SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 66
Understanding disciplines and
subjects
•Presenter- Diksha Verma
(research scholar)
HPU
https://tse4.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.hc
nJwaym-
bsJkdV1mr_p0AHaDX&pid=Api&P=0
Paper-IV
Understanding Disciplines and Subjects
• Unit-1(concept of discipline)
• Nature and role of discipline and knowledge in school curriculum
• Paradigm shift In the nature of discipline
• Emergence of school subjects and disciplines from philosophical,
social and political context
• Needed changes in the discipline oriented textbooks
• Unit-2(quality concerns in education)
• Indicators of quality learning
• Teaching and learning as interactive process
• Major issues in classroom learning;catering individual differences
• Leadership beyond textbooks- other sources of learning
Some questions for your thoght:
• What’s your subject ?- iv
• What’s the discipline- education
• Do I need to know my discipline for a better
teaching?
• Do I need to know the kind of knowledge I’m
providing to students?
• Do I need to know curriculum before hand?
Nature and role of discipline knowledge in school
curriculum
Knowledge
A branch of
academic study-
Discipline
A complete unit
of it with logical
structure
knowledge is
created through a
process of
collection of
information and
attaching certain
meaning to it
Analysing,
synthesizing, and
consolidating the
data; linking it with
personal experiences
Discipline : concept
• Krishnan(2009): “As a verb it means training someone to follow a
rigorous set of instructions,but also enforcing obedience”
• In this sense ‘academic discipline’ can be seen as a form of specific
and rigorous training that will turn out practitioners “…who have
been ‘disciplined’ by their discipline’ for their own good." (Krishnan
2009, p. 8). शैक्षिक अनुशासन क्षशिाक्षथिय ों क एक क्षिक्षशष्ट और कठ र
प्रक्षशिण है ….. "... ज अपने स्वयों क
े भले क
े क्षलए 'अपने अनुशासन' द्वारा
'अनुशाक्षसत' क्षकए गए हैं।
Discipline
(krishnan2009)
Disciplina
(teaching and
learning
Discipulus
(learner)
A field of study
that is preached
and learned by its
followers(learners
in general)
Nature of discipline
In an attempt to distinguish what characterizes an academic discipline Krishnan (2009)
posits six characteristics. In his view disciplines have:
• (1) a particular object of research-
• (2) a body of accumulated specialist knowledge referring to their object of research,
• (3) theories and concepts that can organise knowledge effectively,
• (4) specific terminologies or technical language,
• (5) developed particular research methods,
• (6) some institutional manifestation in the form of subject taught at universities,
respective academic departments and professional organisations.i.e it will have
academic departments and professional associations associated with it.
• Categories of discipli’ne- 1) basic discipline- complete/traditional knowledge unit-
maths,philosophy,humanities etc 2) applied discipline- when one discipline get divided
into further sub disciplines those sub disciplines are applied discipline- sciece divided
into physics,chemistry,biology,zoology. Ssc into history,geography economics etc. 3)
interdiscipline/multidiscipline – new way of curriculum construction. One main
discipline others constituting disciplines/supplymentary disciplines- enviornment
technology. Bio-tech, population studies nano-tech,
• How knowledge is the base of discipline and
curriculum:
Knowledge
A branch of
academic study-
Discipline
A complete unit
of it with logical
structure
Curriculum
School subjects
Elements of
Curriculum
•Goal
•Material
•Method /learning
enviornment
•Assessment
Currere
(racecourse, to
run,fast chariot)
Latin
So, school curriculum construction will definitly
depend upon discipline knowledge.
Nature of discipline knowledge have a role in
school curriculum as follows.
Concept of curriculum
• It can be defined as follows:
• Cunningham: “ curriculum is a tool in the hands of the
artist( teacher) to mould his material ( the pupil) according
to his ideals(aims and objectives )in his studio (school).
• Wheeler : “curriculum is the planned experiences offered
to the learners under the guidance of the school.”
कक्षनोंघम: "पाठ्यचयाि कलाकार (क्षशिक) क
े हाथ ों में एक उपकरण है ज अपने स्टू क्षिय (क्षिद्यालय)
में अपने आदशों (उद्देश् ों और उद्देश् ों) क
े अनुसार अपनी सामग्री (क्षशष्य) क ढालता है।
व्हीलर: "पाठ्यचयाि स्क
ू ल क
े मागिदशिन में क्षशिाक्षथिय ों क क्षदया जाने िाला क्षनय क्षजत अनुभि है।"
Nature of discipline knowledge
• Each discipline has its own structure, set of
knowledge, theories ,method of instructions.
• In school curriculum various disciplines are
entered according to grade of child.
– Elementary level- language, math ,science/evs
– Secondary level- language,math,history ,science
• Discipline knowledge is subjected to
researches.
• Discipline knowledge is organised according to
social,political needs of society.
• Discipline knowledge in curriculum is provided
according to pedagogical (teaching)
advancements.
• प्रत्येक क्षिषय की अपनी सोंरचना, ज्ञान का समुच्चय, क्षसद्ाोंत,
क्षनदेश की पद्क्षत ह ती है।
• स्क
ू ल क
े पाठ्यक्रम में बच्चे क
े ग्रेि क
े अनुसार क्षिक्षभन्न क्षिषय ों
में प्रिेश क्षकया जाता है।
• प्रारोंक्षभक स्तर- भाषा, गक्षणत, क्षिज्ञान/ईिीएस
• माध्यक्षमक स्तर - भाषा, गक्षणत, इक्षतहास, क्षिज्ञान
• अनुशासन ज्ञान श ध क
े अधीन है।
• अनुशासन ज्ञान समाज की सामाक्षजक, राजनीक्षतक
आिश्कताओों क
े अनुसार आय क्षजत क्षकया जाता है।
• पाठ्यक्रम में अनुशासन ज्ञान शैिक्षणक (क्षशिण) प्रगक्षत क
े
अनुसार प्रदान क्षकया जाता है।
Role of discipline knowledge in school
curriculum
1. Selection of goals of subjects in curriculum according to philosophy of discipline
2. Selection of goal of subject in curriculum according to usability of particular discipline
3. Selection and organization of material/content according to disciplinary knowledge
4. Selection of methods for providing knowledge of particular discipline in curriculum
5. Linking between discipline and setting boundaries for disciplinary knowledge in
curriculum
6. Helps to provide better learning experiences according to discipline as each discipline
have different sources and methods to attain knowledge
7. Helps to organize effective evaluation procedure as each discipline have different
methods to test the knowledge.. So curriculum can have different evaluation technique
for different subject
8. Helps to organize activities according to domain of disciplines as some discipline are
focus more on skill /performance (music,language )while others on
congintion(maths,science).
9. Provide base for development of curriculum according to level of child
10. Interdisciplinary approach can be used perfectly in curriculum construction if one
knows the limit and areas of one’s iscipline.
अनुशासन का ज्ञान मदद करता है
1. अनुशासन क
े दशिन क
े अनुसार पाठ्यक्रम में क्षिषय ों क
े लक्ष् ों का चयन
2. क्षिशेष क्षिषय की प्रय ज्यता क
े अनुसार पाठ्यचयाि में क्षिषय क
े लक्ष् का चयन
3. अनुशासनात्मक ज्ञान क
े अनुसार सामग्री / सामग्री का चयन और सोंगठन
4. पाठ्यक्रम में क्षिशेष क्षिषय का ज्ञान प्रदान करने क
े क्षलए क्षिक्षधय ों का चयन
5. पाठ्यक्रम में अनुशासनात्मक ज्ञान क
े क्षलए अनुशासन और सीमा क्षनधािररत करने क
े बीच सोंबोंध
6. अनुशासन क
े अनुसार बेहतर सीखने क
े अनुभि प्रदान करने में मदद करता है क् ोंक्षक ज्ञान प्राप्त
करने क
े क्षलए प्रत्येक अनुशासन क
े अलग-अलग स्र त और तरीक
े ह ते हैं
7. प्रभािी मूल्ाोंकन प्रक्षक्रया क व्यिस्थथत करने में मदद करता है क् ोंक्षक प्रत्येक अनुशासन में ज्ञान का
परीिण करने क
े क्षलए अलग-अलग तरीक
े ह ते हैं। इसक्षलए पाठ्यक्रम में क्षिक्षभन्न क्षिषय ों क
े क्षलए
अलग-अलग मूल्ाोंकन तकनीक ह सकती है।
8. क्षिषय ों क
े ि मेन क
े अनुसार गक्षतक्षिक्षधय ों क व्यिस्थथत करने में मदद करता है क् ोंक्षक क
ु छ
अनुशासन कौशल/प्रदशिन (सोंगीत, भाषा) पर अक्षधक ध्यान क
ें क्षित करते हैं जबक्षक अन्य अिधारणा
(गक्षणत, क्षिज्ञान) पर।
9. बच्चे क
े स्तर क
े अनुसार पाठ्यक्रम क
े क्षिकास क
े क्षलए आधार प्रदान करें
10. अोंतःक्षिषय दृक्षष्टक ण का पाठ्यक्रम क्षनमािण में पूरी तरह से उपय ग क्षकया जा सकता है यक्षद क ई
अपने अनुशासन की सीमा और िेत् ों क जानता है।
Paradigm shift in the nature of
discipline
• Paradigm- worldview, lenses through which we saw world.
How things works, what are the practices to accomplish that
(क्षिश्वदृक्षष्ट, लेंस क्षजसक
े माध्यम से हमने दुक्षनया क देखा। चीजें क
ै से
काम करती हैं, इसे पूरा करने क
े क्षलए कौन से अभ्यास हैं
)reality.(https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/paradigm-
shift.asp)
Contd…
• Paradigm is perception of reality by a person and
how to behave within that reality is paradigm.
• The term paradigm shift refers to a major change
in the worldview, concepts, and practices of how
something works or is accomplished.
• Various varieties – paradigm shift in philosophy,
paradigm shift in biology etc.
• https://youtu.be/SCBuFL8spyk
Paradigm shift in the nature of
discipline.
• Please review what was the nature of discipline- a discipline has
the following characteristics:
– It is a recognized area of study
– It has a substantial body of knowledge founded on core concepts and
theories
– It uses of critical inquiry methods for studying problems It has a
definite scope for research
– It has significant contributors of knowledge, research, and practices
within a discipline
– It is associated with learned societies and academic organizations
– It has its own intellectual history
– Scholars continue their interest in studying the discipline
अनुशासन की प्रक
ृ क्षत में प्रक्षतमान बदलाि
क
ृ पया समीिा करें क्षक अनुशासन की प्रक
ृ क्षत क्ा थी- एक
अनुशासन में क्षनम्नक्षलस्खत क्षिशेषताएों ह ती हैं:
1. यह अध्ययन का एक मान्यता प्राप्त िेत् है
2. इसमें मूल अिधारणाओों और क्षसद्ाोंत ों पर आधाररत ज्ञान का
एक बडा समूह है
3. यह समस्याओों का अध्ययन करने क
े क्षलए महत्वपूणि पूछताछ
क्षिक्षधय ों का उपय ग करता है। इसमें अनुसोंधान क
े क्षलए एक
क्षनक्षित गुोंजाइश है
4. इसमें एक अनुशासन क
े भीतर ज्ञान, अनुसोंधान और प्रथाओों
का महत्वपूणि य गदान है
5. यह क्षिद्वान समाज ों और शैिक्षणक सोंगठन ों से जुडा हुआ है
6. इसका अपना बौस्द्क इक्षतहास है
7. क्षिद्वान अनुशासन का अध्ययन करने में अपनी रुक्षच जारी रखते
हैं
• So when ever there is change in any of the above nature then
• it is called as paradigm shift in the nature of discipline. It could be
– Paradigm shift in nature of discipline of science
– Paradigm shift in the nature of discipline of social science
– Paradigm shift in the nature of discipline of mathematics etc.
Paradigm – according to hault “paradigm is a conceptual pattern of research work.”
"प्रक्षतमान श ध कायि का एक िैचाररक पैटनि है।"
Thomas kuhn “the practices that defines a scintific discipline at a certain point
of time is called paradigm. "एक क्षनक्षित समय पर एक िैज्ञाक्षनक अनुशासन क पररभाक्षषत
करने िाली प्रथाओों क प्रक्षतमान कहा जाता है
Contd..
• “Paradigm shift” is popularized by “Thomas Samual Kunh”in his
book “the structure of scientific revolution 1962.
• According to him- “It is fundamental change in the basic concepts
and experimental practices of a scientific discipline.” "यह एक
िैज्ञाक्षनक अनुशासन की बुक्षनयादी अिधारणाओों और प्राय क्षगक प्रथाओों में
मूलभूत पररितिन है।"
Source: https://tse3.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.jNhDAHmx4QOMgYHkQa_88QHaLW&pid=Api&P=0
source2: https://tse3.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.76ZuM4PZ0buraqLO-GLoGgHaHa&pid=Api&P=0
