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 The word curriculum has been defined and described
by different theorists in their own way. Basically it is
dependent on the view and approach in which the
curriculum framer believes in.(पाठ्यक्रम जीवन की तैयारी
को स्कू ली शिक्षा के रूप में जीवन के शलए एक बच्चे का
पररचय है। पाठ्यक्रम िब्द को ववशिन्न शिद्ाांतकारों दवारा
अपने तरीके िे पररिावित और वर्णित ककया गया है। मूल
रूप िे यह उि दृष्टिकोण और दृष्टिकोण पर ननििर करता है
ष्जिमें पाठ्यक्रम फ्रै मर ववश्वाि करता है।)
 The literal meaning of curriculum is derived
from a Latin word
• Path or runway laid to
reach the goal.(लक्ष्य
तक पहुँचने के शलए पथ
या पट्िी।)
CURRER
 CUNNINGHAM: “curriculum is a tool in the
hands of the artist(teacher) to mould his
material (student) in his
studio(school).(“पाठ्यक्रम कलाकार (शिक्षक) के
हाथ में एक उपकरण है जो उिके स्िूडियो (स्कू ल)
में उिकी िामग्री (छात्र) को ढालने के शलए है।)
 SPALDING: “curriculum is a strategy by which
schools attempt to fulfill the goals of
education.”("पाठ्यक्रम एक रणनीनत है ष्जिके
दवारा स्कू ल शिक्षा के लक्ष्यों को पूरा करने का
प्रयाि करते हैं।“)
 Construction of the subject matter of different
stages and classes in commerce is an
important problem.
 It depends on the aims and objectives that a
teacher has set up.
 Main problem in constructing a curriculum is
how to arrange the subject matter so that the
pupil may understand the meaning of all its
phases.
 The approaches in next slides are some of
the major approaches to construct
commerce curriculum.
Approaches
Topical
Concentric Unit
Concentric
approach
•This is based on the psychology principle that
children come to know things in life as a “whole”
ang gradually learns to analyze them. (यह
मनोविज्ञान के सिद्ाांत पर आ्ाररत है कक बच्चे जीिन
में चीजों को "िांपूर्ण“ के रूप में जानते हैं और ्ीरे-्ीरे
उनका विश्लेषर् करना िीखते हैं।)
•Subject matter in commerce at each succeeding
stage gradually increase in difficulty .(प्रत्येक अगले
चरर् में िाणर्ज्य में विषय ्ीरे-्ीरे कठिनाई में िृदध्
करता है।)
•The learning sequence progresses from simpler
to more detailed sequence over the years.(िीखने
का क्रम िषों में िरल िे अध्क विस्तृत अनुक्रम तक
बढ़ता है।)
Advantages/meritsLimitations/demerits
 It preceeds from “simple to complex” and “whole to
part.”(यह "िरल िे जटिल" और "पूरे िे िाग के शलए"
आगे बढ़ता है।)
 Arouses interest and revision becomes easy.
 Covers course during the time span of few years
hence give complete understanding of concept.
 Takes into consideration the mental growth of the child.
 It follows a simpler path.
 Repetition of topics make study boring sometimes.
Some facts are repeated again and again.
 The presntation lacks freshness and novelty.(ताजगी
और नवीनता का अिाव होता है)
 A passing reference is not helpful in the understanding
of complex problems.(
एक अगला िांदिि जटिल िमस्याओां की िमझ में मददगार
नहीां है।)
 Vary capable teachers are needed for following this
approach.
Topical
approach
• in this approach each topic stand by
itself.(प्रत्येक विषय अपने आप में पूर्ण है।)
• according to this approach, particular topic
is taken as central theme of knowledge.(
इि दृष्टिकोर् के अनुिार, विशेष विषय को ज्ञान के
कें द्रीय विषय के रूप में सलया जाता है)
• it means selected concept is explained in
same class at the same time. No future
learning of same concept.(इिका मतलब है कक
चयननत अि्ारर्ा को उिी िमय उिी कक्षा में
िमझाया गया है। िमान अि्ारर्ा की कोई भविटय
की सशक्षा नहीां।)
•Based on child psychology.
