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Diverticulitis is inflammation of diverticula, or small pouches, in the colon wall. Diverticula are common in older adults and form due to high pressures from a low-fiber diet. Diverticulitis occurs when diverticula become inflamed or infected, potentially causing abdominal pain, fever, and tenderness. Risk factors include smoking, obesity, and lack of physical activity. Treatment involves antibiotics, fluids, bed rest, and sometimes surgery if complications occur. A high-fiber diet can help prevent diverticulitis by reducing pressure in the colon.
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Peptic ulcer disease
Peptic ulcers form in the lining of the stomach, esophagus, or duodenum due to erosion caused by gastric acid. Risk factors include H. pylori bacteria, NSAIDs, smoking, alcohol, and stress. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, stool tests, or a urea breath test to detect H. pylori. Treatment consists of antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, and lifestyle changes. Complications include hemorrhage, perforation, and gastric outlet obstruction. Nursing care focuses on pain relief, nutrition, anxiety reduction, and monitoring for complications.
Pepticulcer
Peptic ulcer disease is caused by a lesion in the stomach or duodenum lining due to stomach acid and pepsin. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, NSAIDs, and stress. Common symptoms are abdominal pain and bleeding. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, imaging, or breath tests. Treatment focuses on reducing acid with PPIs, H2 blockers, or antibiotics to treat H. pylori. Surgery is needed for complications like perforation or bleeding. Managing risk factors and taking acid-reducing medications can help treat and prevent further ulcers.
Intestinal obstruction
This document discusses intestinal obstruction and intussusception. Intestinal obstruction is defined as a mechanical or functional blockage of the intestines. Common causes of small bowel obstruction include adhesions, Crohn's disease, and volvulus. Large bowel obstruction may be caused by inflammatory bowel disease, constipation, or colon atresia. Intussusception is the telescoping of one segment of intestine into another, and accounts for 1-4 cases per 1000 live births. Clinical features of intestinal obstruction and intussusception include abdominal pain, vomiting, distention, and constipation. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, imaging like CT scans and ultrasound. Surgical management is often needed to correct the obstruction
Gastritis
gastritis, causes, types, sign and symptoms pathophysiology, complication, treatment, nursing interventions
Pathology and pathophysiology of Gatric Outlet Obstruction (GOO)
Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) occurs when there is a blockage of the pylorus, preventing food from exiting the stomach. Benign causes include peptic ulcers, infections, gallstones, and polyps, while malignant causes are typically cancers of the stomach, pancreas, or lymphomas. The pathophysiology of GOO involves hypertrophy and dilation of the stomach above the obstruction. This leads to a buildup of undigested food and secretions, causing vomiting, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, and kidney problems from dehydration. Timely diagnosis and treatment of the underlying condition is important to prevent complications of GOO.
Pathology of Peptic Ulcer Disease
1) Definition of PUD
2) Pathogenesis of PUD
3) Risk Factors for PUD
4) Morphology of PUD
5) Clinical features
6) Complications
7) Summary
This presentation was presented in MULTI SYSTEM SEMINAR by a 2nd year MBBS-2015 student of BPKIHS, Dharan, NEPAL.
Malabsorption syndrome
This document discusses malabsorption syndrome, which occurs when there is abnormal absorption of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract. It can be caused by digestive failures, structural defects, mucosal abnormalities, infections, or other systemic diseases affecting the GI tract. Common causes discussed include celiac disease, tropical sprue, Crohn's disease, short bowel syndrome, and bacterial overgrowth syndrome. Symptoms include diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, and nutrient deficiencies. Management involves replacing lost nutrients, treating any underlying causes, and making dietary modifications.
Aetiopathophysiology of peptic ulcer diesese
1. Peptic ulcers are erosions in the gastric or duodenal mucosa that are caused by an imbalance between defensive and damaging factors like H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, and smoking.
2. H. pylori infection and NSAID use are the most common causes of peptic ulcers, as they compromise the mucosal defense system through various mechanisms like toxin production, inflammation, and decreased prostaglandin levels.
3. Duodenal ulcers are more common than gastric ulcers and are often associated with increased acid secretion, while gastric ulcers can form with normal acid levels due to damage to the mucus barrier.