source3 : https://i.pinimg.com/736x/ce/72/99/ce7299a3b4f79b5f1f65f0c3eca3945a--inbound-
marketing-social-media-marketing.jpg
Importance of paradigm shift
• Improvement of content of
particular discipline.
• Improvement of knowledge
imparting way.
• Betterment of society and
nation.
• Satisfaction of human
needs.
• Development of researches
in discipline.
• Opens new scope for
discipline.
•क्षिशेष अनुशासन की सामग्री में
सुधार।
•ज्ञान प्रदान करने क
े तरीक
े में
सुधार।
•समाज और राष्टर की बेहतरी।
•मानिीय आिश्कताओों की
सोंतुक्षष्ट।
•अनुशासन में अनुसोंधान का
क्षिकास।
•अनुशासन की नई गुोंजाइश
ख लता है।
Factors responsible for paradigm shift
• Nature of Learner /
followers
• Research , new discovery
• Social change
• National international
needs
• Personal needs/factors
• Knowledge advancement
• Crisis / calamity –corona
•क्षशिाथी / अनुयाक्षयय ों की प्रक
ृ क्षत
•अनुसोंधान, नई ख ज
•सामाक्षजक बदलाि
•राष्टर ीय अोंतरराष्टर ीय जरूरतें
•व्यस्िगत जरूरतें / कारक
•ज्ञान उन्नक्षत
•सोंकट/आपदा-क र ना
Paradigm shift examples
• https://youtu.be/cjAiepJ9DOI
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clyRb1OE
Qyo
Process of paradigm shift
• Pre-paradigmatic phase
• Normal science
• Crisis
• New science paradigm
HTTPS://YOUTU.BE/UG8EQYFJFVC
Emergence of school subjects and disciplines from
philosophical, social and political context (दाशिक्षनक,
सामाक्षजक और राजनीक्षतक सोंदभि से स्क
ू ल क
े क्षिषय ों और
क्षिषय ों का उद्भि)
Contexts/perspectives of a discipline
1- philosophical context
2-social context
3-political context
Emergence from philosophical context
• Philosophy – philo (love) + sophia( wisdom)
Philosophy
• Fitche : “philosophy is the science of
knowledge (दशिन ज्ञान का क्षिज्ञान है).”
• Dr. S. Radhkrishnan: “it is the logical enquiry
to the nature of reality (: "यह िास्तक्षिकता की
प्रक
ृ क्षत क
े क्षलए ताक्षक
ि क जाोंच है।.”
Philosophy deals with three type of investigation-
epistemological, metaphysical , axiological
Branches of Phylosophy
• Epistemology (ज्ञान-मीमाोंसा)
It deals with nature of Knowledge –
• what is knowledge,
• how to acquire Knowledge ,
• how to test knowledge ,
• division of knowledge ,
• evaluation Knowledge ,
• research .
ज्ञान क्ा है,
ज्ञान की प्रक
ृ क्षत,
ज्ञान क
ै से प्राप्त करें,
ज्ञान का परीिण क
ै से करें,
ज्ञान का क्षिभाजन,
मूल्ाोंकन ज्ञान,
अनुसोंधान ।
Branch of philosophy
• Metaphysics (तत्त्वमीमाोंसा)(अध्यात्मक्षिज्ञान)
Study of reality
Beyond nature
Ultimate cause of universe
िास्तक्षिकता का अध्ययन
प्रक
ृ क्षत से परे
ब्रह्ाोंि में अोंक्षतम कारण
Branches of philosophy
• Axiology (मूल्मीमाोंसामूल् ों की
प्रक
ृ क्षत
• मूल् ों क
े प्रकार
• मूल् ों की समस्या
• क्ा अच्छा है ? क्ा आिश्क है?
• मूल् कहााँ से आते हैं?
• मूल् ों क क
ै से पररभाक्षषत करें?
• क्ा खूबसूरत है?
• क्षनणिय।)
Nature of values
Types of values
Problem of values
-What is good ? What is required?
-Where does values come from?
-How to define values?
-What is beautiful?
-Judgements.
Context in subjects and discipline
Almost all disciplines are derived from discipline of
philosophy.
philosophy search answers to various epistemological,
axiological and metaphysical questions with the help of
its followers who are divided into certain schools of
thoughts
• Realism- ultimate reality is objects/ physical world.
• Pragmatism- experience is source of knowledge.
Whatever we can prove is real/truth
• Idealism- ideas are real. Ideas are permanent.
• Naturalism- nature is real.
• लगभग सभी क्षिषय दशिन क
े अनुशासन से प्राप्त ह ते
हैं।
• दशिनशास्त्र अपने अनुयाक्षयय ों की मदद से क्षिक्षभन्न
ज्ञानशास्त्रीय, स्वयोंक्षसद् और आध्यास्त्मक प्रश् ों क
े उत्तर
ख जता है ज क्षिचार ों क
े क
ु छ क्षिद्यालय ों में क्षिभाक्षजत हैं
• यथाथििाद- परम सत्य िस्तु/भौक्षतक सोंसार है।
• व्यािहाररकता- अनुभि ज्ञान का स्र त है। हम ज क
ु छ
भी क्षसद् कर सकते हैं िह िास्तक्षिक/सत्य है
• आदशििाद- क्षिचार िास्तक्षिक हैं। क्षिचार थथायी ह ते हैं।
• प्रक
ृ क्षतिाद- प्रक
ृ क्षत िास्तक्षिक है।
Aims of education- these are always
guided by philosophy like:
• Pragmatism
– Vocational objective
– Inculcation of new values
– Preparation for civic life
– Development of socially sound person
• Realism
– Making child ready for practical life
– Readiness for prosper life
– Development and Training of senses
• Naturalism
– Objective of social development
– Objective of development of individuality
– Objective of perfection of human machine
Philosophical context of emergence of
disciplines
Idealism Realism Pragmatism Naturalism
Aims of
subjects/di
scipline
Ideas/faith are
reality.
• Spiritual aim
•Search of ultimate
reality
Materialistic
aims .
•Preperation for
physical world.
•Readiness for
prosperous life
•Training of
senses
•Development of
scientific attitude
•Vocational aims
Interaction
between
enviornment and
individual is real.
•Vocational aims
•Preparation for
civic life
•Social aims
•Inculcation of new
values
Nature is real.
•Perfection of
human machine
•Objective of
self experience
•Social
development
•Development
of individuality
Curriculum
/selection
of subjects
Ideas based /value
based content
-history, moral
education,languag
es,music
(observation and
understandingbas
es
content)Natural
Science , math,
languages,physic
al education,art
education ,
vocational
education
(experience and
scintific logic based
content )
Maths,sciences,logi
c,languages,
vocational
education,agricultu
re,history
,geography
(Natural
sciences based
content).
Nature,human
enviornment
and physical
enviornment is
the only source
of knowledge.
Science,envirn
mental science
यथाथििाद
– बच्चे क व्यािहाररक जीिन क
े क्षलए तैयार करना
– समृद् जीिन क
े क्षलए तत्परता
– इोंक्षिय ों का क्षिकास और प्रक्षशिण
• व्यिहारिाद
– व्यािसाक्षयक उद्देश्
– नए मूल् ों का समािेश
– नागररक जीिन की तैयारी
– सामाक्षजक रूप से क
ु शल बनाना
• प्रक
ृ क्षतिाद
– सामाक्षजक क्षिकास का उद्देश्
– व्यस्ित्व क
े क्षिकास का उद्देश्
– मानि मशीन की पूणिता का उद्देश्
Socio-cultural context of emergence of
school subjects and discipline
• Context – circumstances that form the settings for an event,
statement or idea and in terms of which it can be fully understood
(oxford dictionary) पररस्थथक्षतयााँ ज क्षकसी घटना, कथन या क्षिचार क
े
क्षलए सेक्षटोंग्स बनाती हैं और क्षजसक
े सोंदभि में इसे पूरी तरह से समझा जा
सकता है (ऑक्सफ िि क्षिक्शनरी)
• So, when we talk about socio-political context of emergence of
disciplines and school subjects then we want to know about the
circumstances occur in society/politics that form the settings for
emergence of any discipline and school subjects. इसक्षलए, जब हम
क्षिषय ों और स्क
ू ल क
े क्षिषय ों क
े उद्भि क
े सामाक्षजक-राजनीक्षतक सोंदभि क
े
बारे में बात करते हैं त हम उन पररस्थथक्षतय ों क
े बारे में जानना चाहते हैं ज
समाज/राजनीक्षत में ह ती हैं ज क्षकसी भी अनुशासन और स्क
ू ल क
े क्षिषय ों
क
े उद्भि क
े क्षलए सेक्षटोंग्स बनाती हैं।
Socio-cultural context of emergence of
school subjects and discipline
Dimension of discipline
Nature of
discipline
Socio-
cultural
scenario
Learner
Society and education are related to a great extent.
Any change in societal-political scenario shifts the educational
practices .
When we talk about academic discipline then it
Is important to note that discipline knowledge
Revolves around three dimensions
Learner / followers
Nature of discipline
Socio-cultural scenario
समाज और क्षशिा का काफी हद तक सोंबोंध है।
सामाक्षजक-राजनीक्षतक पररदृश् शैक्षिक अभ्यास में क ई भी बदलाि बदलाि
करता है
जब हम अकादक्षमक अनुशासन की बात करते हैं त यह
यह ध्यान रखना महत्वपूणि है क्षक ‘अनुशासन ज्ञान’
तीन आयाम ों में घूमता है
क्षशिाथी / अनुयायी
अनुशासन की प्रक
ृ क्षत
सामाक्षजक-साोंस्क
ृ क्षतक पररदृश्
Contd…
• Socio-cultural scenario includes
– Tradition,culture,practices of society
– Political ideology, beliefs and vision
– Social values, social beliefs
– Social expectations
– Social norms , background of
stakeholders
– Revolutions in education or
technology
– Technological advancements
• Whenever these socio-cultural
scenarios changes new disciplines
have emerged.
सामाक्षजक-साोंस्क
ृ क्षतक पररदृश् शाक्षमल हैं:
परोंपरा, सोंस्क
ृ क्षत, समाज की प्रथाएों
राजनीक्षतक क्षिचारधारा, क्षिश्वास और दृक्षष्ट
सामाक्षजक मूल्, सामाक्षजक क्षिश्वास
सामाक्षजक अपेिाएाँ
सामाक्षजक मानदोंि, क्षहतधारक ों की पृष्ठभूक्षम
क्षशिा या प्रौद्य क्षगकी में क्राोंक्षत
प्रौद्य क्षगकी प्रगक्षत
Contd..Examples
• ICDEOL starting new courses/subjects to
match demand of modern society.
• Schools start new vocational courses in
schools-health education, mechanical etc to
meet need of current society
• Various Policies on education recommend new
subjects to start across nation.
Importance of social-political context
in education
• Aim of democratic values/citizenship
• Development of social
Importance of social-political context
in education
Helps in achievement of following
goals:
1. Development of social values
2. Development of democratic
values
3. Faith in peace and values
4. Faith in democracy
5. National development through
industrilisation, technology
development.
6. Development of “we”
feeling/feeling of harmony
7. Knowledge , productivity and
standard of living.
क्षनम्नक्षलस्खत लक्ष् ों की प्रास्प्त में मदद
करता है:
सामाक्षजक मूल् ों का क्षिकास
ल कताोंक्षत्क मूल् ों का क्षिकास
शाोंक्षत और मूल् ों में क्षिश्वास
ल कतोंत् में आथथा
औद्य गीकरण, प्रौद्य क्षगकी क्षिकास क
े
माध्यम से राष्टर ीय क्षिकास।
"हम" की भािना/सामोंजस्य की भािना
का क्षिकास
ज्ञान, उत्पादकता और जीिन स्तर।
QUALITY IN CLASSROOM LEARNING
Unit-2
Indicator of quality learning
learning as defined by Stephen.P.Robbins: “learning is any
relative permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a
result of experience” ("सीखना अनुभि क
े पररणामस्वरूप ह ने
िाले व्यिहार में अपेिाक
ृ त थथायी पररितिन है“)
Term “quality learning “ will be then a learning that is
purposeful,in which learners are provided with the ability
to effectively learn and retain skills and knowledge gained.
It is usually based on students satisfaction with the learning
process.
It is an approach in improving learning and the quality of
organisational life.
गुणित्तापूणि क्षशिा का सूचक
• शब्द "गुणित्तापूणि क्षशिा" तब एक ऐसी क्षशिा ह गी
ज उद्देश्पूणि है, क्षजसमें क्षशिाक्षथिय ों क कौशल
और ज्ञान क प्रभािी ढोंग से सीखने और बनाए
रखने की िमता प्रदान की जाती है।
• यह आमतौर पर सीखने की प्रक्षक्रया क
े साथ छात् ों
की सोंतुक्षष्ट पर आधाररत ह ता है।
• यह सीखने और सोंगठनात्मक जीिन की गुणित्ता में
सुधार करने का एक दृक्षष्टक ण है।
• Indicators- these are certain statistics or data
that describe key aspects of schooling which
permit the evaluational monitoring of schools,
teachers and students.(सोंक
े तक- ये क
ु छ आाँकडे
या िेटा हैं ज स्क
ू ली क्षशिा क
े प्रमुख पहलुओों का
िणिन करते हैं ज स्क
ू ल ों, क्षशिक ों और छात् ों क
े
मूल्ाोंकन की क्षनगरानी की अनुमक्षत देते हैं।)
Classification of educational indicators
• Indicators tends to be classified depending on
whether they reflect means, the process or
the end in achieving the objectives of a
particular set of program/project or scheme.
सोंक
े तक ों क इस आधार पर िगीक
ृ त क्षकया जाता है
क्षक क्ा िे क्षकसी क्षिशेष कायिक्रम/पररय जना या
य जना क
े उद्देश् ों क प्राप्त करने क
े साधन ों,
प्रक्षक्रया या अोंत क दशािते हैं।
• Indicators could be classified as follows
शैक्षिक सोंक
े तक ों का िगीकरण
Indicators of quality
learning
Performance
indicators (प्रदशिन
सूचक)
Input (इनपुट)
Access(पहुाँच /
प्रक्षक्रया)
Output (उत्पादन)
outcome (पररणाम)
Simple indicators
(सरल)
General
indicators(सामान्य)
Indicators of quality learning
• Simple indicators : These are the most straightforward
