Assignment 1
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The document discusses several ethical theories: - Subjective relativism and cultural relativism hold that morality is determined by individual or cultural perspectives. - Divine command theory says morality obeys God's commands. - Ethical egoism and act utilitarianism focus on individual or short-term benefits. - Kantianism and rule utilitarianism emphasize duty and long-term consequences. - Social contract theory sees morality arising from implicit agreements within society. The document also provides examples to illustrate each theory and analyzes whether copying a music CD or sharing exam answers aligns with each framework. It concludes that sharing answers violates rules and duties.
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Kant's deontological moral philosophy is based on the categorical imperative and the idea that morality depends on duty and the good will rather than consequences. The categorical imperative has three formulations: first, act only according to maxims that could become universal laws; second, act to treat humanity as an end in itself, never as a mere means; and third, act as a member of a kingdom of ends where all rational beings give universal laws. Islamic philosophers criticize Kant for making human rationality the sole source of morality and for proposing subjective moral principles rather than objective divine commands. For Islam, intention includes knowledge, will, and obedience to God's commands, and intention combined with action determines moral worth.
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Immanuel Kant was an 18th century German philosopher who developed the categorical imperative as a way to determine morality. The categorical imperative states that moral rules must be universal and that people should never be treated merely as a means to an end. Kant believed that human nature is fundamentally good and that we have a duty to act according to moral rules derived from pure reason alone. He argued that morality depends on intention rather than outcomes and that we have universal duties that apply regardless of inclination.
Immanuel Kant - An 18th Century Western Philosopher
Immanuel Kant was an 18th century German philosopher born in 1724 in Konigsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). Some of Kant's major contributions included his categorical imperative, critique of pure reason, critique of practical reason, and critique of judgment. In his works, Kant explored concepts like deontology, aesthetics, and moral philosophy. He is regarded as one of the central figures in modern philosophy.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in business ethics including ethical theories, corporate social responsibility, corporate governance, and critical thinking. It discusses utilitarianism, rights theory, justice theory, and other ethical frameworks. It also covers guidelines for ethical decision making, identifies logical fallacies, and provides test questions to assess understanding.
Immanuel Kant
Kant was a highly influential German philosopher from the 18th century. He grew up in Prussia and had a strict upbringing, excelling in school from a young age. After his father's death, he worked as a tutor for many years before returning to university to teach for over 15 years. Kant developed groundbreaking works in epistemology, ethics, and metaphysics. Though controversial for his unconventional religious views, he was considered one of the greatest modern philosophers. Kant lived a regimented life dedicated to his work until his death in 1804 at age 79 from a degenerative illness.
Kant - Explain Categorical Imperative
Kant's categorical imperative holds that people should act based on a sense of duty rather than for rewards or consequences. The categorical imperative is to act solely from duty, whereas the hypothetical imperative involves acting to receive a reward. According to Kant, the categorical imperative is the only proper way to act. He gives the example of helping an elderly woman cross the street purely out of duty rather than for personal reward or feeling good. Kant believed people should strive for the highest good or "summum bonum," which involves achieving happiness through virtue, though this can only be attained after death.
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ETHICAL THEORIES.pptx
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Ethical issues for administrators power point session#4.bb.fa17
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9.5 Moral Theories
All moral claims are grounded in some moral theory. It is the nature of such claims that they are based on a system of beliefs about what is right and wrong, just and unjust.
The table below lists a handful of the moral theories you are most likely to encounter in ethical arguments today. It’s important to note that each one has its own strengths and weaknesses.
Moral theories give you general guidelines, but you still usually have to apply moral reasoning in individual cases to test them out. For example, none of these theories explicitly claim that killing is wrong. The theories are more about how you would ground your claim that killing is wrong.
Moral theories are also not mutually exclusive. The argument that killing is wrong could be grounded in all of these theories.
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You may see wisdom in all of these perspectives, or you may strongly identify with a single one. Regardless, it's important for you to recognize the potential weaknesses in any moral theory you favor, and it's helpful for you to understand why others find legitimacy in the moral theories they employ.
Theory
Criticisms
Kantian Ethics
· Immanuel Kant put forth the categorical imperative, which states that you should only act on moral principles that you would be willing to turn into universal laws mandating that everyone act the same way.
· This is a version of the question, “How would you like it if everyone did that?”
Any two people who want to get married should be able to.
· This theory is so absolute that it sometimes goes against moral common sense.
It’s wrong to kiss my spouse because I would not like it if everyone kissed my spouse.