Recommended
Peptic ulcer disease
Peptic ulcers form in the lining of the stomach, esophagus, or duodenum due to erosion caused by gastric acid. Risk factors include H. pylori bacteria, NSAIDs, smoking, alcohol, and stress. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, stool tests, or a urea breath test to detect H. pylori. Treatment consists of antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, and lifestyle changes. Complications include hemorrhage, perforation, and gastric outlet obstruction. Nursing care focuses on pain relief, nutrition, anxiety reduction, and monitoring for complications.
Pepticulcer
Peptic ulcer disease is caused by a lesion in the stomach or duodenum lining due to stomach acid and pepsin. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, NSAIDs, and stress. Common symptoms are abdominal pain and bleeding. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, imaging, or breath tests. Treatment focuses on reducing acid with PPIs, H2 blockers, or antibiotics to treat H. pylori. Surgery is needed for complications like perforation or bleeding. Managing risk factors and taking acid-reducing medications can help treat and prevent further ulcers.
Intestinal obstruction
This document discusses intestinal obstruction and intussusception. Intestinal obstruction is defined as a mechanical or functional blockage of the intestines. Common causes of small bowel obstruction include adhesions, Crohn's disease, and volvulus. Large bowel obstruction may be caused by inflammatory bowel disease, constipation, or colon atresia. Intussusception is the telescoping of one segment of intestine into another, and accounts for 1-4 cases per 1000 live births. Clinical features of intestinal obstruction and intussusception include abdominal pain, vomiting, distention, and constipation. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, imaging like CT scans and ultrasound. Surgical management is often needed to correct the obstruction
Gastritis
gastritis, causes, types, sign and symptoms pathophysiology, complication, treatment, nursing interventions
Pathology and pathophysiology of Gatric Outlet Obstruction (GOO)
Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) occurs when there is a blockage of the pylorus, preventing food from exiting the stomach. Benign causes include peptic ulcers, infections, gallstones, and polyps, while malignant causes are typically cancers of the stomach, pancreas, or lymphomas. The pathophysiology of GOO involves hypertrophy and dilation of the stomach above the obstruction. This leads to a buildup of undigested food and secretions, causing vomiting, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, and kidney problems from dehydration. Timely diagnosis and treatment of the underlying condition is important to prevent complications of GOO.
Pathology of Peptic Ulcer Disease
1) Definition of PUD
2) Pathogenesis of PUD
3) Risk Factors for PUD
4) Morphology of PUD
5) Clinical features
6) Complications
7) Summary
This presentation was presented in MULTI SYSTEM SEMINAR by a 2nd year MBBS-2015 student of BPKIHS, Dharan, NEPAL.
Malabsorption syndrome
This document discusses malabsorption syndrome, which occurs when there is abnormal absorption of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract. It can be caused by digestive failures, structural defects, mucosal abnormalities, infections, or other systemic diseases affecting the GI tract. Common causes discussed include celiac disease, tropical sprue, Crohn's disease, short bowel syndrome, and bacterial overgrowth syndrome. Symptoms include diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, and nutrient deficiencies. Management involves replacing lost nutrients, treating any underlying causes, and making dietary modifications.
Aetiopathophysiology of peptic ulcer diesese
1. Peptic ulcers are erosions in the gastric or duodenal mucosa that are caused by an imbalance between defensive and damaging factors like H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, and smoking.
2. H. pylori infection and NSAID use are the most common causes of peptic ulcers, as they compromise the mucosal defense system through various mechanisms like toxin production, inflammation, and decreased prostaglandin levels.
3. Duodenal ulcers are more common than gastric ulcers and are often associated with increased acid secretion, while gastric ulcers can form with normal acid levels due to damage to the mucus barrier.
Anees
Peptic ulcers occur in the stomach and duodenum due to damage from gastric acid and pepsin. There are two main types - gastric ulcers in the stomach and duodenal ulcers in the upper small intestine. The most common causes are H. pylori infection and NSAID use. Treatment involves eradicating H. pylori if present, reducing acid production with PPIs or H2 blockers, and avoiding NSAIDs. Lifestyle factors like diet have little effect, but treatment aims to relieve symptoms and promote natural healing of ulcers. Complications can include bleeding, perforation, and gastric cancer if left untreated.