indicators since numbers measure them. These do not have
any judgment part included to them. They are simple
numbers indicating certain data that has to be given
meaning yet. These indicators give opportunity to compare
data between two different groups at a glance. For example
lieracy rate of country is simple indicator. Attendance of
child.
• General indicators : theses indicators focus mainly on
experiences , satisfaction of stakeholders and feelings .
These are not measurable as they depend upon opinions.
Like by looking at attendance records of child we assume
they are not good at studies is a general indicator of
classroom learning that is not measurable .
• सरल सोंक
े तक: ये सबसे सीधे सोंक
े तक हैं क् ोंक्षक सोंख्या उन्हें
मापती है। इनमें क ई क्षनणिय भाग शाक्षमल नहीों है। िे सरल
सोंख्याएाँ हैं ज क
ु छ िेटा का सोंक
े त देती हैं क्षजन्हें अभी तक
अथि देना है। ये सोंक
े तक एक नज़र में द अलग-अलग समूह ों
क
े बीच िेटा की तुलना करने का अिसर देते हैं। उदाहरण
क
े क्षलए बच्चे की उपस्थथक्षत,देश की सािरता दर सरल सूचक
है।
• सामान्य सोंक
े तक: ये सोंक
े तक मुख्य रूप से अनुभि ों,
क्षहतधारक ों की सोंतुक्षष्ट और भािनाओों पर ध्यान क
ें क्षित करते
हैं। ये मापने य ग्य नहीों हैं क् ोंक्षक ये राय पर क्षनभिर करते हैं।
जैसे बच्चे की उपस्थथक्षत क
े ररकॉिि क देखकर हम मान लेते
हैं क्षक िे पढाई में अच्छे नहीों हैं, यह किा में सीखने का एक
सामान्य सोंक
े तक है क्षजसे मापा नहीों जा सकता है।
Indicators of quality learning
• Performance indicators: Performance indicators are measurable
values that determine how an organisation / education policy or
education system achieves a set of objectives.
• Simple indicators with added judgement are performance
indicators.
• Institutions/government/boards of education set goals at the top
level before they translate them to low-level (schools)and teachers
who perform particular functions to help the progress of education
process. These are as follows
•प्रदशिन सोंक
े तक: प्रदशिन सोंक
े तक मापने य ग्य मूल् हैं ज क्षनधािररत करते हैं क्षक क
ै से एक
सोंगठन/क्षशिा नीक्षत या क्षशिा प्रणाली उद्देश् ों क
े एक सेट क प्राप्त करती है।
•अक्षतररि क्षनणिय क
े साथ सरल सोंक
े तक प्रदशिन सोंक
े तक हैं।
•सोंथथाएों /सरकार/क्षशिा ब िि शीषि स्तर पर लक्ष् ों क क्षनधािररत करते हैं, इससे पहले क्षक िे उन्हें क्षनचले स्तर
(स्क
ू ल ों) और उन क्षशिक ों तक ले जाएों ज क्षशिा प्रक्षक्रया की प्रगक्षत में मदद करने क
े क्षलए क्षिशेष कायि कर
हैं। ये इस प्रकार हैं
Performance
indicators
Objectives setup by higher
level of educational settings
i.e
Govt Department of
education ,policies etc
Acheivement of objectives
by school boards / schools,
teachers .
Input indicators
Access indicators
Output indicators
Outcome indicators
Input indicators
•Resources
/means
•No. of
teachers
•Building
•Teaching
materials
•PTR
•Textbook
•Cost per pupil
Access /process
indicators
•Geographical
distance to school
•Family
background
•Cultural
background
•Family economic
conditions
•Cost of
education-
fees,uniform
•School vehicles
•Vission of school
etc.
Outcome indicators
•Learning outcomes
by NCERT
•Attitude change
•Productivity and
income of
graduates
• development of
desired Values
•All round
development etc.
Output indicators
Related to
achievement of
immediate objectives
of education
policies/class
•Enrolment rate
•Drop out rate
•Retention rate
•By region, locality,
type of school,
genderwise, caste
wise
•Achievement level
•Pass percentage etc.
•
https://au.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/what-is-performance-
indicator?utm_campaign=earnedsocial%3Acareerguide%3Asharedirectshare%3AAU&utm_content=What%20Is%20a%20Perform
ance%20Indicator%3F%20%28And%20How%20To%20Create%20One%29&utm_medium=social&utm_source=directshare
types of performance indicators
• Input indicators measure the number of resources a company
requires for a particular project. Examples of input indicators
include cash at hand, equipment acquired and staff time.
• Process / access indicators :it measures or indicate the demands of
resources and access related factors of population i.e how much
population demands a particular facility/training and how much
have access to that facility.
• Output indicators: Output indicators measure the failure or success
of a process or access activity. Examples of output indicators
include profits, dropout and new enrollment. They may also refer to
the efficiency of training sessions or technical assistance.
• Outcome indicators : It measure the effect or impact of policies and
projects on living standard of population.
प्रदशिन सोंक
े तक ों क
े प्रकार
• इनपुट सोंक
े तक क्षकसी क्षिशेष पररय जना क
े क्षलए क
ों पनी द्वारा आिश्क
सोंसाधन ों की सोंख्या क मापते हैं। इनपुट सोंक
े तक ों क
े उदाहरण ों में हाथ में
नकदी, अक्षधग्रहीत उपकरण और कमिचाररय ों का समय शाक्षमल हैं।
• प्रक्षक्रया/पहुोंच सोंक
े तक: यह जनसोंख्या क
े सोंसाधन ों और पहुोंच से सोंबोंक्षधत
कारक ों की माोंग क मापता है या इोंक्षगत करता है यानी क्षकतनी आबादी
क्षकसी क्षिशेष सुक्षिधा/प्रक्षशिण की माोंग करती है और उस सुक्षिधा तक
क्षकतनी पहुोंच है।
• आउटपुट सोंक
े तक: आउटपुट सोंक
े तक क्षकसी प्रक्षक्रया या पहुोंच गक्षतक्षिक्षध
की क्षिफलता या सफलता क मापते हैं। आउटपुट सोंक
े तक ों क
े उदाहरण ों
में लाभ, ि
र ॉपआउट और नया नामाोंकन शाक्षमल हैं। िे प्रक्षशिण सत् या
तकनीकी सहायता की दिता का भी उल्लेख कर सकते हैं।
• पररणाम सोंक
े तक: यह जनसोंख्या क
े जीिन स्तर पर नीक्षतय ों और
पररय जनाओों क
े प्रभाि या प्रभाि क मापता है।
Importance of indicators of quality
learning
• Helps in indicating how much we need to work for achievement of goals of education.
• What is remaining in achievement of objectives.
• how access to education can be universalised or made easy .
• Helps in policy formulation and policy change
• Implementation of various schemes / projects related to education .
• Helps in enhancement of educational quality .
• helps in making education a global affair.
• Helps in addition of new discipline and subjects at school level according to changing demands of society.
यह इोंक्षगत करने में मदद करता है क्षक क्षशिा क
े लक्ष् ों की प्रास्प्त क
े क्षलए हमें क्षकतना काम करने की
आिश्कता है।
उद्देश् ों की प्रास्प्त में क्ा शेष है।
क्षशिा की पहुोंच क क
ै से साििभौम बनाया जा सकता है या आसान बनाया जा सकता है।
नीक्षत क्षनमािण और नीक्षत पररितिन में मदद करता है
क्षशिा से सोंबोंक्षधत क्षिक्षभन्न य जनाओों/पररय जनाओों का क्षक्रयान्वयन।
शैक्षिक गुणित्ता बढाने में मदद करता है।
क्षशिा क िैक्षश्वक मामला बनाने में मदद करता है।
समाज की बदलती माोंग ों क
े अनुसार स्क
ू ल स्तर पर नए अनुशासन और क्षिषय ों क ज डने में मदद करता
है।
Teaching and learning as
interactive process
क्षशिण तथा अक्षधगम -सोंिादात्मक प्रक्षक्रया
क
े रूप में
Teaching learning process
• The teaching-learning process represents the channel of
communication through which the individual strives to acquire the
habits, skills, knowledge, attitude, values and appreciation, that are
vital for surviving in the information age. The teaching-learning,
therefore, becomes a process by which changes in behavioural
patterns are produced through experience.
• क्षशिण-सीखने की प्रक्षक्रया सोंचार क
े उस चैनल का प्रक्षतक्षनक्षधत्व करती है
क्षजसक
े माध्यम से व्यस्ि आदत ों, कौशल, ज्ञान, दृक्षष्टक ण, मूल् ों और
प्रशोंसा क प्राप्त करने का प्रयास करता है, ज सूचना युग में जीक्षित रहने
क
े क्षलए महत्वपूणि हैं। इसक्षलए, क्षशिण-अक्षधगम एक ऐसी प्रक्षक्रया बन जाती
है क्षजसक
े द्वारा अनुभि क
े माध्यम से व्यिहाररक प्रक्षतमान ों में पररितिन
उत्पन्न क्षकए जाते हैं।
Teaching –learning as interactive
process
• “Teaching is an interaction process.
Interaction means participation of
both teacher and learners and both
are benefitted by this. The interaction
takes place for achieving desired
objectives” Ned A. Flanders
• (क्षशिण एक अोंतःक्षक्रयात्मक प्रक्षक्रया है।
सहभाक्षगता का अथि है क्षशिक और
क्षशिाथी द न ों की भागीदारी और इससे
द न ों लाभास्न्वत ह ते हैं। िाोंक्षछत उद्देश् ों
क प्राप्त करने क
े क्षलए बातचीत ह ती है ”)
•
Classroom
interaction/
teaching
Teacher
Learner Curriculum
Merriam-websters dictionary: ineraction is “mutual or reciprocal action or
influence”
Cambrige dictionary : ‘a situation where two or more people or things communicate with
each other or react to each another
Characteristics of interactive teaching
सोंिादात्मक क्षशिण की क्षिशेषताएों
• It is a participatory process.
• It is a mutual process.
• Interaction revolves around a common objective/goal .
• Interaction process helps in development of
satisfaction with the process.
• It is beneficial for all the participants.
• Supervisory control(teacher, group leader) is required.
• It is a planned process as proper Planning is associated
with greater content achievement.(analysing teacher
behaviour,Ned Flanders)
Generally Following three types of interaction occurs in
classroom :
– Teacher-student interaction (TS) क्षशिक-छात् सहभाक्षगता
– Student- student interactionछात्-छात् सहभाक्षगता (SS)
– Teacher – class interaction क्षशिक-किा अोंतःक्षक्रया (TC)
• Teacher talk and student talk
• Verbal and non verbal interaction
Interaction process has three domain according to ,( Bobrow, Daniel. (1991).
Dimensions of Interaction. Ai Magazine - AIM. 12. )
1. Communication
2. Coordination
3. Integration
Dimensions
of
interaction
Coordination
(समन्वय)
Integration
(एकीकरण)
Communicati
on((सोंचार)
Success of interactive process
• Barnes McConnell (1978) says faculty
members will be more successful if they see
themselves less as judges or dispensor of
wisdom and more as a resource pesron.
• https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/teachin
g-as-an-interactive-process-8KYof3c0J8?
Techniques of teaching – interactive
process(catering ID)
• Group interaction techniques
– Brainstorming(where group members suggest in rapid fire order all the
solutions they could think of)
– Symposium (series of short speeches on different aspects of any topic
given by students in front of their class)
– Discussion ( conversational form with a leader in front of the class
– debate (a pro and con discussion on controversial issue by groups
representative of each side)
– Problem solving (a specific problem is presented for group solution or
individual solutions)
– Leaderless group discussion
– Brainstorming
– Case study
– Think-pair-share technique
– Question and answer technique
– Roll-playing
– Incident –process method (by Pigors and Pigors,1961; group task is to
identify which information they need to solve question)
– Jigsaw method
– Team-pair-solo etc
क्षशिण की तकनीक
ें - सोंिादात्मक प्रक्षक्रया
• समूह सहभाक्षगता तकनीक
• ब्रेनस्टॉक्षमिंग (जहाों समूह क
े सदस्य रैक्षपि फायर क्रम में िे सभी समाधान सुझाते हैं क्षजनक
े बारे में िे स च सकते
हैं)
• सोंग ष्ठी (छात् ों द्वारा अपनी किा क
े सामने क्षदए गए क्षकसी भी क्षिषय क
े क्षिक्षभन्न पहलुओों पर लघु भाषण ों की
श्ृोंखला)
• चचाि (किा क
े सामने एक नेता क
े साथ सोंिादात्मक रूप
• िाद-क्षििाद (प्रत्येक पि क
े समूह ों क
े प्रक्षतक्षनक्षधय ों द्वारा क्षििादास्पद मुद्दे पर समथिक और क्षिपि की चचाि)
• समस्या समाधान (समूह समाधान या व्यस्िगत समाधान क
े क्षलए एक क्षिक्षशष्ट समस्या प्रस्तुत की जाती है)
• नेताक्षिहीन समूह चचाि
• मोंथन
• क
े स स्टिी
• क्षथोंक-पेयर-शेयर तकनीक
• प्रश् और उत्तर तकनीक
• र ल-प्लेइोंग
• घटना-प्रक्षक्रया क्षिक्षध (क्षपगसि और क्षपगसि द्वारा, 1961; समूह कायि यह पहचानना है क्षक उन्हें प्रश् हल करने क
े
क्षलए कौन सी जानकारी की आिश्कता है)
• पहेली क्षिक्षध
• टीम-ज डी-एकल आक्षद
Benefits
• Students become active
• Learning become interesting
• Objectives achieved effectively
• Difficult content acheive,ment