Utilitarianism
· The morally right course of action is the one that will produce the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.
· The only thing that matters is the consequences of the action, not the intentions behind the action (the ends justify the means).
· Ignores people’s rights, duties, and intentions.
· Could be used to justify an act that most would consider morally wrong because it inflicts harm on one person unjustly, even if it brings great happiness to many others.
It’s okay to steal money from my neighbor and take my family on a vacation, because then my whole family would be happy, and only my neighbor would be harmed.
Ethical Egoism
· Doing whatever is best for your own interests or would make you happy.
· This is not necessarily the same thing as doing whatever you want in the moment, because that might not be in your best interests in the long term.
· Can be used to justify terrible actions.
Ethical Altruism
· Doing whatever is best for others or would bring the greatest amount of happiness to people besides yourself.
· Some.
Philosophy of moral
This document provides an overview of moral philosophy, outlining its key areas and questions. It discusses meta-ethics, which examines the nature of morality, and normative ethics, which analyzes moral codes and theories like utilitarianism and deontology. Applied ethics involves applying ethical principles to real dilemmas. The document also addresses objections to deriving morality from religion and analyzes non-cognitivist and error theories in meta-ethics. It concludes that utilitarianism's focus on increasing happiness makes it a principled, universal, and ideal moral system.
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- Moral relativism holds that morality depends on individuals and societies, making universal principles impossible.
- Consequentialism judges acts based on their outcomes and consequences rather than motives. It is difficult to foresee all consequences.
- Deontology focuses on duties and obligations over outcomes. Kant's categorical imperatives provide rules for determining duties.
The document examines each theory's strengths and limitations in determining ethical standards and guiding human behavior.
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This document provides an overview and introduction to ethics. It discusses the goals of helping understand ethical concepts and providing background on historical ethical theories. It focuses on Western ethics and will not argue which theory is correct. Instead, it will show how theories reflect different ways of thinking about morality. It introduces the Heinz dilemma as an example to examine ethical issues. It discusses how people approach ethics through values, reasons, and principles and how moral disagreements arise from diverse interpretations. Engaging in ethics involves discussing values and finding solutions through understanding different perspectives. It examines roadblocks like dogmatism, relativism, and overreliance on facts. Finally, it summarizes some key ethical theories like utilitarianism and deontology.
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II Ethical Decision Making in Business
(Why good people do bad things)
Greg Smith
Choice of
Ethical
Perspective
Morality:
The social rules that govern & limit our conduct, especially the ultimate rules concerning right and wrong.
The basic guidelines for cooperative social existence.
Serves to restrain the purely self-interested desires in each of us in order to make it possible for all of us to live together.
When we make a decision or take an action we can be:
Moral - in compliance with moral standards
key operating questions of management is "is this action or decision fair to us and all stakeholders involved?"
Immoral - in opposition to moral standards
key operating question of management is "can we make money with this action or decision regardless of what it takes?"
Amoral - without consideration of moral standards
key operating question of management is "can we make money with this action or decision?"
Nonmoral - outside the sphere of moral concern
Moral standards get confused with:
Law Etiquette
Conscience
Corporate/Professional Codes
Religion
Moral Relativism:
The belief that morality is just a function of what a particular society happens to believe, that what is right is determined by what a society says is right.
abortion is condemned as immoral in Catholic Spain, but is practiced as a morally neutral form of birth control in Japan
Moral relativists believe that there is no absolute moral standard independent of culture, no universal definition of right or wrong.
polygamy, stealing, slavery have all been tolerated by the moral system of one society or another
Moral Universalism is the belief that variations in moral standards reflect different factual circumstances rather than fundamental differences in values.
Which is right?
It is good to emphasize that in viewing other cultures we should keep
an open mind and not simply dismiss their social practices.
Compromise position is Moral Perspectivalism,
the consideration of multiple perspectives while at the same time asserting universal truths.
Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development
*
1. Preconventional Level:
- how we behave as infants & children
- emphasis in decisions is on ourselves
Stage 1 - Reaction to punishment - pain avoidance
Stage 2 - Seeking of rewards - praise, candy, trip to a movie
2. Conventional Level:
- child learns the importance of conforming to norms of society
Stage 3 - Good boy/nice girl morality - rewards such as feelings of warmth, loyalty acceptance from family & peers
Stage 4 - Law and order morality - certain norms are expected in society - individual sees himself as part of a larger social system
3. Postconventional Level:
- a more advanced notion of right or wrong than that which is conventionally articulated
- moral principles are internalized, seen as "right"
- focus is on humanity as a whole
- f.