L8 peptic ulcer
H. pylori plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers. It has been found in 90% of patients with chronic gastritis, 95% with duodenal ulcer disease, and 70% with gastric ulcer. Peptic ulcers are caused by a loss of balance between protective and hostile factors in the stomach and duodenum. Factors like H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, and excess acid secretion can damage the mucosal lining, while factors like mucus, bicarbonate, and blood flow work to protect it. Chronic peptic ulcers form in areas of the stomach and duodenum with reduced acid levels. They appear as round or oval lesions that penetrate
Intestinal obstruction in Children
This document discusses intestinal obstruction, including its history, clinical features, definitions, and types. Intestinal obstruction can be caused by mechanical factors like adhesions, hernias, congenital malformations, tumors, or foreign bodies. It can also have medical causes like medications, inflammatory processes, metabolic disturbances, or neurological disorders. The site of obstruction, age of presentation, underlying pathology, and presence of ischemia impact symptoms, which may include pain, vomiting, distention, and constipation. Proper diagnosis involves determining if the obstruction is mechanical, its level, and assessing for bowel ischemia or perforation.
Pep ulcer
Peptic ulcers form in the stomach or duodenum due to an imbalance between acid secretions and mucosal defenses. Risk factors include H. pylori infection in 90% of cases, NSAID use, and stress. Complications include hemorrhage, perforation, and obstruction. H. pylori survives stomach acid through urease production. Diagnosis involves symptoms and imaging. Treatment depends on complications but usually involves antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori along with acid suppression. Surgery may be needed for perforation or obstruction.
Gastritis
This document discusses gastritis, which is inflammation of the stomach lining. It defines acute and chronic gastritis and lists risk factors like smoking, drinking, and medications. Symptoms are discussed as well as diagnostic tests. Treatment focuses on antacids, bland diets, and treating any underlying causes. Chronic gastritis can lead to pernicious anemia or gastric cancer if not properly managed.
Paralytic ileus
Paralytic ileus is an obstruction of the intestine caused by paralysis of the intestinal muscle resulting from physiological, neurogenic, or chemical imbalances rather than mechanical causes. It is the second most common reason for hospital readmission within 30 days of surgery. Symptoms include abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, distention, and constipation. Diagnosis is typically made through x-ray, and management involves bowel rest with NG tube decompression if needed, IV fluid replacement, withholding opioids, and mobilization when possible.
Acute and Chronic gastritis
Helicobacter pylori plays a key role in both acute and chronic gastritis. It is the main cause of chronic gastritis and is associated with peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori infection leads to inflammation of the stomach lining through the actions of its virulence factors such as urease, adhesins, and toxins. This weakens the mucosal defenses and increases acid production, contributing to ulcer development. Autoimmune gastritis is characterized by antibodies against parietal cells, reduced acid and intrinsic factor secretion, and vitamin B12 deficiency.
peptic ulcer doc
The document discusses peptic ulcers, including:
1. It provides an introduction defining peptic ulcers and their locations in the stomach or duodenum.
2. It discusses the history of discoveries around Helicobacter pylori being identified as a primary cause of peptic ulcers in the 1980s.
3. It describes common symptoms of peptic ulcers such as abdominal pain that is often relieved by food for duodenal ulcers but worsened by food for gastric ulcers.
Peptic ulcer disease
Peptic ulcer disease involves breaks in the mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum that penetrate through the muscular layer. The most common causes are infection with H. pylori bacteria and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves endoscopy to visualize the ulcers. Treatment involves antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori, proton pump inhibitors to reduce acid secretion, and avoidance of NSAIDs. Surgery is reserved for complications or treatment failure.
Peptic ulcer disease (pud)
This presentation is to help readers to be equipped with knowledge on predisposing factor to peptic ulcer disease and how it can be managed in the clinical/hospital setup.
Gastric outlet obstruction
This document describes gastric outlet obstruction (GOO), including its causes, symptoms, examinations, investigations, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. GOO is caused by any mechanical impediment to gastric emptying. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting of undigested food, early satiety, and weight loss. Investigations may include blood tests, imaging like x-rays and endoscopy, and gastric function tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve resuscitation, antisecretory drugs, endoscopic procedures, or surgery like vagotomy with pyloroplasty or gastric resection. Post-operative complications can include bleeding, strictures, dumping syndrome, and duodenal blowout.
