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Kantianism
- 1.
- 2. • What makesa right act right? • -it is certain features in the act itself or the rule of which the act is a token or example that determine the rightness or wrongness of an act • -the end never justifies the means
- 3. • 2 kindsof deontological theories • 1-act deontological system • -right and wrong based on conscience or our intuitions or a choice apart from any rules • -conscience-to discover the morally right or wrong to do
- 4. • -or nothingis right or wrong until we choose for ourselves what is right or wrong
- 5. • Its disadvantages •-it is hard to see how any argument could take place with an intuitionist • -the act of abortion • 2-it seems that rules are necessary to all reasoning, including moral reasoning
- 6. • 3-different situationsseem to share common features, so it would be inconsistent for us to prescribe different moral actions
- 7. • 2-rule deontologicalsystem • -it accepts the principle of universality as well as the notion that, in making moral judgments, we appealing to principles or rules • It comprises of 2 types • -rule intuitionism & rationalism or objectivism & absolitism
- 8. Kant’s rule deontologicalsystem • Introduction • -1724-1804 • -was an absolutist as well as rationalist • -reason can be use to work out a consistent, non overridable sets of moral principles
- 9. • -the parentswere Pietists in the Lutheran church • --who emphasized sincerity, deep feeling, & moral life rather than theological doctrine • --it is the religion of the heart, not the head • --Kant emphasized the head as much as the heart
- 10. • 3 factorsinfluences • 1- Pietism • 2-the work of Rousseau (1712-1778) on human freedom • --the importance of man’s dignity • --the intrinsic value of man apart from any function they might perform
- 11. • --it isnot correct belief/ result that really matter but inner goodness • --the idea is that God judges us not on how successful we are in accomplishing our tasks but how earnestly we have lived according to our principle • --the good will as the sole intrinsic good in life
- 12. • 3-the debatebet. Rationalism & empiricism • -rationalist claimed that pure reason could tell us how the world is, independent of experience • -empiricist denied that man has any innate ideas and argued that all k/ledge comes from experience
- 13. • -with regardto moral k/ledge, • -the rationalist-man’s k/ledge of moral principles is a type of metaphysical k/ledge, implanted in us by God, and discoverable by reason as it deduces general principles about human nature
- 14. • -the empiricist-moralityis founded entirely on the contingencies of human nature and based on desire • -as for Kant, it is not desire that ground morality but our rational will • -the removal of moral truth from contingencies & empirical observation to the necessary, absolute, universal truth
- 15. Kant’s CI • 3formulations of CI • 1-the principle of maxim and universal law • -act only according to that maxim (general rule that one intends to act) by which u can at the same time will that it would become a universal law (an objective principle)
- 16. • --if ucould consistently will that e/one would act on given maxim-that shows moral responsibility of action • -if not then the type of action is morally wrong
- 17. • -for Kant, •--what make a person morally good is to have a good will. • --what kind of intention makes a person morally good is the notion of duty • --what does it mean for a person to act “from duty” is to resolve to do whatever the moral law obligates one to do, out of respect for the law
- 18. • 2-the principleof end • -act as to treat humanity, whether in ur own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end & never as a means • --man as a rational being is having value which entails that he never be exploited
- 19. • 3-the principleof autonomy • -every rational being is able to regard oneself as a maker of universal law; that is, we do not need an external authority-be it God, the state, the culture, an individual- to determine the nature of the moral law • In other words,
- 20. • -e/one whois ideally rational will legislate exactly the same universal moral principle
- 21. • Islamic criticism •1-man as an independence source of moral values • -human rationality is central to the whole idea of morality • -though he is not the only rational, others are not human
- 22. • 2-Its moralprinciples/ maxims is subjective • -any type of action in any type of circumstances for a reason( be acted on by all rational being in similar circumstances) doesn’t reflect the universality
- 23. • 3-Good willas the universal of lawgiver • -to act morally is to freely choose n make the moral decision • -without look to society, gov, religious • leader, God for our moral decision, desire, preference for these will end up to self love
- 24. • Intention -IslamicView • I)It include of 3 elements • 1)to u/stand of what one is doing(knowledge) • 2)to want to do it(will) • 3)to want it precisely bcoz it is comanded
- 25. • II)intention asa condition of validity • (x knowledge) X (x will) = x responsibility • unconscious X involuntary act= x qualified for good or bad • conscious X involuntary act=x qualified for good or bad
- 26. • III)Intention andnature of moral action • good/bad intention rely on its agreement /disagreement with the law • -it disregard the absolute good without restriction (to justify error as virtue)good intention X bad action= ? • Bad intention X good action= ?
- 27. • IV)Its prevalence(commonness) over the action • -Intention = 2maintain purity of the heart • -Act =2 develop the wellbeing of the fellow man • ---decision making faculty + power of execution
- 28. conclusion • Does itenough by itself???????? • Action X (intention-bad)=? • Action X (intention-flawed)=? • Bad action X (intention-good)=?