Kant's deontological moral philosophy is based on the categorical imperative and the idea that morality depends on duty and the good will rather than consequences. The categorical imperative has three formulations: first, act only according to maxims that could become universal laws; second, act to treat humanity as an end in itself, never as a mere means; and third, act as a member of a kingdom of ends where all rational beings give universal laws. Islamic philosophers criticize Kant for making human rationality the sole source of morality and for proposing subjective moral principles rather than objective divine commands. For Islam, intention includes knowledge, will, and obedience to God's commands, and intention combined with action determines moral worth.

1. Kantianism

2. • What makes a right act right?
• -it is certain features in the act itself or the
rule of which the act is a token or example
that determine the rightness or wrongness of
an act
• -the end never justifies the means

3. • 2 kinds of deontological theories
• 1-act deontological system
• -right and wrong based on conscience or our
intuitions or a choice apart from any rules
• -conscience-to discover the morally right or
wrong to do

4. • -or nothing is right or wrong until we choose
for ourselves what is right or wrong

5. • Its disadvantages
• -it is hard to see how any argument could take
place with an intuitionist
• -the act of abortion
• 2-it seems that rules are necessary to all
reasoning, including moral reasoning

6. • 3-different situations seem to share common
features, so it would be inconsistent for us to
prescribe different moral actions

7. • 2-rule deontological system
• -it accepts the principle of universality as well
as the notion that, in making moral
judgments, we appealing to principles or rules
• It comprises of 2 types
• -rule intuitionism & rationalism or objectivism
& absolitism

8. Kant’s rule deontological system
• Introduction
• -1724-1804
• -was an absolutist as well as rationalist
• -reason can be use to work out a consistent,
non overridable sets of moral principles

9. • -the parents were Pietists in the Lutheran
church
• --who emphasized sincerity, deep feeling, &
moral life rather than theological doctrine
• --it is the religion of the heart, not the head
• --Kant emphasized the head as much as the
heart

10. • 3 factors influences
• 1- Pietism
• 2-the work of Rousseau (1712-1778) on
human freedom
• --the importance of man’s dignity
• --the intrinsic value of man apart from any
function they might perform

11. • --it is not correct belief/ result that really
matter but inner goodness
• --the idea is that God judges us not on how
successful we are in accomplishing our tasks
but how earnestly we have lived according to
our principle
• --the good will as the sole intrinsic good in life

12. • 3-the debate bet. Rationalism & empiricism
• -rationalist claimed that pure reason could tell
us how the world is, independent of
experience
• -empiricist denied that man has any innate
ideas and argued that all k/ledge comes from
experience

13. • -with regard to moral k/ledge,
• -the rationalist-man’s k/ledge of moral
principles is a type of metaphysical k/ledge,
implanted in us by God, and discoverable by
reason as it deduces general principles about
human nature

14. • -the empiricist-morality is founded entirely on
the contingencies of human nature and based
on desire
• -as for Kant, it is not desire that ground
morality but our rational will
• -the removal of moral truth from
contingencies & empirical observation to the
necessary, absolute, universal truth

15. Kant’s CI
• 3 formulations of CI
• 1-the principle of maxim and universal law
• -act only according to that maxim (general
rule that one intends to act) by which u can at
the same time will that it would become a
universal law (an objective principle)

16. • --if u could consistently will that e/one would
act on given maxim-that shows moral
responsibility of action
• -if not then the type of action is morally wrong

17. • -for Kant,
• --what make a person morally good is to have
a good will.
• --what kind of intention makes a person
morally good is the notion of duty
• --what does it mean for a person to act “from
duty” is to resolve to do whatever the moral
law obligates one to do, out of respect for the
law

18. • 2-the principle of end
• -act as to treat humanity, whether in ur own
person or in that of any other, in every case as
an end & never as a means
• --man as a rational being is having value which
entails that he never be exploited

19. • 3-the principle of autonomy
• -every rational being is able to regard oneself
as a maker of universal law; that is, we do not
need an external authority-be it God, the
state, the culture, an individual- to determine
the nature of the moral law
• In other words,

20. • -e/one who is ideally rational will legislate
exactly the same universal moral principle

21. • Islamic criticism
• 1-man as an independence source of moral
values
• -human rationality is central to the whole idea
of morality
• -though he is not the only rational, others are
not human

22. • 2-Its moral principles/ maxims is subjective
• -any type of action in any type of
circumstances for a reason( be acted on by all
rational being in similar circumstances)
doesn’t reflect the universality

23. • 3-Good will as the universal of lawgiver
• -to act morally is to freely choose n make the
moral decision
• -without look to society, gov, religious
• leader, God for our moral decision, desire,
preference for these will end up to self love

24. • Intention -Islamic View
• I)It include of 3 elements
• 1)to u/stand of what one is doing(knowledge)
• 2)to want to do it(will)
• 3)to want it precisely bcoz it is comanded

25. • II)intention as a condition of validity
• (x knowledge) X (x will) = x responsibility
• unconscious X involuntary act= x qualified for
good or bad
• conscious X involuntary act=x qualified for
good or bad

26. • III)Intention and nature of moral action
• good/bad intention rely on its agreement
/disagreement with the law
• -it disregard the absolute good without
restriction (to justify error as virtue)good
intention X bad action= ?
• Bad intention X good action= ?

27. • IV)Its prevalence (commonness) over the
action
• -Intention = 2maintain purity of the heart
• -Act =2 develop the wellbeing of the fellow
man
• ---decision making faculty + power of
execution

28. conclusion
• Does it enough by itself????????
• Action X (intention-bad)=?
• Action X (intention-flawed)=?
• Bad action X (intention-good)=?