Gsatritis
Gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining that can be acute or chronic. Acute gastritis develops suddenly while chronic gastritis persists over a long period of time. Common causes include bacterial infections, NSAIDs, autoimmune disorders, and bile reflux. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, weight loss, and nausea or vomiting. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and tests like blood tests, stool tests, or endoscopy. Treatment focuses on antacids, H2 blockers, PPIs, antibiotics, and managing pain or nutrition imbalances. Prevention emphasizes diet, avoiding alcohol/smoking, exercise, and stress management.
Peptic ulcer
Peptic ulcers develop in areas of the gastrointestinal tract exposed to acid and pepsin secretion. The most common sites are the duodenum (75% of cases) and stomach (20% of cases). Peptic ulcers are caused by an imbalance between defensive factors like mucus secretion and aggressive factors like acid secretion. H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, and lifestyle factors like smoking can cause peptic ulcers. Complications include hemorrhage, perforation, obstruction, and in rare cases, cancer. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, medication to reduce acid secretion, and antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori infections.
Basics of GERD, peptic Ulcer & Gastroparesis
Acid Peptic Disorders refer to damage caused by stomach acid and pepsin. This includes peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus, affecting 17-20% of people in North America. Symptoms include heartburn and regurgitation. Complications include Barrett's esophagus, a premalignant condition. Diagnostic tests include pH monitoring, endoscopy, and empiric PPI therapy. Peptic ulcers are sores in the stomach or duodenum caused by H. pylori bacteria or NSAIDs that interfere with gastric mucus protection. Gastroparesis is a disorder where
Pancreatitis ppt nitin 1st msc nursing
This document discusses pancreatitis, including acute and chronic forms. It covers the causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, medical management, nursing interventions, and complications of both acute and chronic pancreatitis. Surgical management options are also outlined for treating chronic pancreatitis and related complications. The document provides an overview of pancreatitis for educational purposes.
Peptic ulcer disease, upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding management
Peptic ulcer disease, h.pylori virulence factors, pathogenesis, definition, classification, diagnosis, management, upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding management
Gastrci outlet obstruction
Gastric outlet obstruction has various causes including peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer, and Crohn's disease. It leads to vomiting of partially digested food, dehydration, and metabolic abnormalities. Diagnosis involves imaging, endoscopy, and biopsy. Management focuses on correcting electrolyte abnormalities and removing the mechanical obstruction endoscopically or surgically via procedures like vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy. Gastric cancer is a common cause and may require total or subtotal gastrectomy depending on location, with postoperative risks of bleeding, leakage, and nutritional deficiencies. Palliative options for inoperable tumors include stenting or bypass procedures.
Vomiting
This document discusses vomiting and anti-emetic drugs. It defines different types of vomiting and regurgitation. It describes the pathophysiology of vomiting which involves the vomiting center in the brainstem coordinating stomach contractions and protective reflexes. Common causes of vomiting are then outlined including abdominal issues, infections, metabolic disorders and nervous system problems. Finally, it lists several classes of anti-emetic drugs like antihistamines, anticholinergics, and 5HT3 receptor antagonists; and describes how they work to treat nausea and vomiting.
Gastrointestinal System Disorders
Upper GI System Dse/Dso are compiled orderly to make the discussion/report easily. With pictures inside to fully determine the type of the certain disease. (PART 1 ONLY; UPPER)
Topics:
GERD
Barrett’s Esophagus
Hiatal Hernia
Gastritis
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Duodinal Ulcer
Gastric Ulcer
Dumping Syndrome
Perforation
This document describes the case of a 60-year-old female patient presenting with abdominal pain and distension. On examination, she showed signs of peritonitis. Investigations including ultrasound and x-ray revealed free fluid and free gas in the abdomen, suggestive of a hollow viscous perforation. She was diagnosed with a perforated peptic ulcer of the duodenum and underwent exploratory laparotomy and Graham's patch repair. Post-operatively, she improved with treatment and was discharged on the 12th day.
Diverticulitus
Many people have small pouches in the lining of the colon, or large
intestine, that bulge outward through weak spots. Each pouch is called a
diverticulum. Multiple pouches are called diverticula.
Diverticula are most common in the lower portion of the large intestine,
called the sigmoid colon. When the pouches become inflamed, the
condition is called diverticulitis. Ten to 25 percent of people with
diverticulosis get diverticulitis.