More Related Content

What's hot

Importance of Visiting Art Exhibition and Cultural Festival
Importance of Visiting Art Exhibition and Cultural Festival Importance of Visiting Art Exhibition and Cultural Festival
Importance of Visiting Art Exhibition and Cultural Festival Diksha Verma
 
Universalization of elementary education
Universalization of elementary educationUniversalization of elementary education
Universalization of elementary educationAbid Nazir
 
Role of biology teacher in inculcating biological science
Role of biology teacher in inculcating biological scienceRole of biology teacher in inculcating biological science
Role of biology teacher in inculcating biological scienceVijayalakshmi Murugesan
 
Understanding Disciplines
Understanding DisciplinesUnderstanding Disciplines
Understanding Disciplinespoonam sharma
 
Structure of Teacher Education System in India by Garima Tandon
Structure of Teacher Education System in India  by Garima TandonStructure of Teacher Education System in India  by Garima Tandon
Structure of Teacher Education System in India by Garima Tandongarimatandon10
 
Meaning classification of academic discipline
Meaning classification of academic disciplineMeaning classification of academic discipline
Meaning classification of academic disciplineKetan Kamble
 
Ncfte- 2009 (National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education)
Ncfte- 2009 (National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education)Ncfte- 2009 (National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education)
Ncfte- 2009 (National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education)MDFAIZANALAM4
 
University Grants Commission
University Grants CommissionUniversity Grants Commission
University Grants CommissionVenkatesh Deepak
 
Introduction to ncert
Introduction to ncertIntroduction to ncert
Introduction to ncertAyushi Sinha
 
Pedagogy of Biological Science.pdf
Pedagogy of Biological Science.pdfPedagogy of Biological Science.pdf
Pedagogy of Biological Science.pdfBoloRavdan
 
Individual differences (educational psychology)
Individual differences (educational psychology)Individual differences (educational psychology)
Individual differences (educational psychology)HennaAnsari
 
Family as an agency of education
Family as an agency of educationFamily as an agency of education
Family as an agency of educationDR KRISHAN KANT
 
Nature of education as a discipline, types and levels of education
Nature of education as a discipline, types and levels of educationNature of education as a discipline, types and levels of education
Nature of education as a discipline, types and levels of educationThanavathi C
 

What's hot (20)

Importance of Visiting Art Exhibition and Cultural Festival
Importance of Visiting Art Exhibition and Cultural Festival Importance of Visiting Art Exhibition and Cultural Festival
Importance of Visiting Art Exhibition and Cultural Festival
 
Universalization of elementary education
Universalization of elementary educationUniversalization of elementary education
Universalization of elementary education
 
Philosophy of education b.ed level
Philosophy of education b.ed levelPhilosophy of education b.ed level
Philosophy of education b.ed level
 
Role of biology teacher in inculcating biological science
Role of biology teacher in inculcating biological scienceRole of biology teacher in inculcating biological science
Role of biology teacher in inculcating biological science
 
Understanding Disciplines
Understanding DisciplinesUnderstanding Disciplines
Understanding Disciplines
 
Structure of Teacher Education System in India by Garima Tandon
Structure of Teacher Education System in India  by Garima TandonStructure of Teacher Education System in India  by Garima Tandon
Structure of Teacher Education System in India by Garima Tandon
 
Meaning classification of academic discipline
Meaning classification of academic disciplineMeaning classification of academic discipline
Meaning classification of academic discipline
 
Ncfte- 2009 (National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education)
Ncfte- 2009 (National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education)Ncfte- 2009 (National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education)
Ncfte- 2009 (National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education)
 
University Grants Commission
University Grants CommissionUniversity Grants Commission
University Grants Commission
 
Dialogical knowledge1
Dialogical knowledge1Dialogical knowledge1
Dialogical knowledge1
 
Introduction to ncert
Introduction to ncertIntroduction to ncert
Introduction to ncert
 
C5 unit 1 notes (1)
C5 unit 1 notes (1)C5 unit 1 notes (1)
C5 unit 1 notes (1)
 
Pedagogy of Biological Science.pdf
Pedagogy of Biological Science.pdfPedagogy of Biological Science.pdf
Pedagogy of Biological Science.pdf
 
EDUCATION FOR SOCIALLY DEPRIVED
EDUCATION FOR SOCIALLY DEPRIVEDEDUCATION FOR SOCIALLY DEPRIVED
EDUCATION FOR SOCIALLY DEPRIVED
 
Individual differences (educational psychology)
Individual differences (educational psychology)Individual differences (educational psychology)
Individual differences (educational psychology)
 
NUEPA
NUEPANUEPA
NUEPA
 
Learning in and out of
Learning in and out ofLearning in and out of
Learning in and out of
 
Family as an agency of education
Family as an agency of educationFamily as an agency of education
Family as an agency of education
 
Nature of education as a discipline, types and levels of education
Nature of education as a discipline, types and levels of educationNature of education as a discipline, types and levels of education
Nature of education as a discipline, types and levels of education
 
Ncfte 2009
Ncfte 2009Ncfte 2009
Ncfte 2009
 

Similar to Understanding disciplines and subjects.pptx

Ppt portfolio of students
Ppt portfolio of studentsPpt portfolio of students
Ppt portfolio of studentsshashi bhushan
 
Educational technology concept, approaches, characteristics..
Educational  technology concept, approaches, characteristics..Educational  technology concept, approaches, characteristics..
Educational technology concept, approaches, characteristics..abhisrivastava11
 
Classroom instruction strategies
Classroom  instruction  strategiesClassroom  instruction  strategies
Classroom instruction strategiesabhisrivastava11
 
Curriculum in Commerce
Curriculum in Commerce Curriculum in Commerce
Curriculum in Commerce Diksha Verma
 
सहायक शिक्षण सामग्री महत्व एवं उद्देश्य
सहायक शिक्षण सामग्री महत्व एवं उद्देश्य सहायक शिक्षण सामग्री महत्व एवं उद्देश्य
सहायक शिक्षण सामग्री महत्व एवं उद्देश्य Pushpa Namdeo
 
understanding disciplines and subjects.pptx
understanding disciplines and subjects.pptxunderstanding disciplines and subjects.pptx
understanding disciplines and subjects.pptxDiksha Verma
 
Teaching Methodology Teacher centered methods (1).pdf
Teaching Methodology Teacher centered methods (1).pdfTeaching Methodology Teacher centered methods (1).pdf
Teaching Methodology Teacher centered methods (1).pdfSudhaPandeya1
 
वैश्वीकरण एवं पाठ्यक्रम
वैश्वीकरण  एवं पाठ्यक्रमवैश्वीकरण  एवं पाठ्यक्रम
वैश्वीकरण एवं पाठ्यक्रमPushpa Namdeo
 
शिक्षण विधियाँ(Teaching Methods in Hindi).pdf
शिक्षण विधियाँ(Teaching Methods in Hindi).pdfशिक्षण विधियाँ(Teaching Methods in Hindi).pdf
शिक्षण विधियाँ(Teaching Methods in Hindi).pdfBajrangSharma32
 
The supervised study lesson
The supervised study lessonThe supervised study lesson
The supervised study lessonabhisrivastava11
 
Richards suchman's inquiry training model
Richards suchman's  inquiry training modelRichards suchman's  inquiry training model
Richards suchman's inquiry training modelabhisrivastava11
 
peer observation and evaluation
peer observation and evaluationpeer observation and evaluation
peer observation and evaluationabhisrivastava11
 
Understanding level of teaching
Understanding level of teachingUnderstanding level of teaching
Understanding level of teachingabhisrivastava11
 

Similar to Understanding disciplines and subjects.pptx (20)

Ppt
PptPpt
Ppt
 
Ppt portfolio of students
Ppt portfolio of studentsPpt portfolio of students
Ppt portfolio of students
 
Pedagogical analysis
Pedagogical analysisPedagogical analysis
Pedagogical analysis
 
Educational technology concept, approaches, characteristics..
Educational  technology concept, approaches, characteristics..Educational  technology concept, approaches, characteristics..
Educational technology concept, approaches, characteristics..
 
