Css ethics beyond thou shalt not
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Presentation to College of Saint Scholastica School of Business and Technology, with the support of the Arend Sandbulte Endowment for Business Ethics
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- Thomas Hobbes argued that in a state of nature without government, life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" due to individuals looking out for their own self-interest. He believed people consented to form societies and cede some rights to a sovereign authority in order to have security and order.
- John Locke believed individuals in a state of nature had natural rights and consented to form governments to better protect those rights from harm, as living without such protection would leave individuals in a state of fear. He advocated for limiting government power to protect individual freedoms.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued people in a state of nature had more freedom and morality,
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This document introduces several ethical theories: Kantianism focuses on treating people as ends rather than means; utilitarianism evaluates actions based on their consequences and maximizing happiness; social contract theory proposes that individuals implicitly consent to moral rules for the benefit of society; and virtue ethics emphasizes cultivating moral character through habitually doing right actions. The document provides examples applying these theories to scenarios around plagiarism, highway construction, computer viruses, marketing practices, and more.
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1. Hermeneutics is an interpretive method for understanding human meaning and values, which are culturally and historically situated. Positivism is too restrictive for understanding human motivation fully.
2. Interpretation of social and cultural contexts is needed to understand human experience, separate from studying natural sciences. Shared meanings and norms are constructed through communication within a community.
3. Through interpretive understanding of others' perspectives and motivations informed by shared cultural systems, it is possible to overcome the subject-object divide in understanding human behavior.
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Kant believed there are absolute moral laws called categorical imperatives that dictate how we ought to act regardless of the consequences of those actions. His fundamental principle of morality is that we should only act in a way that the actions could become a universal law without contradiction. For Kant, morality depends on having a good will and doing the right action for its own sake rather than for personal desires or consequences. He argued that because humans are rational beings capable of reason, they have intrinsic worth and dignity that should never be violated by treating them as mere means to an end.
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2) Utilitarianism judges the morality of actions based on their consequences and promoting the greatest good for the greatest number.
3) Aristotle's doctrine of the mean teaches that virtue and developing good character lead to a good life.
4) Indian traditions discuss concepts like dharma, artha, moksha, and the gunas that influence views of human nature, society, and development.
Kantianism
Kant's deontological moral philosophy is based on the categorical imperative and the idea that individuals have a duty to act based on universal moral rules and principles rather than consequences. There are three formulations of the categorical imperative: 1) only act in ways that could become a universal law; 2) treat humanity as an end in itself, never merely as a means; 3) act as if you are a lawmaker formulating universal rules. Kant believed that morality comes from rational will and duty rather than desires. However, some Islamic scholars criticize Kant for making human rationality the sole source of morality and for allowing subjective maxims rather than basing morality on obedience to divine commands.
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The document discusses the field of ethics and moral philosophy. It defines ethics as the study of evaluating human actions and morality as concerning proper behavior. It outlines the three main areas of moral philosophy: metaethics investigates the basis of morality, normative ethics focuses on ethical standards, and applied ethics applies theory to practical issues. The document also examines the views of several philosophers on the importance of moral reflection, including Socrates advocating examining one's life, Aristotle linking happiness to fulfilling one's nature through reason, and Kant's notion of conscience as a process of moral self-judgment.
Kantianism
Kant's deontological moral philosophy is based on the categorical imperative and the idea that morality depends on duty and the good will rather than consequences. The categorical imperative has three formulations: first, act only according to maxims that could become universal laws; second, act to treat humanity as an end in itself, never as a mere means; and third, act as a member of a kingdom of ends where all rational beings give universal laws. Islamic philosophers criticize Kant for making human rationality the sole source of morality and for proposing subjective moral principles rather than objective divine commands. For Islam, intention includes knowledge, will, and obedience to God's commands, and intention combined with action determines moral worth.
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Immanuel Kant was an 18th century German philosopher who developed the categorical imperative as a way to determine morality. The categorical imperative states that moral rules must be universal and that people should never be treated merely as a means to an end. Kant believed that human nature is fundamentally good and that we have a duty to act according to moral rules derived from pure reason alone. He argued that morality depends on intention rather than outcomes and that we have universal duties that apply regardless of inclination.
Immanuel Kant - An 18th Century Western Philosopher
Immanuel Kant was an 18th century German philosopher born in 1724 in Konigsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). Some of Kant's major contributions included his categorical imperative, critique of pure reason, critique of practical reason, and critique of judgment. In his works, Kant explored concepts like deontology, aesthetics, and moral philosophy. He is regarded as one of the central figures in modern philosophy.
Deontological ethics
Deontological ethics focuses on adherence to moral rules and duties rather than consequences. It is based on the ideas of Immanuel Kant, who argued that an act is only right if it is done from duty and respects rational moral laws. For Kant, the only unqualified good is a good will, and morality requires acting only on principles that could become universal rules followed by all rational beings. He formulated the categorical imperative as a test of whether actions truly respect humanity as an end in itself.
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Css ethics beyond thou shalt not
- 1. Beyond ”Thou Shalt Not:” Ethics for a Meaningful and Successful Life College of Saint Scholastica February 24, 2011 Charles A. Weinstein, Ph.D.
- 2. I am honored join you today… • Positive Ethics? • Ethical Decision-Making • The Ethics of Engagement • The Power of Purpose
- 3. “Business ethics is so…negative.”
- 4. Ethical leaders empower others to improve the world
- 5. Who needs ethical leadership?
- 7. Ethical Decision Making • Authority or Traditions. • Conscience or gut feel. • Name-calling OR • Ethical frameworks • Analytical thinking • Constructive discussion
- 8. Prevailing Ethical Theories • Virtue Ethics • Rights-Based Theories • Kantianism • Utilitarianism
- 9. 3,000 years in 5 minutes Aristotle John Locke Immanuel Kant J.S. Mill b. 384 BCE b. 1632 b. 1724 b. 1806 Think “OMAR”: Outcomes – Motives – Agent – Rights
- 10. Ethical Discussion Framework Outcomes Motives Agent Rights • Articulate position (or competing positions). • Define disagreements or points of contention. • Clarify terms and concepts • Seek and clarify situation facts and objective data • Analyze positions
- 11. Measuring Engagement • Retention • Safety • Customer Service • Productivity • Profitability Source: Gallup G12 Summary
- 12. Employee Engagement Drivers • Clear expectations for performance • Adequate materials and equipment • Ability to succeed in assigned roles • A supervisor who cares about subordinates • Co-workers committed to quality work • Opportunities to learn and grow Source: Gallup G12 Summary
- 13. Learning from Sisyphus • Sisyphus angered gods through a variety of antics. “Accounts vary.” • His sentence was the worst thing the storytellers could imagine for a smart, engaged person.
- 14. A virtuous cycle Purpose Pride Expectations Performance
- 15. ELA “Firefighter’s Paradox” Where can we protect more lives and property?
- 16. Best Practices from Hospice Care • Group sessions to process, share (and grieve). • Individual relationships pervade teams and enterprise. • Culture of mutual support and awareness
- 17. The oldest leadership seminar If we • Safety and comfort aren’t telling stories, • Tactical information others surely are! • Problem-solving • Strategic decisions • Who are we???
- 18. Thank you for your attention! Charles A. Weinstein, Ph.D. Ethical Leaders in Action, LLC cweinstein@ethinact.com 651-646-1512 “We enable ethical leaders to achieve extraordinary results”