American society of colon and rectal surgeons
This document summarizes guidelines for the treatment of sigmoid diverticulitis published by the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. It recommends that the initial evaluation of suspected acute diverticulitis include a medical history, physical exam, blood tests, and abdominal x-rays. CT scan is the preferred initial imaging method to diagnose and stage diverticulitis. For stable patients with diverticular abscesses, image-guided percutaneous drainage is usually the most appropriate treatment. Nonoperative treatment of acute diverticulitis typically involves antibiotics and diet modification, though some studies question the routine use of antibiotics for uncomplicated cases.
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What's hot
Anees
Peptic ulcers occur in the stomach and duodenum due to damage from gastric acid and pepsin. There are two main types - gastric ulcers in the stomach and duodenal ulcers in the upper small intestine. The most common causes are H. pylori infection and NSAID use. Treatment involves eradicating H. pylori if present, reducing acid production with PPIs or H2 blockers, and avoiding NSAIDs. Lifestyle factors like diet have little effect, but treatment aims to relieve symptoms and promote natural healing of ulcers. Complications can include bleeding, perforation, and gastric cancer if left untreated.
L8 peptic ulcer
H. pylori plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers. It has been found in 90% of patients with chronic gastritis, 95% with duodenal ulcer disease, and 70% with gastric ulcer. Peptic ulcers are caused by a loss of balance between protective and hostile factors in the stomach and duodenum. Factors like H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, and excess acid secretion can damage the mucosal lining, while factors like mucus, bicarbonate, and blood flow work to protect it. Chronic peptic ulcers form in areas of the stomach and duodenum with reduced acid levels. They appear as round or oval lesions that penetrate
Intestinal obstruction in Children
This document discusses intestinal obstruction, including its history, clinical features, definitions, and types. Intestinal obstruction can be caused by mechanical factors like adhesions, hernias, congenital malformations, tumors, or foreign bodies. It can also have medical causes like medications, inflammatory processes, metabolic disturbances, or neurological disorders. The site of obstruction, age of presentation, underlying pathology, and presence of ischemia impact symptoms, which may include pain, vomiting, distention, and constipation. Proper diagnosis involves determining if the obstruction is mechanical, its level, and assessing for bowel ischemia or perforation.
Pep ulcer
Peptic ulcers form in the stomach or duodenum due to an imbalance between acid secretions and mucosal defenses. Risk factors include H. pylori infection in 90% of cases, NSAID use, and stress. Complications include hemorrhage, perforation, and obstruction. H. pylori survives stomach acid through urease production. Diagnosis involves symptoms and imaging. Treatment depends on complications but usually involves antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori along with acid suppression. Surgery may be needed for perforation or obstruction.
Gastritis
This document discusses gastritis, which is inflammation of the stomach lining. It defines acute and chronic gastritis and lists risk factors like smoking, drinking, and medications. Symptoms are discussed as well as diagnostic tests. Treatment focuses on antacids, bland diets, and treating any underlying causes. Chronic gastritis can lead to pernicious anemia or gastric cancer if not properly managed.
Paralytic ileus
Paralytic ileus is an obstruction of the intestine caused by paralysis of the intestinal muscle resulting from physiological, neurogenic, or chemical imbalances rather than mechanical causes. It is the second most common reason for hospital readmission within 30 days of surgery. Symptoms include abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, distention, and constipation. Diagnosis is typically made through x-ray, and management involves bowel rest with NG tube decompression if needed, IV fluid replacement, withholding opioids, and mobilization when possible.
Acute and Chronic gastritis
Helicobacter pylori plays a key role in both acute and chronic gastritis. It is the main cause of chronic gastritis and is associated with peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori infection leads to inflammation of the stomach lining through the actions of its virulence factors such as urease, adhesins, and toxins. This weakens the mucosal defenses and increases acid production, contributing to ulcer development. Autoimmune gastritis is characterized by antibodies against parietal cells, reduced acid and intrinsic factor secretion, and vitamin B12 deficiency.
peptic ulcer doc
The document discusses peptic ulcers, including:
1. It provides an introduction defining peptic ulcers and their locations in the stomach or duodenum.
2. It discusses the history of discoveries around Helicobacter pylori being identified as a primary cause of peptic ulcers in the 1980s.
3. It describes common symptoms of peptic ulcers such as abdominal pain that is often relieved by food for duodenal ulcers but worsened by food for gastric ulcers.
