, and the
larvae are consumed by shrimp.
• When fish or squid eat the shrimp, the larvae are
released, bore through the stomach wall,
• and may remain in the abdominal cavity or
penetrate near by muscles.
• The life cycle is completed when infected fish or
squid are eaten by marine mammals
29. What’s happened when larvae are
ingested by human ???
• Humans are an accidental host and these
larvae cannot mature in the human gut.
Instead the worms burrow into the intestinal
or stomach wall and may wander to the liver,
lungs or other tissues, causing
• gastric disturbances and allergic reactions.
larvae found in herrings body cavity
30. Ascaris lumbricoides
• Ascaris lumbricoides is a common intestinal
roundworm parasite infecting an estimated
one-quarter of the world’s population.
• Lack of adequate hygiene could spread egg of
this nematode to people who ingest
contaminated foods and drink water.
31. Life cycle of ascaris
• Humans are the only known host for this roundworm.
• Eggs passed out with feces may be ingested by the
same or another person
• By drinks contaminated water, eats with dirty hands, or
eats uncooked vegetables that have been fertilized
with contaminated human wastes.
• Upon ingestion, the eggs hatch in the intestine
• The worms may migrate to the lungs or
• liver before returning to the intestine and maturing.
33. What are the main causes of Ascaris ??
• Infected babies become stunts growth and
contributes to diarrheal infections and early
childhood mortality.
• Infected adults do not exhibit symptoms
• these worms irritate the intestinal lining and
interfere absorption of fats and protein.
• Ascaris causes more severe infections in the
liver or lungs.
34. Clonorchis/Opisthorchis (Liver flukes)
• In eastern and southeastern Asia, several related
parasitic worms of the genera Clonorchis and
Opisthorchis lodge in the liver of infected humans
and other animals causing blockage and
hyperplasia of the bile passages.
35. The way of contamination occur
• Cats and several other animals are vectors
• Raw fish can spread this liver flukes
• Additionally this will be a issue to some other
countries like USA who are importing fresh
water fishes of Asian countries.
36. Life cycle
• Involve two intermediate hosts, snails and
fish.
• Humans and other fish-eating animals
complete the life cycle by
– eating raw, infected fish and digesting out the
cysts.
– Then the larvae migrate to the liver, mature, and
produce eggs.
37.
38. What happened after infection ??
• Light infections cause mild symptoms like liver
dysfunction
• Heavier infections result in hepatitis and
digestive disorders.
• According to epidemiological reviews there is
significant association between
– chronic infection
– liver cancer,
– cholangiocarcinoma
39. Fasciolopsis buski (Fasciolopsiasis,
Intestinal fluke)
• F. buski is the largest trematode infecting
humans,
• Worms most commonly inhabit the intestines
of farm pigs and school age children in Asian
countries.
40. Life cycle of Fasciolopsis buski
• This parasite requires a single intermediate host.
• Eggs are deposited in feces, hatch in water, and
the larvae penetrate snails and undergo
development.
• After 4–6 weeks the parasites emerge from the
• snails and encyst in water or on aquatic plants.
• Consumption of contaminated water or of raw
aquatic vegetables allows for completion of the
life cycle
41.
42. How is it infected..???
• Consumption of
– contaminated water
– raw aquatic vegetables
43. Causes due to infection
• Mild infection
– Anemia,
– headache, and gastric distress
• Heavier infections
– severe abdominal pain, malnutrition, edema
– sometimes intestinal blockage.
45. Taenia spp.
• Most familiar worm found in intestine of
human when they re infected.
• there are number of species which used
several animals as human, dog, even beares as
there hosts.
46. • T. solium, in particular, may be present in as
many as 20% of hogs
• causes debilitating human disease that is
difficult and expensive to treat
47.
48. • Taenia life cycles involve two mammalian hosts.
• Adults in the human intestine may live for more
than twenty years, producing several thousand
eggs daily
• That pass out with the feces.
• If these are consumed by an intermediate host,
they develop into larvae (cysticerci) which
migrate to the muscles.
• Consumption of raw or inadequately cooked,
infected beef or
49.