Classroom instruction strategies
Classroom  instruction  strategiesClassroom  instruction  strategies
Classroom instruction strategies
 
Curriculum in Commerce
Curriculum in Commerce Curriculum in Commerce
Curriculum in Commerce
 
GnY1jqWbsITFK5whO9cz.pdf
GnY1jqWbsITFK5whO9cz.pdfGnY1jqWbsITFK5whO9cz.pdf
GnY1jqWbsITFK5whO9cz.pdf
 
सहायक शिक्षण सामग्री महत्व एवं उद्देश्य
सहायक शिक्षण सामग्री महत्व एवं उद्देश्य सहायक शिक्षण सामग्री महत्व एवं उद्देश्य
सहायक शिक्षण सामग्री महत्व एवं उद्देश्य
 
understanding disciplines and subjects.pptx
understanding disciplines and subjects.pptxunderstanding disciplines and subjects.pptx
understanding disciplines and subjects.pptx
 
Teaching Methodology Teacher centered methods (1).pdf
Teaching Methodology Teacher centered methods (1).pdfTeaching Methodology Teacher centered methods (1).pdf
Teaching Methodology Teacher centered methods (1).pdf
 
वैश्वीकरण एवं पाठ्यक्रम
वैश्वीकरण  एवं पाठ्यक्रमवैश्वीकरण  एवं पाठ्यक्रम
वैश्वीकरण एवं पाठ्यक्रम
 
शिक्षण विधियाँ(Teaching Methods in Hindi).pdf
शिक्षण विधियाँ(Teaching Methods in Hindi).pdfशिक्षण विधियाँ(Teaching Methods in Hindi).pdf
शिक्षण विधियाँ(Teaching Methods in Hindi).pdf
 
The supervised study lesson
The supervised study lessonThe supervised study lesson
The supervised study lesson
 
Models of teaching
Models of teachingModels of teaching
Models of teaching
 
Models of teaching
Models of teachingModels of teaching
Models of teaching
 
Richards suchman's inquiry training model
Richards suchman's  inquiry training modelRichards suchman's  inquiry training model
Richards suchman's inquiry training model
 
Micro Teaching.pdf
Micro Teaching.pdfMicro Teaching.pdf
Micro Teaching.pdf
 
peer observation and evaluation
peer observation and evaluationpeer observation and evaluation
peer observation and evaluation
 
Understanding level of teaching
Understanding level of teachingUnderstanding level of teaching
Understanding level of teaching
 
PPT ON MICRO-TEACHING FOR B.ED
PPT ON MICRO-TEACHING FOR B.EDPPT ON MICRO-TEACHING FOR B.ED
PPT ON MICRO-TEACHING FOR B.ED
 

More from Diksha Verma

Information and Communication Technology in Schools.docx
Information and Communication Technology in Schools.docxInformation and Communication Technology in Schools.docx
Information and Communication Technology in Schools.docxDiksha Verma
 
Education for peace
Education for peaceEducation for peace
Education for peaceDiksha Verma
 
Education for peace
Education for peaceEducation for peace
Education for peaceDiksha Verma
 
measurements and evaluation tools
measurements and evaluation tools measurements and evaluation tools
measurements and evaluation tools Diksha Verma
 
EVALUATION IN EDUCATION
EVALUATION IN EDUCATIONEVALUATION IN EDUCATION
EVALUATION IN EDUCATIONDiksha Verma
 
EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT
EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENTEDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT
EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENTDiksha Verma
 
Teaching of commerce B.Ed India
Teaching of commerce B.Ed India Teaching of commerce B.Ed India
Teaching of commerce B.Ed India Diksha Verma
 
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF RESEARCH
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF RESEARCHMETHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF RESEARCH
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF RESEARCHDiksha Verma
 
Language across the curriculum.pptx
Language across the curriculum.pptxLanguage across the curriculum.pptx
Language across the curriculum.pptxDiksha Verma
 
Unit 3 teaching methods and techniques
Unit  3 teaching methods and techniquesUnit  3 teaching methods and techniques
Unit 3 teaching methods and techniquesDiksha Verma
 
Writing instructional objectives in behavioural terms
Writing instructional objectives in behavioural terms Writing instructional objectives in behavioural terms
Writing instructional objectives in behavioural terms Diksha Verma
 
Curriculum in Commerce
Curriculum in Commerce Curriculum in Commerce
Curriculum in Commerce Diksha Verma
 
Ict in teaching of commerce
Ict in teaching of commerceIct in teaching of commerce
Ict in teaching of commerceDiksha Verma
 
Measures of central tendency
Measures of central tendencyMeasures of central tendency
Measures of central tendencyDiksha Verma
 
Understanding Indian Folk Art and Visual Art and Performing Art
Understanding Indian Folk Art and Visual Art and Performing ArtUnderstanding Indian Folk Art and Visual Art and Performing Art
Understanding Indian Folk Art and Visual Art and Performing ArtDiksha Verma
 
Sankhya philosophy unit2
Sankhya philosophy unit2Sankhya philosophy unit2
Sankhya philosophy unit2Diksha Verma
 
Therepeutic values of yoga
Therepeutic values of  yogaTherepeutic values of  yoga
Therepeutic values of yogaDiksha Verma
 
Report back session
Report back sessionReport back session
Report back sessionDiksha Verma
 
Power point presentation slide
Power point presentation slidePower point presentation slide
Power point presentation slideDiksha Verma
 

More from Diksha Verma (20)

Information and Communication Technology in Schools.docx
Information and Communication Technology in Schools.docxInformation and Communication Technology in Schools.docx
Information and Communication Technology in Schools.docx
 
Education for peace
Education for peaceEducation for peace
Education for peace
 
Education for peace
Education for peaceEducation for peace
Education for peace
 
measurements and evaluation tools
measurements and evaluation tools measurements and evaluation tools
measurements and evaluation tools
 
EVALUATION IN EDUCATION
EVALUATION IN EDUCATIONEVALUATION IN EDUCATION
EVALUATION IN EDUCATION
 
EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT
EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENTEDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT
EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT
 
Teaching of commerce B.Ed India
Teaching of commerce B.Ed India Teaching of commerce B.Ed India
Teaching of commerce B.Ed India
 
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF RESEARCH
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF RESEARCHMETHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF RESEARCH
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF RESEARCH
 
Language across the curriculum.pptx
Language across the curriculum.pptxLanguage across the curriculum.pptx
Language across the curriculum.pptx
 
Unit 3 teaching methods and techniques
Unit  3 teaching methods and techniquesUnit  3 teaching methods and techniques
Unit 3 teaching methods and techniques
 
Writing instructional objectives in behavioural terms
Writing instructional objectives in behavioural terms Writing instructional objectives in behavioural terms
Writing instructional objectives in behavioural terms
 
Curriculum in Commerce
Curriculum in Commerce Curriculum in Commerce
Curriculum in Commerce
 
Ict in teaching of commerce
Ict in teaching of commerceIct in teaching of commerce
Ict in teaching of commerce
 
Measures of central tendency
Measures of central tendencyMeasures of central tendency
Measures of central tendency
 
Yoga philosophy
Yoga philosophyYoga philosophy
Yoga philosophy
 
Understanding Indian Folk Art and Visual Art and Performing Art
Understanding Indian Folk Art and Visual Art and Performing ArtUnderstanding Indian Folk Art and Visual Art and Performing Art
Understanding Indian Folk Art and Visual Art and Performing Art
 
Sankhya philosophy unit2
Sankhya philosophy unit2Sankhya philosophy unit2
Sankhya philosophy unit2
 
Therepeutic values of yoga
Therepeutic values of  yogaTherepeutic values of  yoga
Therepeutic values of yoga
 
Report back session
Report back sessionReport back session
Report back session
 
Power point presentation slide
Power point presentation slidePower point presentation slide
Power point presentation slide
 