Peptic ulcer disease
Peptic ulcer disease involves breaks in the mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum that penetrate through the muscular layer. The most common causes are infection with H. pylori bacteria and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves endoscopy to visualize the ulcers. Treatment involves antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori, proton pump inhibitors to reduce acid secretion, and avoidance of NSAIDs. Surgery is reserved for complications or treatment failure.
Peptic ulcer disease (pud)
This presentation is to help readers to be equipped with knowledge on predisposing factor to peptic ulcer disease and how it can be managed in the clinical/hospital setup.
Gastric outlet obstruction
This document describes gastric outlet obstruction (GOO), including its causes, symptoms, examinations, investigations, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. GOO is caused by any mechanical impediment to gastric emptying. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting of undigested food, early satiety, and weight loss. Investigations may include blood tests, imaging like x-rays and endoscopy, and gastric function tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve resuscitation, antisecretory drugs, endoscopic procedures, or surgery like vagotomy with pyloroplasty or gastric resection. Post-operative complications can include bleeding, strictures, dumping syndrome, and duodenal blowout.
Gsatritis
Gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining that can be acute or chronic. Acute gastritis develops suddenly while chronic gastritis persists over a long period of time. Common causes include bacterial infections, NSAIDs, autoimmune disorders, and bile reflux. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, weight loss, and nausea or vomiting. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and tests like blood tests, stool tests, or endoscopy. Treatment focuses on antacids, H2 blockers, PPIs, antibiotics, and managing pain or nutrition imbalances. Prevention emphasizes diet, avoiding alcohol/smoking, exercise, and stress management.
Peptic ulcer
Peptic ulcers develop in areas of the gastrointestinal tract exposed to acid and pepsin secretion. The most common sites are the duodenum (75% of cases) and stomach (20% of cases). Peptic ulcers are caused by an imbalance between defensive factors like mucus secretion and aggressive factors like acid secretion. H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, and lifestyle factors like smoking can cause peptic ulcers. Complications include hemorrhage, perforation, obstruction, and in rare cases, cancer. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, medication to reduce acid secretion, and antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori infections.
Basics of GERD, peptic Ulcer & Gastroparesis
Acid Peptic Disorders refer to damage caused by stomach acid and pepsin. This includes peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus, affecting 17-20% of people in North America. Symptoms include heartburn and regurgitation. Complications include Barrett's esophagus, a premalignant condition. Diagnostic tests include pH monitoring, endoscopy, and empiric PPI therapy. Peptic ulcers are sores in the stomach or duodenum caused by H. pylori bacteria or NSAIDs that interfere with gastric mucus protection. Gastroparesis is a disorder where
Pancreatitis ppt nitin 1st msc nursing
This document discusses pancreatitis, including acute and chronic forms. It covers the causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, medical management, nursing interventions, and complications of both acute and chronic pancreatitis. Surgical management options are also outlined for treating chronic pancreatitis and related complications. The document provides an overview of pancreatitis for educational purposes.
Peptic ulcer disease, upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding management
Peptic ulcer disease, h.pylori virulence factors, pathogenesis, definition, classification, diagnosis, management, upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding management
Gastrci outlet obstruction
Gastric outlet obstruction has various causes including peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer, and Crohn's disease. It leads to vomiting of partially digested food, dehydration, and metabolic abnormalities. Diagnosis involves imaging, endoscopy, and biopsy. Management focuses on correcting electrolyte abnormalities and removing the mechanical obstruction endoscopically or surgically via procedures like vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy. Gastric cancer is a common cause and may require total or subtotal gastrectomy depending on location, with postoperative risks of bleeding, leakage, and nutritional deficiencies. Palliative options for inoperable tumors include stenting or bypass procedures.
Vomiting
This document discusses vomiting and anti-emetic drugs. It defines different types of vomiting and regurgitation. It describes the pathophysiology of vomiting which involves the vomiting center in the brainstem coordinating stomach contractions and protective reflexes. Common causes of vomiting are then outlined including abdominal issues, infections, metabolic disorders and nervous system problems. Finally, it lists several classes of anti-emetic drugs like antihistamines, anticholinergics, and 5HT3 receptor antagonists; and describes how they work to treat nausea and vomiting.