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Assignment 1
- 3. 1. DEFINITION OF ETHICAL THEORIES SUBJECTIVE RELATIVISM • We each create our own morality where we decide our understanding on what is right and what is wrong • It is always about “me” but still considers others • Example: I think it’s immoral for a student to copying the assignment from other student. I think it is an unethical. You don’t think that. That’s just your opinion; let’s agree or disagree.
- 4. Cultural Relativism • What is right and what is wrong depends on the society’s guidelines. • One society may say an action as right at one time and wrong in another society or in another time. • Example: Family kills a women family member who is raped in Somalia, herein Malaysia it is totally wrong to kills someone
- 5. Divine Command Theory • Have their own moral guidelines to follow. • Obliged to follow God because they believe that it holds morality according to God’s will. • Based on obedience not the reasons
- 6. Ethical Egoism • It is all about “me”, not considers about others • The community can benefit when individuals put their well-being first • Example: A person starting up a bakery in town where there is none. The individuals sees an opportunity to make profit, by selling bread, in a town with no, or very little competition. In effect he has captured the market and is able to make a lot of money by pursuing his own self-interest. The town however gains the resource of bread and through his specialisation into one field he can produce the goods more efficiently than other members of society could if they were to make it for only themselves
- 7. Kantianism • Moral action that is performed because of the sense of duty which action that is based on “This is what I has to do”, not based upon feelings or pity. • Motive is the most important thing in Kantianism in determining the morality. • Everyone should be treated as an ends and never as a means. • If you inclined to do something, your action is immoral. • Example: If a building is on fire, it is your duty to save people inside even the people inside are murderers. You would save the people for the sake of saving them and no other reasons
- 8. Act Utilitarianism • Figure out the consequences and then determine the action was right • It is a good action if it brings more benefit to the majority of people • Concerned with short term consequences • Example: You go in to save someone and the end up drowning. By following act utilitarianism, the action is wrong because the consequences was bad and give sorrow to majority of people
- 9. Rule Utilitarianism • Deals with the desire of actions to produce more pleasure and the least amount of pain • The correctness of rules depends on the amount of good it brings about when followed and vice versa. • Concerned with long term consequences • Example: A friend comes to your door and asked to be hidden so they are not killed. • You then hide them in the basement and there is a knock at the door and it is the person who is looking for you friend. They ask if your friend is hiding here. Based on rule utilitarianism, choosing to tell the truth even though it leads to bad consequences. Thinking long term because lying is always wrong to do and leads to negative consequences
- 10. Social Contract Theory • Is more on a government concept which is a basic rules for a government where it is the consent given by the people. • Persons morality is depends on a contract and agreement among them all to form the society • Example: The first people in the area of North America that is now the US had to sign a social contract to start making laws.
- 11. 2. If you as a group had to choose only one of the ethical theories and use it for all of your personal ethical decision-making, which theory would you choose? Why? In our group we would follow Kantianism theory for decision making. This is due to action will be taken on underlying principle which the moral worth of any action is judged. According to this theory, universalizing a maxim or statement will lead to being valid. We will see on the whole and whats our duty. All we see is that on our action which is good or bad which purely depends on the reason. Through this theory we also show our common sense views on the good and bad depends on rational action.Regarding this theory,we a act in a way that we give priority to humanity be it in our own person or other person. Whatever decision or action taken must be rational as the act will be part of the universal so we will think widely upon any decision. We will have a goal when taking decision.
- 12. 3. People give a variety of reasons for copying a music CD from a friend instead of buying it. Refute each of the reasons given below using one of the theories described. a. Ethical Egoism b. Act Utilitarianism c. Subjective d. Kantianism Relativism e. Rule Utilitarianism f. Social Contract Theory g. Cultural Relativism
- 13. 4. The morality of Mary is wrong. At first they are supposed to do their own work but John was asking for the answer from Mary and she responded to John by giving him the answer. Mary influenced John by getting lazy to do his own work. Second, they are free to consult their lecture notes and the textbook while taking the quiz but they both breached the rules by discussing and exchanging the answers. Mary should not give John the answer as the instructor has explained the rules of the quiz. In conclusion, Mary's action is totally wrong and she should reject John's request for answer and let him to do the quiz by himself as the quiz can be repeated as many times as they wish.
- 14. 11/28/2014