Understanding disciplines and subjects.pptx

  • 1. Understanding disciplines and subjects •Presenter- Diksha Verma (research scholar) HPU https://tse4.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.hc nJwaym- bsJkdV1mr_p0AHaDX&pid=Api&P=0
  • 2. Paper-IV Understanding Disciplines and Subjects • Unit-1(concept of discipline) • Nature and role of discipline and knowledge in school curriculum • Paradigm shift In the nature of discipline • Emergence of school subjects and disciplines from philosophical, social and political context • Needed changes in the discipline oriented textbooks • Unit-2(quality concerns in education) • Indicators of quality learning • Teaching and learning as interactive process • Major issues in classroom learning;catering individual differences • Leadership beyond textbooks- other sources of learning
  • 3. Some questions for your thoght: • What’s your subject ?- iv • What’s the discipline- education • Do I need to know my discipline for a better teaching? • Do I need to know the kind of knowledge I’m providing to students? • Do I need to know curriculum before hand?
  • 4. Nature and role of discipline knowledge in school curriculum
  • 5. Knowledge A branch of academic study- Discipline A complete unit of it with logical structure knowledge is created through a process of collection of information and attaching certain meaning to it Analysing, synthesizing, and consolidating the data; linking it with personal experiences
  • 6. Discipline : concept • Krishnan(2009): “As a verb it means training someone to follow a rigorous set of instructions,but also enforcing obedience” • In this sense ‘academic discipline’ can be seen as a form of specific and rigorous training that will turn out practitioners “…who have been ‘disciplined’ by their discipline’ for their own good." (Krishnan 2009, p. 8). शैक्षिक अनुशासन क्षशिाक्षथिय ों क एक क्षिक्षशष्ट और कठ र प्रक्षशिण है ….. "... ज अपने स्वयों क े भले क े क्षलए 'अपने अनुशासन' द्वारा 'अनुशाक्षसत' क्षकए गए हैं। Discipline (krishnan2009) Disciplina (teaching and learning Discipulus (learner) A field of study that is preached and learned by its followers(learners in general)
  • 7. Nature of discipline In an attempt to distinguish what characterizes an academic discipline Krishnan (2009) posits six characteristics. In his view disciplines have: • (1) a particular object of research- • (2) a body of accumulated specialist knowledge referring to their object of research, • (3) theories and concepts that can organise knowledge effectively, • (4) specific terminologies or technical language, • (5) developed particular research methods, • (6) some institutional manifestation in the form of subject taught at universities, respective academic departments and professional organisations.i.e it will have academic departments and professional associations associated with it. • Categories of discipli’ne- 1) basic discipline- complete/traditional knowledge unit- maths,philosophy,humanities etc 2) applied discipline- when one discipline get divided into further sub disciplines those sub disciplines are applied discipline- sciece divided into physics,chemistry,biology,zoology. Ssc into history,geography economics etc. 3) interdiscipline/multidiscipline – new way of curriculum construction. One main discipline others constituting disciplines/supplymentary disciplines- enviornment technology. Bio-tech, population studies nano-tech,
  • 8. • How knowledge is the base of discipline and curriculum: Knowledge A branch of academic study- Discipline A complete unit of it with logical structure Curriculum School subjects Elements of Curriculum •Goal •Material •Method /learning enviornment •Assessment Currere (racecourse, to run,fast chariot) Latin So, school curriculum construction will definitly depend upon discipline knowledge. Nature of discipline knowledge have a role in school curriculum as follows.
  • 9. Concept of curriculum • It can be defined as follows: • Cunningham: “ curriculum is a tool in the hands of the artist( teacher) to mould his material ( the pupil) according to his ideals(aims and objectives )in his studio (school). • Wheeler : “curriculum is the planned experiences offered to the learners under the guidance of the school.” कक्षनोंघम: "पाठ्यचयाि कलाकार (क्षशिक) क े हाथ ों में एक उपकरण है ज अपने स्टू क्षिय (क्षिद्यालय) में अपने आदशों (उद्देश् ों और उद्देश् ों) क े अनुसार अपनी सामग्री (क्षशष्य) क ढालता है। व्हीलर: "पाठ्यचयाि स्क ू ल क े मागिदशिन में क्षशिाक्षथिय ों क क्षदया जाने िाला क्षनय क्षजत अनुभि है।"
  • 10. Nature of discipline knowledge • Each discipline has its own structure, set of knowledge, theories ,method of instructions. • In school curriculum various disciplines are entered according to grade of child. – Elementary level- language, math ,science/evs – Secondary level- language,math,history ,science • Discipline knowledge is subjected to researches. • Discipline knowledge is organised according to social,political needs of society. • Discipline knowledge in curriculum is provided according to pedagogical (teaching) advancements.
  • 11. • प्रत्येक क्षिषय की अपनी सोंरचना, ज्ञान का समुच्चय, क्षसद्ाोंत, क्षनदेश की पद्क्षत ह ती है। • स्क ू ल क े पाठ्यक्रम में बच्चे क े ग्रेि क े अनुसार क्षिक्षभन्न क्षिषय ों में प्रिेश क्षकया जाता है। • प्रारोंक्षभक स्तर- भाषा, गक्षणत, क्षिज्ञान/ईिीएस • माध्यक्षमक स्तर - भाषा, गक्षणत, इक्षतहास, क्षिज्ञान • अनुशासन ज्ञान श ध क े अधीन है। • अनुशासन ज्ञान समाज की सामाक्षजक, राजनीक्षतक आिश्कताओों क े अनुसार आय क्षजत क्षकया जाता है। • पाठ्यक्रम में अनुशासन ज्ञान शैिक्षणक (क्षशिण) प्रगक्षत क े अनुसार प्रदान क्षकया जाता है।
  • 12. Role of discipline knowledge in school curriculum 1. Selection of goals of subjects in curriculum according to philosophy of discipline 2. Selection of goal of subject in curriculum according to usability of particular discipline 3. Selection and organization of material/content according to disciplinary knowledge 4. Selection of methods for providing knowledge of particular discipline in curriculum 5. Linking between discipline and setting boundaries for disciplinary knowledge in curriculum 6. Helps to provide better learning experiences according to discipline as each discipline have different sources and methods to attain knowledge 7. Helps to organize effective evaluation procedure as each discipline have different methods to test the knowledge.. So curriculum can have different evaluation technique for different subject 8. Helps to organize activities according to domain of disciplines as some discipline are focus more on skill /performance (music,language )while others on congintion(maths,science). 9. Provide base for development of curriculum according to level of child 10. Interdisciplinary approach can be used perfectly in curriculum construction if one knows the limit and areas of one’s iscipline.
  • 13. अनुशासन का ज्ञान मदद करता है 1. अनुशासन क े दशिन क े अनुसार पाठ्यक्रम में क्षिषय ों क े लक्ष् ों का चयन 2. क्षिशेष क्षिषय की प्रय ज्यता क े अनुसार पाठ्यचयाि में क्षिषय क े लक्ष् का चयन 3. अनुशासनात्मक ज्ञान क े अनुसार सामग्री / सामग्री का चयन और सोंगठन 4. पाठ्यक्रम में क्षिशेष क्षिषय का ज्ञान प्रदान करने क े क्षलए क्षिक्षधय ों का चयन 5. पाठ्यक्रम में अनुशासनात्मक ज्ञान क े क्षलए अनुशासन और सीमा क्षनधािररत करने क े बीच सोंबोंध 6. अनुशासन क े अनुसार बेहतर सीखने क े अनुभि प्रदान करने में मदद करता है क् ोंक्षक ज्ञान प्राप्त करने क े क्षलए प्रत्येक अनुशासन क े अलग-अलग स्र त और तरीक े ह ते हैं 7. प्रभािी मूल्ाोंकन प्रक्षक्रया क व्यिस्थथत करने में मदद करता है क् ोंक्षक प्रत्येक अनुशासन में ज्ञान का परीिण करने क े क्षलए अलग-अलग तरीक े ह ते हैं। इसक्षलए पाठ्यक्रम में क्षिक्षभन्न क्षिषय ों क े क्षलए अलग-अलग मूल्ाोंकन तकनीक ह सकती है। 8. क्षिषय ों क े ि मेन क े अनुसार गक्षतक्षिक्षधय ों क व्यिस्थथत करने में मदद करता है क् ोंक्षक क ु छ अनुशासन कौशल/प्रदशिन (सोंगीत, भाषा) पर अक्षधक ध्यान क ें क्षित करते हैं जबक्षक अन्य अिधारणा (गक्षणत, क्षिज्ञान) पर। 9. बच्चे क े स्तर क े अनुसार पाठ्यक्रम क े क्षिकास क े क्षलए आधार प्रदान करें 10. अोंतःक्षिषय दृक्षष्टक ण का पाठ्यक्रम क्षनमािण में पूरी तरह से उपय ग क्षकया जा सकता है यक्षद क ई अपने अनुशासन की सीमा और िेत् ों क जानता है।
  • 14. Paradigm shift in the nature of discipline • Paradigm- worldview, lenses through which we saw world. How things works, what are the practices to accomplish that (क्षिश्वदृक्षष्ट, लेंस क्षजसक े माध्यम से हमने दुक्षनया क देखा। चीजें क ै से काम करती हैं, इसे पूरा करने क े क्षलए कौन से अभ्यास हैं )reality.(https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/paradigm- shift.asp)
  • 15. Contd… • Paradigm is perception of reality by a person and how to behave within that reality is paradigm. • The term paradigm shift refers to a major change in the worldview, concepts, and practices of how something works or is accomplished. • Various varieties – paradigm shift in philosophy, paradigm shift in biology etc. • https://youtu.be/SCBuFL8spyk
  • 16. Paradigm shift in the nature of discipline. • Please review what was the nature of discipline- a discipline has the following characteristics: – It is a recognized area of study – It has a substantial body of knowledge founded on core concepts and theories – It uses of critical inquiry methods for studying problems It has a definite scope for research – It has significant contributors of knowledge, research, and practices within a discipline – It is associated with learned societies and academic organizations – It has its own intellectual history – Scholars continue their interest in studying the discipline
  • 17. अनुशासन की प्रक ृ क्षत में प्रक्षतमान बदलाि क ृ पया समीिा करें क्षक अनुशासन की प्रक ृ क्षत क्ा थी- एक अनुशासन में क्षनम्नक्षलस्खत क्षिशेषताएों ह ती हैं: 1. यह अध्ययन का एक मान्यता प्राप्त िेत् है 2. इसमें मूल अिधारणाओों और क्षसद्ाोंत ों पर आधाररत ज्ञान का एक बडा समूह है 3. यह समस्याओों का अध्ययन करने क े क्षलए महत्वपूणि पूछताछ क्षिक्षधय ों का उपय ग करता है। इसमें अनुसोंधान क े क्षलए एक क्षनक्षित गुोंजाइश है 4. इसमें एक अनुशासन क े भीतर ज्ञान, अनुसोंधान और प्रथाओों का महत्वपूणि य गदान है 5. यह क्षिद्वान समाज ों और शैिक्षणक सोंगठन ों से जुडा हुआ है 6. इसका अपना बौस्द्क इक्षतहास है 7. क्षिद्वान अनुशासन का अध्ययन करने में अपनी रुक्षच जारी रखते हैं
  • 18. • So when ever there is change in any of the above nature then • it is called as paradigm shift in the nature of discipline. It could be – Paradigm shift in nature of discipline of science – Paradigm shift in the nature of discipline of social science – Paradigm shift in the nature of discipline of mathematics etc. Paradigm – according to hault “paradigm is a conceptual pattern of research work.” "प्रक्षतमान श ध कायि का एक िैचाररक पैटनि है।" Thomas kuhn “the practices that defines a scintific discipline at a certain point of time is called paradigm. "एक क्षनक्षित समय पर एक िैज्ञाक्षनक अनुशासन क पररभाक्षषत करने िाली प्रथाओों क प्रक्षतमान कहा जाता है
  • 19. Contd.. • “Paradigm shift” is popularized by “Thomas Samual Kunh”in his book “the structure of scientific revolution 1962. • According to him- “It is fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline.” "यह एक िैज्ञाक्षनक अनुशासन की बुक्षनयादी अिधारणाओों और प्राय क्षगक प्रथाओों में मूलभूत पररितिन है।"
  • 20. Source: https://tse3.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.jNhDAHmx4QOMgYHkQa_88QHaLW&pid=Api&P=0 source2: https://tse3.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.76ZuM4PZ0buraqLO-GLoGgHaHa&pid=Api&P=0 source3 : https://i.pinimg.com/736x/ce/72/99/ce7299a3b4f79b5f1f65f0c3eca3945a--inbound- marketing-social-media-marketing.jpg