Advantages/meritsDisadvantages
 Integrated knowledge is imparted to the
students.(एकीकृ त ज्ञान प्रदान ककया जाता है)
 Adopted according to age , ability and aptitude of
child.(उम्र, क्षमता और बच्चे की योग्यता के अनिार)
 Pupil’s interest and motivation remain
aroused.(रुचच और प्रेरणा जगी रहती है)
 Understanding of complete fact become easy.(पूणि
तथ्य को िमझना आिान हो जाता है।)
 If topic is too large then student may loose
interest in it.(यटद वविय बहत बडा है, तो छात्र इिमें
रुचच कम कर िकते हैं।)
 If topic is too small it will not create any
permanent impression on students mind.(यटद
वविय बहत छोिा है, तो यह छात्रों के मन पर कोई
स्थायी प्रिाव नहीां पैदा करेगा।)
 It require resourceful and compitent teachers.
Unit
approach
• This approach is based on assumption that
effective learning takes place in an environment
in which the goals are clearly perceived and every
phase of the operational procedure is viewed as a
relational part of he total learning process.(यह
दृष्टिकोर् इि ्ारर्ा पर आ्ाररत है कक प्रभािी सशक्षर्
एक ऐिे िातािरर् में होता है ष्जिमें लक्ष्यों को स्पटि रूप
िे माना जाता है और पररचालन प्रकक्रया के प्रत्येक चरर्
को कु ल िीखने की प्रकक्रया के िांबां्परक भाग के रूप में
देखा जाता है।
• Based on Gestalt field theory that a learner
reacts to a situation as a whole.(गेस्िाल्ि क्षेत्र
सिद्ाांत के आ्ार पर कक एक सशक्षार्थी एक ष्स्र्थनत के रूप
में िमग्र रूप िे प्रनतकक्रया करता है।)
AdvantagesDisadvantages
 Logical division of the subject matter.(वविय वस्त का
ताककि क वविाजन)
 Well planning of topics.(अच्छी तरह िे ववियों की योजना)
 Provide varied experiences , activities and
opportunities for development of child.(बच्चे के ववकाि
के शलए ववशिन्न अनिव, गनतववच्याुँ और अविर )
 Avoid confusion between topics.
 Easy understanding of concept.(अव्ारणा की आिान
िमझ)
 Lengthy units can be cumbersome.(लम्बी
इकाइयाुँ बोर्झल हो िकती हैं)
 Natural division of subject is needed.(वविय के
प्राकृ नतक वविाजन की आवश्यकता है।)
 Continuity should be maintained.(ननरांतरता बनी
रहनी चाटहए।)
 At every stage students are given knowledge of
commerce according to the prescribed syllabus
or curriculum. So evaluation of that knowledge
is possible.
 According to Hanna: “ evaluation is a process
of gathering and interpreting evidence on
change in behavior of all students as they
progress through school”.("मूलयाांकन ििी छात्रों
के व्यवहार में पररवतिन पर िबूत इकट्ठा करने और
व्याख्या करने की एक प्रकक्रया है क्योंकक वे स्कू ल के
माध्यम िे आगे बढ़ते हैं“)
 Evaluation is an integral part of teaching. It’s
a continuous process. 9मूलयाांकन शिक्षण का
एक अशिन्न अांग है। यह एक ितत प्रकक्रया है।)
 It includes various techniques that helps in
testing and judging the behavior of
students.(इिमें ववशिन्न तकनीकों को िाशमल
ककया गया है जो छात्रों के व्यवहार का परीक्षण
करने में मदद करता है)
 As a good teaching learning process means
presence of a good curriculum. Hence,
evaluation of a child tells us about the
effectiveness of the curriculum. so , curriculum
can be evaluated by evaluating a learner.(एक
अच्छी शिक्षण अच्गम प्रकक्रया का अथि है एक
अच्छे पाठ्यक्रम की उपष्स्थनत। इिशलए, एक बच्चे
का मूलयाांकन हमें पाठ्यक्रम की प्रिाविीलता के बारे
में बताता है। इिशलए, एक शिक्षाथी का मूलयाांकन
करके पाठ्यक्रम का मूलयाांकन ककया जा िकता है)
 There are various techniques of evaluating
curriculum. These are listed in next slides.
