Kant's deontological moral philosophy is based on the categorical imperative and the idea that individuals have a duty to act based on universal moral rules and principles rather than consequences. There are three formulations of the categorical imperative: 1) only act in ways that could become a universal law; 2) treat humanity as an end in itself, never merely as a means; 3) act as if you are a lawmaker formulating universal rules. Kant believed that morality comes from rational will and duty rather than desires. However, some Islamic scholars criticize Kant for making human rationality the sole source of morality and for allowing subjective maxims rather than basing morality on obedience to divine commands.

1. KANTIANISM
• What makes a right act right?
• -it is certain features in the act itself or the rule of which the act
is a token or example that determine the rightness or wrongness
of an act
• -the end never justifies the means
2 kinds of deontological theories
i) act deontological system
ii) rule deontological system

2. ACT DEONTOLOGICAL SYSTEM
• -right and wrong based on conscience or our intuitions or a choice
apart from any rules
• -conscience-to discover the morally right or wrong to do
• -or nothing is right or wrong until we choose for ourselves what is
right or wrong
Its disadvantages
• -it is hard to see how any argument could take place with an
intuitionist
• -the act of abortion
• 2-it seems that rules are necessary to all reasoning, including moral
reasoning
• 3-different situations seem to share common features, so it would be
inconsistent for us to prescribe different moral actions

3. RULE DEONTOLOGICAL SYSTEM
• -it accepts the principle of universality as well as the notion that,
in making moral judgments, we appealing to principles or rules
• It comprises of 2 types :
-rule intuitionism & rationalism or objectivism & absolitism

4. KANT’S RULE DEONTOLOGICAL
SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
• -1724-1804
• -was an absolutist as well as rationalist
• -reason can be use to work out a consistent, non overridable
sets of moral principles
• -the parents were Pietists in the Lutheran church
• --who emphasized sincerity, deep feeling, & moral life rather
than theological doctrine
• --it is the religion of the heart, not the head
• --Kant emphasized the head as much as the heart

5. 3 FACTORS INFLUENCES
1- Pietism
2- the work of Rousseau (1712-1778) on human freedom
• --the importance of man’s dignity
• --the intrinsic value of man apart from any function they might
perform
• --it is not correct belief/ result that really matter but inner
goodness
• --the idea is that God judges us not on how successful we are in
accomplishing our tasks but how earnestly we have lived
according to our principle
• --the good will as the sole intrinsic good in life

6. 3- the debate bet. Rationalism & empiricism
• -rationalist claimed that pure reason could tell us how the world is,
independent of experience
• -empiricist denied that man has any innate ideas and argued that all
k/ledge comes from experience
• -with regard to moral k/ledge,
• -the rationalist-man’s k/ledge of moral principles is a type of metaphysical
k/ledge, implanted in us by God, and discoverable by reason as it deduces
general principles about human nature
• -the empiricist-morality is founded entirely on the contingencies of
human nature and based on desire
• -as for Kant, it is not desire that ground morality but our rational will
• -the removal of moral truth from contingencies & empirical observation to
the necessary, absolute, universal truth

7. Kant’s CI
3 formulations of CI
1) THE PRINCIPLE OF MAXIM AND UNIVERSAL LAW
• -act only according to that maxim (general rule that one intends to act) by
which u can at the same time will that it would become a universal law
(an objective principle)
• --if u could consistently will that e/one would act on given maxim-that
shows moral responsibility of action
• -if not then the type of action is morally wrong
• -for Kant,
• --what make a person morally good is to have a good will.
• --what kind of intention makes a person morally good is the notion of duty
• --what does it mean for a person to act “from duty” is to resolve to do
whatever the moral law obligates one to do, out of respect for the law

8. 2) THE PRINCIPLE OF END
• -act as to treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that
of any other, in every case as an end & never as a means
• --man as a rational being is having value which entails that he
never be exploited
3) THE PRINCIPLE OF AUTONOMY
• -every rational being is able to regard oneself as a maker of
universal law; that is, we do not need an external authority-be it
God, the state, the culture, an individual- to determine the
nature of the moral law
• In other words, someone who is ideally rational will legislate
exactly the same universal moral principle

9. ISLAMIC CRITICISM
1) Man as an independence source of moral values
• -human rationality is central to the whole idea of morality
• -though he is not the only rational, others are not human
2) Its moral principles/ maxims is subjective
• -any type of action in any type of circumstances for a reason( be acted on
by all rational being in similar circumstances) doesn’t reflect the
universality
3) Good will as the universal of lawgiver
• -to act morally is to freely choose n make the moral decision
• -without look to society, gov, religious
• leader, God for our moral decision, desire, preference for these will end
up to self love

10. INTENTION – ISLAMIC VIEW
a) It include of 3 elements :
i) to u/stand of what one is doing(knowledge)
ii) to want to do it(will)
iii) to want it precisely bcoz it is comanded
b) Intention as a condition of validity
• (x knowledge) X (x will) = x responsibility
• unconscious X involuntary act= x qualified for good or bad
• conscious X involuntary act=x qualified for good or bad

11. c) Intention and nature of moral action
• good/bad intention rely on its agreement /disagreement
with the law
• -it disregard the absolute good without restriction (to
justify error as virtue)good intention X bad action= ?
• Bad intention X good action= ?
d) Its prevalence (commonness) over the action
• -Intention = 2maintain purity of the heart
• -Act =2 develop the wellbeing of the fellow man
• ---decision making faculty + power of execution

12. CONCLUSION
• Does it enough by itself????????
• Action X (intention-x)=?
• Action X (intention-flawed)=?
• Bad action X (intention-good)=?
• Action X (