  • 21. Importance of paradigm shift • Improvement of content of particular discipline. • Improvement of knowledge imparting way. • Betterment of society and nation. • Satisfaction of human needs. • Development of researches in discipline. • Opens new scope for discipline. •क्षिशेष अनुशासन की सामग्री में सुधार। •ज्ञान प्रदान करने क े तरीक े में सुधार। •समाज और राष्टर की बेहतरी। •मानिीय आिश्कताओों की सोंतुक्षष्ट। •अनुशासन में अनुसोंधान का क्षिकास। •अनुशासन की नई गुोंजाइश ख लता है।
  • 22. Factors responsible for paradigm shift • Nature of Learner / followers • Research , new discovery • Social change • National international needs • Personal needs/factors • Knowledge advancement • Crisis / calamity –corona •क्षशिाथी / अनुयाक्षयय ों की प्रक ृ क्षत •अनुसोंधान, नई ख ज •सामाक्षजक बदलाि •राष्टर ीय अोंतरराष्टर ीय जरूरतें •व्यस्िगत जरूरतें / कारक •ज्ञान उन्नक्षत •सोंकट/आपदा-क र ना
  • 23. Paradigm shift examples • https://youtu.be/cjAiepJ9DOI • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clyRb1OE Qyo
  • 24. Process of paradigm shift • Pre-paradigmatic phase • Normal science • Crisis • New science paradigm
  • 25. HTTPS://YOUTU.BE/UG8EQYFJFVC Emergence of school subjects and disciplines from philosophical, social and political context (दाशिक्षनक, सामाक्षजक और राजनीक्षतक सोंदभि से स्क ू ल क े क्षिषय ों और क्षिषय ों का उद्भि)
  • 26. Contexts/perspectives of a discipline 1- philosophical context 2-social context 3-political context
  • 27. Emergence from philosophical context • Philosophy – philo (love) + sophia( wisdom)
  • 28. Philosophy • Fitche : “philosophy is the science of knowledge (दशिन ज्ञान का क्षिज्ञान है).” • Dr. S. Radhkrishnan: “it is the logical enquiry to the nature of reality (: "यह िास्तक्षिकता की प्रक ृ क्षत क े क्षलए ताक्षक ि क जाोंच है।.” Philosophy deals with three type of investigation- epistemological, metaphysical , axiological
  • 29. Branches of Phylosophy • Epistemology (ज्ञान-मीमाोंसा) It deals with nature of Knowledge – • what is knowledge, • how to acquire Knowledge , • how to test knowledge , • division of knowledge , • evaluation Knowledge , • research . ज्ञान क्ा है, ज्ञान की प्रक ृ क्षत, ज्ञान क ै से प्राप्त करें, ज्ञान का परीिण क ै से करें, ज्ञान का क्षिभाजन, मूल्ाोंकन ज्ञान, अनुसोंधान ।
  • 30. Branch of philosophy • Metaphysics (तत्त्वमीमाोंसा)(अध्यात्मक्षिज्ञान) Study of reality Beyond nature Ultimate cause of universe िास्तक्षिकता का अध्ययन प्रक ृ क्षत से परे ब्रह्ाोंि में अोंक्षतम कारण
  • 31. Branches of philosophy • Axiology (मूल्मीमाोंसामूल् ों की प्रक ृ क्षत • मूल् ों क े प्रकार • मूल् ों की समस्या • क्ा अच्छा है ? क्ा आिश्क है? • मूल् कहााँ से आते हैं? • मूल् ों क क ै से पररभाक्षषत करें? • क्ा खूबसूरत है? • क्षनणिय।) Nature of values Types of values Problem of values -What is good ? What is required? -Where does values come from? -How to define values? -What is beautiful? -Judgements.
  • 32. Context in subjects and discipline Almost all disciplines are derived from discipline of philosophy. philosophy search answers to various epistemological, axiological and metaphysical questions with the help of its followers who are divided into certain schools of thoughts • Realism- ultimate reality is objects/ physical world. • Pragmatism- experience is source of knowledge. Whatever we can prove is real/truth • Idealism- ideas are real. Ideas are permanent. • Naturalism- nature is real.
  • 33. • लगभग सभी क्षिषय दशिन क े अनुशासन से प्राप्त ह ते हैं। • दशिनशास्त्र अपने अनुयाक्षयय ों की मदद से क्षिक्षभन्न ज्ञानशास्त्रीय, स्वयोंक्षसद् और आध्यास्त्मक प्रश् ों क े उत्तर ख जता है ज क्षिचार ों क े क ु छ क्षिद्यालय ों में क्षिभाक्षजत हैं • यथाथििाद- परम सत्य िस्तु/भौक्षतक सोंसार है। • व्यािहाररकता- अनुभि ज्ञान का स्र त है। हम ज क ु छ भी क्षसद् कर सकते हैं िह िास्तक्षिक/सत्य है • आदशििाद- क्षिचार िास्तक्षिक हैं। क्षिचार थथायी ह ते हैं। • प्रक ृ क्षतिाद- प्रक ृ क्षत िास्तक्षिक है।
  • 34.
  • 35. Aims of education- these are always guided by philosophy like: • Pragmatism – Vocational objective – Inculcation of new values – Preparation for civic life – Development of socially sound person • Realism – Making child ready for practical life – Readiness for prosper life – Development and Training of senses • Naturalism – Objective of social development – Objective of development of individuality – Objective of perfection of human machine
  • 36. Philosophical context of emergence of disciplines Idealism Realism Pragmatism Naturalism Aims of subjects/di scipline Ideas/faith are reality. • Spiritual aim •Search of ultimate reality Materialistic aims . •Preperation for physical world. •Readiness for prosperous life •Training of senses •Development of scientific attitude •Vocational aims Interaction between enviornment and individual is real. •Vocational aims •Preparation for civic life •Social aims •Inculcation of new values Nature is real. •Perfection of human machine •Objective of self experience •Social development •Development of individuality Curriculum /selection of subjects Ideas based /value based content -history, moral education,languag es,music (observation and understandingbas es content)Natural Science , math, languages,physic al education,art education , vocational education (experience and scintific logic based content ) Maths,sciences,logi c,languages, vocational education,agricultu re,history ,geography (Natural sciences based content). Nature,human enviornment and physical enviornment is the only source of knowledge. Science,envirn mental science
  • 37. यथाथििाद – बच्चे क व्यािहाररक जीिन क े क्षलए तैयार करना – समृद् जीिन क े क्षलए तत्परता – इोंक्षिय ों का क्षिकास और प्रक्षशिण • व्यिहारिाद – व्यािसाक्षयक उद्देश् – नए मूल् ों का समािेश – नागररक जीिन की तैयारी – सामाक्षजक रूप से क ु शल बनाना • प्रक ृ क्षतिाद – सामाक्षजक क्षिकास का उद्देश् – व्यस्ित्व क े क्षिकास का उद्देश् – मानि मशीन की पूणिता का उद्देश्
  • 38. Socio-cultural context of emergence of school subjects and discipline • Context – circumstances that form the settings for an event, statement or idea and in terms of which it can be fully understood (oxford dictionary) पररस्थथक्षतयााँ ज क्षकसी घटना, कथन या क्षिचार क े क्षलए सेक्षटोंग्स बनाती हैं और क्षजसक े सोंदभि में इसे पूरी तरह से समझा जा सकता है (ऑक्सफ िि क्षिक्शनरी) • So, when we talk about socio-political context of emergence of disciplines and school subjects then we want to know about the circumstances occur in society/politics that form the settings for emergence of any discipline and school subjects. इसक्षलए, जब हम क्षिषय ों और स्क ू ल क े क्षिषय ों क े उद्भि क े सामाक्षजक-राजनीक्षतक सोंदभि क े बारे में बात करते हैं त हम उन पररस्थथक्षतय ों क े बारे में जानना चाहते हैं ज समाज/राजनीक्षत में ह ती हैं ज क्षकसी भी अनुशासन और स्क ू ल क े क्षिषय ों क े उद्भि क े क्षलए सेक्षटोंग्स बनाती हैं।
  • 39. Socio-cultural context of emergence of school subjects and discipline Dimension of discipline Nature of discipline Socio- cultural scenario Learner Society and education are related to a great extent. Any change in societal-political scenario shifts the educational practices . When we talk about academic discipline then it Is important to note that discipline knowledge Revolves around three dimensions Learner / followers Nature of discipline Socio-cultural scenario समाज और क्षशिा का काफी हद तक सोंबोंध है। सामाक्षजक-राजनीक्षतक पररदृश् शैक्षिक अभ्यास में क ई भी बदलाि बदलाि करता है जब हम अकादक्षमक अनुशासन की बात करते हैं त यह यह ध्यान रखना महत्वपूणि है क्षक ‘अनुशासन ज्ञान’ तीन आयाम ों में घूमता है क्षशिाथी / अनुयायी अनुशासन की प्रक ृ क्षत सामाक्षजक-साोंस्क ृ क्षतक पररदृश्
  • 40. Contd… • Socio-cultural scenario includes – Tradition,culture,practices of society – Political ideology, beliefs and vision – Social values, social beliefs – Social expectations – Social norms , background of stakeholders – Revolutions in education or technology – Technological advancements • Whenever these socio-cultural scenarios changes new disciplines have emerged. सामाक्षजक-साोंस्क ृ क्षतक पररदृश् शाक्षमल हैं: परोंपरा, सोंस्क ृ क्षत, समाज की प्रथाएों राजनीक्षतक क्षिचारधारा, क्षिश्वास और दृक्षष्ट सामाक्षजक मूल्, सामाक्षजक क्षिश्वास सामाक्षजक अपेिाएाँ सामाक्षजक मानदोंि, क्षहतधारक ों की पृष्ठभूक्षम क्षशिा या प्रौद्य क्षगकी में क्राोंक्षत प्रौद्य क्षगकी प्रगक्षत
  • 41. Contd..Examples • ICDEOL starting new courses/subjects to match demand of modern society. • Schools start new vocational courses in schools-health education, mechanical etc to meet need of current society • Various Policies on education recommend new subjects to start across nation.
  • 42. Importance of social-political context in education • Aim of democratic values/citizenship • Development of social
  • 43. Importance of social-political context in education Helps in achievement of following goals: 1. Development of social values 2. Development of democratic values 3. Faith in peace and values 4. Faith in democracy 5. National development through industrilisation, technology development. 6. Development of “we” feeling/feeling of harmony 7. Knowledge , productivity and standard of living. क्षनम्नक्षलस्खत लक्ष् ों की प्रास्प्त में मदद करता है: सामाक्षजक मूल् ों का क्षिकास ल कताोंक्षत्क मूल् ों का क्षिकास शाोंक्षत और मूल् ों में क्षिश्वास ल कतोंत् में आथथा औद्य गीकरण, प्रौद्य क्षगकी क्षिकास क े माध्यम से राष्टर ीय क्षिकास। "हम" की भािना/सामोंजस्य की भािना का क्षिकास ज्ञान, उत्पादकता और जीिन स्तर।
  • 44. QUALITY IN CLASSROOM LEARNING Unit-2
  • 45. Indicator of quality learning learning as defined by Stephen.P.Robbins: “learning is any relative permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience” ("सीखना अनुभि क े पररणामस्वरूप ह ने िाले व्यिहार में अपेिाक ृ त थथायी पररितिन है“) Term “quality learning “ will be then a learning that is purposeful,in which learners are provided with the ability to effectively learn and retain skills and knowledge gained. It is usually based on students satisfaction with the learning process. It is an approach in improving learning and the quality of organisational life.
  • 46. गुणित्तापूणि क्षशिा का सूचक • शब्द "गुणित्तापूणि क्षशिा" तब एक ऐसी क्षशिा ह गी ज उद्देश्पूणि है, क्षजसमें क्षशिाक्षथिय ों क कौशल और ज्ञान क प्रभािी ढोंग से सीखने और बनाए रखने की िमता प्रदान की जाती है। • यह आमतौर पर सीखने की प्रक्षक्रया क े साथ छात् ों की सोंतुक्षष्ट पर आधाररत ह ता है। • यह सीखने और सोंगठनात्मक जीिन की गुणित्ता में सुधार करने का एक दृक्षष्टक ण है।
  • 47. • Indicators- these are certain statistics or data that describe key aspects of schooling which permit the evaluational monitoring of schools, teachers and students.(सोंक े तक- ये क ु छ आाँकडे या िेटा हैं ज स्क ू ली क्षशिा क े प्रमुख पहलुओों का िणिन करते हैं ज स्क ू ल ों, क्षशिक ों और छात् ों क े मूल्ाोंकन की क्षनगरानी की अनुमक्षत देते हैं।)
  • 48. Classification of educational indicators • Indicators tends to be classified depending on whether they reflect means, the process or the end in achieving the objectives of a particular set of program/project or scheme. सोंक े तक ों क इस आधार पर िगीक ृ त क्षकया जाता है क्षक क्ा िे क्षकसी क्षिशेष कायिक्रम/पररय जना या य जना क े उद्देश् ों क प्राप्त करने क े साधन ों, प्रक्षक्रया या अोंत क दशािते हैं। • Indicators could be classified as follows
  • 49. शैक्षिक सोंक े तक ों का िगीकरण Indicators of quality learning Performance indicators (प्रदशिन सूचक) Input (इनपुट) Access(पहुाँच / प्रक्षक्रया) Output (उत्पादन) outcome (पररणाम) Simple indicators (सरल) General indicators(सामान्य)