 Oral tests
 Observation method
 Anecdotal records and cumuative cards
 Essay type tests
 Short answer type test
 Objective tests
› Recall
› Recognition
 True falls
 Mcq
THAN
K YOU

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Curriculum in Commerce

  • 1.
  • 2.  The word curriculum has been defined and described by different theorists in their own way. Basically it is dependent on the view and approach in which the curriculum framer believes in.(पाठ्यक्रम जीवन की तैयारी को स्कू ली शिक्षा के रूप में जीवन के शलए एक बच्चे का पररचय है। पाठ्यक्रम िब्द को ववशिन्न शिद्ाांतकारों दवारा अपने तरीके िे पररिावित और वर्णित ककया गया है। मूल रूप िे यह उि दृष्टिकोण और दृष्टिकोण पर ननििर करता है ष्जिमें पाठ्यक्रम फ्रै मर ववश्वाि करता है।)
  • 3.  The literal meaning of curriculum is derived from a Latin word • Path or runway laid to reach the goal.(लक्ष्य तक पहुँचने के शलए पथ या पट्िी।) CURRER
  • 4.  CUNNINGHAM: “curriculum is a tool in the hands of the artist(teacher) to mould his material (student) in his studio(school).(“पाठ्यक्रम कलाकार (शिक्षक) के हाथ में एक उपकरण है जो उिके स्िूडियो (स्कू ल) में उिकी िामग्री (छात्र) को ढालने के शलए है।)  SPALDING: “curriculum is a strategy by which schools attempt to fulfill the goals of education.”("पाठ्यक्रम एक रणनीनत है ष्जिके दवारा स्कू ल शिक्षा के लक्ष्यों को पूरा करने का प्रयाि करते हैं।“)
  • 5.
  • 6.  Construction of the subject matter of different stages and classes in commerce is an important problem.  It depends on the aims and objectives that a teacher has set up.  Main problem in constructing a curriculum is how to arrange the subject matter so that the pupil may understand the meaning of all its phases.  The approaches in next slides are some of the major approaches to construct commerce curriculum.
  • 8. Concentric approach •This is based on the psychology principle that children come to know things in life as a “whole” ang gradually learns to analyze them. (यह मनोविज्ञान के सिद्ाांत पर आ्ाररत है कक बच्चे जीिन में चीजों को "िांपूर्ण“ के रूप में जानते हैं और ्ीरे-्ीरे उनका विश्लेषर् करना िीखते हैं।) •Subject matter in commerce at each succeeding stage gradually increase in difficulty .(प्रत्येक अगले चरर् में िाणर्ज्य में विषय ्ीरे-्ीरे कठिनाई में िृदध् करता है।) •The learning sequence progresses from simpler to more detailed sequence over the years.(िीखने का क्रम िषों में िरल िे अध्क विस्तृत अनुक्रम तक बढ़ता है।)
  • 9. Advantages/meritsLimitations/demerits  It preceeds from “simple to complex” and “whole to part.”(यह "िरल िे जटिल" और "पूरे िे िाग के शलए" आगे बढ़ता है।)  Arouses interest and revision becomes easy.  Covers course during the time span of few years hence give complete understanding of concept.  Takes into consideration the mental growth of the child.  It follows a simpler path.  Repetition of topics make study boring sometimes. Some facts are repeated again and again.  The presntation lacks freshness and novelty.(ताजगी और नवीनता का अिाव होता है)  A passing reference is not helpful in the understanding of complex problems.( एक अगला िांदिि जटिल िमस्याओां की िमझ में मददगार नहीां है।)  Vary capable teachers are needed for following this approach.
  • 10. Topical approach • in this approach each topic stand by itself.(प्रत्येक विषय अपने आप में पूर्ण है।) • according to this approach, particular topic is taken as central theme of knowledge.( इि दृष्टिकोर् के अनुिार, विशेष विषय को ज्ञान के कें द्रीय विषय के रूप में सलया जाता है) • it means selected concept is explained in same class at the same time. No future learning of same concept.(इिका मतलब है कक चयननत अि्ारर्ा को उिी िमय उिी कक्षा में िमझाया गया है। िमान अि्ारर्ा की कोई भविटय की सशक्षा नहीां।) •Based on child psychology.