50. How is it infected ??
•
•
•
•
Via dirty hands or
Fecally contaminated vegetables
Contaminated water
Or foods
52. Problems related with infection
• Cysticercosis
• The most serious consequences occur when
the larvae reach the brain, causing
neurocysticercosis
• often triggers
– headaches, seizures, and other neurological
symptoms
54. Biotoxins
• Biotoxin is a poisonous substance that is a specific
product of the metabolic activities of a living
organism (Plant, animal, bacteria, fungus)
• Cause food intoxications
• Toxicity depends on dose
55. Food Intoxication
• Microbes grow in foods produce toxins
• Toxins are ingested with the food and cause health
problems
• Most heat treatments are effective to kill
microbes, but toxins remain
66. 5. Patulin
• Agent: Aspergillus clavatus. Penicillium expansum
• Toxicity: No documented acute toxicity
• Provisional maximum tolerable daily intake
0.4μg/kg
• Relatively heat stable and not destroyed by
pasteurization
67. Food Sources
• Apple and apple juice
• Pears, grapes, bilberries may affect
• Sweet cider
Apple and apple juice
68.
69. How to control
• Good agricultural practices to avoid insect
damages and mold infection
• Good storage practices (Store below 100C, control
moisture, control RH)
• Separation of contaminated foods before
processing
70. How to control
• Follow proper food handling and canning
methods
• Maintain good hygienic practices
• Rules and Regulations
72. Characteristics
– Small microorganism
– Parasites that replicate/ propagate themselves
within suitable living host cells
– Do not reproduce in food
– Spread usually result of poor hygiene
– Relatively stable and acid resistant outside host
cells
74. 1. Hepatitis A virus
• Infection
• Incubation: 10-50 days
• Deceases called as Hepatitis A
Infection in humans occur
– Eat or drink food or water that has been contaminated by
feces containing the hepatitis A virus (fruits, vegetables,
shellfish, ice, and water)
– Contact with the feces or blood of a person who currently
has the disease
– A person with hepatitis A does not wash his or her hands
properly after going to the bathroom and touches other
objects or food
– Participate in sexual practices that involve oral-anal contact
75. Hepatitis A cont.…
• Virulence Mechanisms:
– Ingest virus through food/water/fomite
– Possibly infects intestinal cells
– Moves to liver
– Does not kill liver cells
– Immune response - T-cell destruction of infected
cells
– Virus excreted in bile, then faces
76. Hepatitis A cont.…
• Symptoms: 2 - 6 weeks after being exposed to
the hepatitis A virus
– systemic infection characterized by
gastrointestinal manifestations and liver injury.
•
•
•
•
•
Sudden fever
Vomiting
Jaundice
abdominal discomfort and bile in urine (Dark urine)
Fatigue
77. 2. Rotavirus
• Infection
• Incubation: 1-3 days
• Inflammation of the stomach and intestines
Infection in humans occur
– Ingestion of contaminated food or water
– Direct contact with contaminated surfaces and
then putting the hands in the mouth
78. Virulence Mechanisms:
• Infects cells that line the small intestine cells
• Produces enterotoxin
• Induces gastroenteritis
• Severe diarrhea and sometimes death through
gastroenteritis
Symptoms:
–
–
–
–
Fever
Stomach cramps
vomiting, and diarrhea
Dehydration
79. 3. Norwalk Virus
• Infection
• Incubation: 12 to 48 hours
• infection of the stomach and intestines
Transitions:
– ready to eat foods, molluscs and uncooked
– eating food or drinking liquids that are contaminated
with norovirus,
– touching surfaces or objects contaminated with
norovirus then putting your fingers in your mouth, or
– touched infected workers or any other foods
contaminated with vomit or feces from an infected
person
•
80. • Symptoms :
– Nausea
– Vomiting (more often children)
– Diarrhea (more often adults)
– Anorexia
– Low grade fever, aches, chills, malaise
• Recovery: 12 to 60 hours usually
• Shedding up to 1 week! (feces, vomit)
81. Virulence Mechanisms:
– Eat or drink food or water that has been
contaminated by feces containing the hepatitis A
virus (fruits, vegetables, shellfish, ice, and water)
– Contact with the feces or blood of a person who
currently has the disease
– A person with hepatitis A does not wash his or her
hands properly after going to the bathroom and
touches other objects or food
– Participate in sexual practices that involve oralanal contact