  • 50. Indicators of quality learning • Simple indicators : These are the most straightforward indicators since numbers measure them. These do not have any judgment part included to them. They are simple numbers indicating certain data that has to be given meaning yet. These indicators give opportunity to compare data between two different groups at a glance. For example lieracy rate of country is simple indicator. Attendance of child. • General indicators : theses indicators focus mainly on experiences , satisfaction of stakeholders and feelings . These are not measurable as they depend upon opinions. Like by looking at attendance records of child we assume they are not good at studies is a general indicator of classroom learning that is not measurable .
  • 51. • सरल सोंक े तक: ये सबसे सीधे सोंक े तक हैं क् ोंक्षक सोंख्या उन्हें मापती है। इनमें क ई क्षनणिय भाग शाक्षमल नहीों है। िे सरल सोंख्याएाँ हैं ज क ु छ िेटा का सोंक े त देती हैं क्षजन्हें अभी तक अथि देना है। ये सोंक े तक एक नज़र में द अलग-अलग समूह ों क े बीच िेटा की तुलना करने का अिसर देते हैं। उदाहरण क े क्षलए बच्चे की उपस्थथक्षत,देश की सािरता दर सरल सूचक है। • सामान्य सोंक े तक: ये सोंक े तक मुख्य रूप से अनुभि ों, क्षहतधारक ों की सोंतुक्षष्ट और भािनाओों पर ध्यान क ें क्षित करते हैं। ये मापने य ग्य नहीों हैं क् ोंक्षक ये राय पर क्षनभिर करते हैं। जैसे बच्चे की उपस्थथक्षत क े ररकॉिि क देखकर हम मान लेते हैं क्षक िे पढाई में अच्छे नहीों हैं, यह किा में सीखने का एक सामान्य सोंक े तक है क्षजसे मापा नहीों जा सकता है।
  • 52. Indicators of quality learning • Performance indicators: Performance indicators are measurable values that determine how an organisation / education policy or education system achieves a set of objectives. • Simple indicators with added judgement are performance indicators. • Institutions/government/boards of education set goals at the top level before they translate them to low-level (schools)and teachers who perform particular functions to help the progress of education process. These are as follows •प्रदशिन सोंक े तक: प्रदशिन सोंक े तक मापने य ग्य मूल् हैं ज क्षनधािररत करते हैं क्षक क ै से एक सोंगठन/क्षशिा नीक्षत या क्षशिा प्रणाली उद्देश् ों क े एक सेट क प्राप्त करती है। •अक्षतररि क्षनणिय क े साथ सरल सोंक े तक प्रदशिन सोंक े तक हैं। •सोंथथाएों /सरकार/क्षशिा ब िि शीषि स्तर पर लक्ष् ों क क्षनधािररत करते हैं, इससे पहले क्षक िे उन्हें क्षनचले स्तर (स्क ू ल ों) और उन क्षशिक ों तक ले जाएों ज क्षशिा प्रक्षक्रया की प्रगक्षत में मदद करने क े क्षलए क्षिशेष कायि कर हैं। ये इस प्रकार हैं
  • 53. Performance indicators Objectives setup by higher level of educational settings i.e Govt Department of education ,policies etc Acheivement of objectives by school boards / schools, teachers . Input indicators Access indicators Output indicators Outcome indicators
  • 54. Input indicators •Resources /means •No. of teachers •Building •Teaching materials •PTR •Textbook •Cost per pupil Access /process indicators •Geographical distance to school •Family background •Cultural background •Family economic conditions •Cost of education- fees,uniform •School vehicles •Vission of school etc. Outcome indicators •Learning outcomes by NCERT •Attitude change •Productivity and income of graduates • development of desired Values •All round development etc. Output indicators Related to achievement of immediate objectives of education policies/class •Enrolment rate •Drop out rate •Retention rate •By region, locality, type of school, genderwise, caste wise •Achievement level •Pass percentage etc. •
  • 55. https://au.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/what-is-performance- indicator?utm_campaign=earnedsocial%3Acareerguide%3Asharedirectshare%3AAU&utm_content=What%20Is%20a%20Perform ance%20Indicator%3F%20%28And%20How%20To%20Create%20One%29&utm_medium=social&utm_source=directshare types of performance indicators • Input indicators measure the number of resources a company requires for a particular project. Examples of input indicators include cash at hand, equipment acquired and staff time. • Process / access indicators :it measures or indicate the demands of resources and access related factors of population i.e how much population demands a particular facility/training and how much have access to that facility. • Output indicators: Output indicators measure the failure or success of a process or access activity. Examples of output indicators include profits, dropout and new enrollment. They may also refer to the efficiency of training sessions or technical assistance. • Outcome indicators : It measure the effect or impact of policies and projects on living standard of population.
  • 56. प्रदशिन सोंक े तक ों क े प्रकार • इनपुट सोंक े तक क्षकसी क्षिशेष पररय जना क े क्षलए क ों पनी द्वारा आिश्क सोंसाधन ों की सोंख्या क मापते हैं। इनपुट सोंक े तक ों क े उदाहरण ों में हाथ में नकदी, अक्षधग्रहीत उपकरण और कमिचाररय ों का समय शाक्षमल हैं। • प्रक्षक्रया/पहुोंच सोंक े तक: यह जनसोंख्या क े सोंसाधन ों और पहुोंच से सोंबोंक्षधत कारक ों की माोंग क मापता है या इोंक्षगत करता है यानी क्षकतनी आबादी क्षकसी क्षिशेष सुक्षिधा/प्रक्षशिण की माोंग करती है और उस सुक्षिधा तक क्षकतनी पहुोंच है। • आउटपुट सोंक े तक: आउटपुट सोंक े तक क्षकसी प्रक्षक्रया या पहुोंच गक्षतक्षिक्षध की क्षिफलता या सफलता क मापते हैं। आउटपुट सोंक े तक ों क े उदाहरण ों में लाभ, ि र ॉपआउट और नया नामाोंकन शाक्षमल हैं। िे प्रक्षशिण सत् या तकनीकी सहायता की दिता का भी उल्लेख कर सकते हैं। • पररणाम सोंक े तक: यह जनसोंख्या क े जीिन स्तर पर नीक्षतय ों और पररय जनाओों क े प्रभाि या प्रभाि क मापता है।
  • 57. Importance of indicators of quality learning • Helps in indicating how much we need to work for achievement of goals of education. • What is remaining in achievement of objectives. • how access to education can be universalised or made easy . • Helps in policy formulation and policy change • Implementation of various schemes / projects related to education . • Helps in enhancement of educational quality . • helps in making education a global affair. • Helps in addition of new discipline and subjects at school level according to changing demands of society. यह इोंक्षगत करने में मदद करता है क्षक क्षशिा क े लक्ष् ों की प्रास्प्त क े क्षलए हमें क्षकतना काम करने की आिश्कता है। उद्देश् ों की प्रास्प्त में क्ा शेष है। क्षशिा की पहुोंच क क ै से साििभौम बनाया जा सकता है या आसान बनाया जा सकता है। नीक्षत क्षनमािण और नीक्षत पररितिन में मदद करता है क्षशिा से सोंबोंक्षधत क्षिक्षभन्न य जनाओों/पररय जनाओों का क्षक्रयान्वयन। शैक्षिक गुणित्ता बढाने में मदद करता है। क्षशिा क िैक्षश्वक मामला बनाने में मदद करता है। समाज की बदलती माोंग ों क े अनुसार स्क ू ल स्तर पर नए अनुशासन और क्षिषय ों क ज डने में मदद करता है।
  • 58. Teaching and learning as interactive process क्षशिण तथा अक्षधगम -सोंिादात्मक प्रक्षक्रया क े रूप में
  • 59. Teaching learning process • The teaching-learning process represents the channel of communication through which the individual strives to acquire the habits, skills, knowledge, attitude, values and appreciation, that are vital for surviving in the information age. The teaching-learning, therefore, becomes a process by which changes in behavioural patterns are produced through experience. • क्षशिण-सीखने की प्रक्षक्रया सोंचार क े उस चैनल का प्रक्षतक्षनक्षधत्व करती है क्षजसक े माध्यम से व्यस्ि आदत ों, कौशल, ज्ञान, दृक्षष्टक ण, मूल् ों और प्रशोंसा क प्राप्त करने का प्रयास करता है, ज सूचना युग में जीक्षित रहने क े क्षलए महत्वपूणि हैं। इसक्षलए, क्षशिण-अक्षधगम एक ऐसी प्रक्षक्रया बन जाती है क्षजसक े द्वारा अनुभि क े माध्यम से व्यिहाररक प्रक्षतमान ों में पररितिन उत्पन्न क्षकए जाते हैं।
  • 60. Teaching –learning as interactive process • “Teaching is an interaction process. Interaction means participation of both teacher and learners and both are benefitted by this. The interaction takes place for achieving desired objectives” Ned A. Flanders • (क्षशिण एक अोंतःक्षक्रयात्मक प्रक्षक्रया है। सहभाक्षगता का अथि है क्षशिक और क्षशिाथी द न ों की भागीदारी और इससे द न ों लाभास्न्वत ह ते हैं। िाोंक्षछत उद्देश् ों क प्राप्त करने क े क्षलए बातचीत ह ती है ”) • Classroom interaction/ teaching Teacher Learner Curriculum Merriam-websters dictionary: ineraction is “mutual or reciprocal action or influence” Cambrige dictionary : ‘a situation where two or more people or things communicate with each other or react to each another
  • 61. Characteristics of interactive teaching सोंिादात्मक क्षशिण की क्षिशेषताएों • It is a participatory process. • It is a mutual process. • Interaction revolves around a common objective/goal . • Interaction process helps in development of satisfaction with the process. • It is beneficial for all the participants. • Supervisory control(teacher, group leader) is required. • It is a planned process as proper Planning is associated with greater content achievement.(analysing teacher behaviour,Ned Flanders)
  • 62. Generally Following three types of interaction occurs in classroom : – Teacher-student interaction (TS) क्षशिक-छात् सहभाक्षगता – Student- student interactionछात्-छात् सहभाक्षगता (SS) – Teacher – class interaction क्षशिक-किा अोंतःक्षक्रया (TC) • Teacher talk and student talk • Verbal and non verbal interaction Interaction process has three domain according to ,( Bobrow, Daniel. (1991). Dimensions of Interaction. Ai Magazine - AIM. 12. ) 1. Communication 2. Coordination 3. Integration Dimensions of interaction Coordination (समन्वय) Integration (एकीकरण) Communicati on((सोंचार)
  • 63. Success of interactive process • Barnes McConnell (1978) says faculty members will be more successful if they see themselves less as judges or dispensor of wisdom and more as a resource pesron. • https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/teachin g-as-an-interactive-process-8KYof3c0J8?
  • 64. Techniques of teaching – interactive process(catering ID) • Group interaction techniques – Brainstorming(where group members suggest in rapid fire order all the solutions they could think of) – Symposium (series of short speeches on different aspects of any topic given by students in front of their class) – Discussion ( conversational form with a leader in front of the class – debate (a pro and con discussion on controversial issue by groups representative of each side) – Problem solving (a specific problem is presented for group solution or individual solutions) – Leaderless group discussion – Brainstorming – Case study – Think-pair-share technique – Question and answer technique – Roll-playing – Incident –process method (by Pigors and Pigors,1961; group task is to identify which information they need to solve question) – Jigsaw method – Team-pair-solo etc
  • 65. क्षशिण की तकनीक ें - सोंिादात्मक प्रक्षक्रया • समूह सहभाक्षगता तकनीक • ब्रेनस्टॉक्षमिंग (जहाों समूह क े सदस्य रैक्षपि फायर क्रम में िे सभी समाधान सुझाते हैं क्षजनक े बारे में िे स च सकते हैं) • सोंग ष्ठी (छात् ों द्वारा अपनी किा क े सामने क्षदए गए क्षकसी भी क्षिषय क े क्षिक्षभन्न पहलुओों पर लघु भाषण ों की श्ृोंखला) • चचाि (किा क े सामने एक नेता क े साथ सोंिादात्मक रूप • िाद-क्षििाद (प्रत्येक पि क े समूह ों क े प्रक्षतक्षनक्षधय ों द्वारा क्षििादास्पद मुद्दे पर समथिक और क्षिपि की चचाि) • समस्या समाधान (समूह समाधान या व्यस्िगत समाधान क े क्षलए एक क्षिक्षशष्ट समस्या प्रस्तुत की जाती है) • नेताक्षिहीन समूह चचाि • मोंथन • क े स स्टिी • क्षथोंक-पेयर-शेयर तकनीक • प्रश् और उत्तर तकनीक • र ल-प्लेइोंग • घटना-प्रक्षक्रया क्षिक्षध (क्षपगसि और क्षपगसि द्वारा, 1961; समूह कायि यह पहचानना है क्षक उन्हें प्रश् हल करने क े क्षलए कौन सी जानकारी की आिश्कता है) • पहेली क्षिक्षध • टीम-ज डी-एकल आक्षद
  • 66. Benefits • Students become active • Learning become interesting • Objectives achieved effectively • Difficult content acheive,ment

Editor's Notes

  1. Discipline is specialized by a unit of knowledge, a method and a tradition.