  • 11. Advantages/meritsDisadvantages  Integrated knowledge is imparted to the students.(एकीकृ त ज्ञान प्रदान ककया जाता है)  Adopted according to age , ability and aptitude of child.(उम्र, क्षमता और बच्चे की योग्यता के अनिार)  Pupil’s interest and motivation remain aroused.(रुचच और प्रेरणा जगी रहती है)  Understanding of complete fact become easy.(पूणि तथ्य को िमझना आिान हो जाता है।)  If topic is too large then student may loose interest in it.(यटद वविय बहत बडा है, तो छात्र इिमें रुचच कम कर िकते हैं।)  If topic is too small it will not create any permanent impression on students mind.(यटद वविय बहत छोिा है, तो यह छात्रों के मन पर कोई स्थायी प्रिाव नहीां पैदा करेगा।)  It require resourceful and compitent teachers.
  • 12. Unit approach • This approach is based on assumption that effective learning takes place in an environment in which the goals are clearly perceived and every phase of the operational procedure is viewed as a relational part of he total learning process.(यह दृष्टिकोर् इि ्ारर्ा पर आ्ाररत है कक प्रभािी सशक्षर् एक ऐिे िातािरर् में होता है ष्जिमें लक्ष्यों को स्पटि रूप िे माना जाता है और पररचालन प्रकक्रया के प्रत्येक चरर् को कु ल िीखने की प्रकक्रया के िांबां्परक भाग के रूप में देखा जाता है। • Based on Gestalt field theory that a learner reacts to a situation as a whole.(गेस्िाल्ि क्षेत्र सिद्ाांत के आ्ार पर कक एक सशक्षार्थी एक ष्स्र्थनत के रूप में िमग्र रूप िे प्रनतकक्रया करता है।)
  • 13. AdvantagesDisadvantages  Logical division of the subject matter.(वविय वस्त का ताककि क वविाजन)  Well planning of topics.(अच्छी तरह िे ववियों की योजना)  Provide varied experiences , activities and opportunities for development of child.(बच्चे के ववकाि के शलए ववशिन्न अनिव, गनतववच्याुँ और अविर )  Avoid confusion between topics.  Easy understanding of concept.(अव्ारणा की आिान िमझ)  Lengthy units can be cumbersome.(लम्बी इकाइयाुँ बोर्झल हो िकती हैं)  Natural division of subject is needed.(वविय के प्राकृ नतक वविाजन की आवश्यकता है।)  Continuity should be maintained.(ननरांतरता बनी रहनी चाटहए।)
  • 14.  At every stage students are given knowledge of commerce according to the prescribed syllabus or curriculum. So evaluation of that knowledge is possible.  According to Hanna: “ evaluation is a process of gathering and interpreting evidence on change in behavior of all students as they progress through school”.("मूलयाांकन ििी छात्रों के व्यवहार में पररवतिन पर िबूत इकट्ठा करने और व्याख्या करने की एक प्रकक्रया है क्योंकक वे स्कू ल के माध्यम िे आगे बढ़ते हैं“)
  • 15.  Evaluation is an integral part of teaching. It’s a continuous process. 9मूलयाांकन शिक्षण का एक अशिन्न अांग है। यह एक ितत प्रकक्रया है।)  It includes various techniques that helps in testing and judging the behavior of students.(इिमें ववशिन्न तकनीकों को िाशमल ककया गया है जो छात्रों के व्यवहार का परीक्षण करने में मदद करता है)
  • 16.  As a good teaching learning process means presence of a good curriculum. Hence, evaluation of a child tells us about the effectiveness of the curriculum. so , curriculum can be evaluated by evaluating a learner.(एक अच्छी शिक्षण अच्गम प्रकक्रया का अथि है एक अच्छे पाठ्यक्रम की उपष्स्थनत। इिशलए, एक बच्चे का मूलयाांकन हमें पाठ्यक्रम की प्रिाविीलता के बारे में बताता है। इिशलए, एक शिक्षाथी का मूलयाांकन करके पाठ्यक्रम का मूलयाांकन ककया जा िकता है)  There are various techniques of evaluating curriculum. These are listed in next slides.
  • 17.  Oral tests  Observation method  Anecdotal records and cumuative cards  Essay type tests  Short answer type test  Objective tests › Recall › Recognition  True falls  Mcq