Gastrointestinal System Disorders
Upper GI System Dse/Dso are compiled orderly to make the discussion/report easily. With pictures inside to fully determine the type of the certain disease. (PART 1 ONLY; UPPER)
Topics:
GERD
Barrett’s Esophagus
Hiatal Hernia
Gastritis
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Duodinal Ulcer
Gastric Ulcer
Dumping Syndrome
Perforation
This document describes the case of a 60-year-old female patient presenting with abdominal pain and distension. On examination, she showed signs of peritonitis. Investigations including ultrasound and x-ray revealed free fluid and free gas in the abdomen, suggestive of a hollow viscous perforation. She was diagnosed with a perforated peptic ulcer of the duodenum and underwent exploratory laparotomy and Graham's patch repair. Post-operatively, she improved with treatment and was discharged on the 12th day.
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Peptic ulcer disease, upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding management
Peptic ulcer disease, upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding management
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Diverticulitus
Many people have small pouches in the lining of the colon, or large
intestine, that bulge outward through weak spots. Each pouch is called a
diverticulum. Multiple pouches are called diverticula.
Diverticula are most common in the lower portion of the large intestine,
called the sigmoid colon. When the pouches become inflamed, the
condition is called diverticulitis. Ten to 25 percent of people with
diverticulosis get diverticulitis.
American society of colon and rectal surgeons
This document summarizes guidelines for the treatment of sigmoid diverticulitis published by the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. It recommends that the initial evaluation of suspected acute diverticulitis include a medical history, physical exam, blood tests, and abdominal x-rays. CT scan is the preferred initial imaging method to diagnose and stage diverticulitis. For stable patients with diverticular abscesses, image-guided percutaneous drainage is usually the most appropriate treatment. Nonoperative treatment of acute diverticulitis typically involves antibiotics and diet modification, though some studies question the routine use of antibiotics for uncomplicated cases.
Acs0512 Diverticulitis 2004
This document discusses diverticulitis, which is inflammation of diverticula in the colon. It begins by describing diverticula and how they form. When a diverticulum becomes inflamed or perforated, it causes diverticulitis. Uncomplicated diverticulitis involves mild symptoms like left lower quadrant pain, while complicated diverticulitis can lead to abscesses, fistulas, obstruction or free perforation. Physical exam findings depend on whether the diverticulitis is uncomplicated or complicated. Imaging studies like CT scans are useful for diagnosis and assessing complications. Treatment differs based on the severity and complications involved.
Clinical Outcomes Of Complicated Diverticulitis Managed Nonoperatively
This study examined clinical outcomes of patients with complicated diverticulitis managed nonoperatively. The researchers reviewed 256 patients diagnosed with complicated diverticulitis via CT scan over a 14-year period. 99 patients were initially managed nonoperatively with antibiotics and some receiving percutaneous drainage. These patients had a high rate of recurrence (46.4%) but a low risk of requiring emergency surgery. The risk of recurrence did not differ significantly between younger (<50 years) and older patients. While recurrence rates were high, the risk of complications requiring emergency surgery was low for patients managed nonoperatively initially. Patient factors, comorbidities, and preferences should all be considered when determining treatment for complicated diverticulitis.
Combined 09 clinical training--pathology malignant_colorectal cancer
The document discusses colorectal cancer, including its risk factors, symptoms, staging, treatment, and recurrence. It notes that colorectal cancer is the fourth most common cancer in the US and second leading cause of cancer death. Screening can help detect polyps early to prevent cancer. Treatment depends on the cancer's stage and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Recurrence can happen locally or at distant sites like the liver.
Combined 03 clinical training--pathology benign_diverticular disease
Diverticular disease is common in Western populations, where diverticula form as outpouchings in the colonic wall. Diverticulosis refers to the presence of diverticula without inflammation, while diverticulitis occurs when diverticula become inflamed. Common symptoms of diverticulitis include severe left lower quadrant pain, fever, and leukocytosis. Complications can include abscess, fistula formation, perforation, hemorrhage, or obstruction. Diagnosis involves imaging such as CT scan or contrast enema to evaluate for complications. Treatment depends on severity but may involve antibiotics, drainage, or surgical resection.
Surgical Management of Colonic Diverticulitis
Diverticulitis is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders requiring hospitalization in the US, with 50% of individuals developing diverticulosis by age 60. For uncomplicated diverticulitis (Stage 0-1a), outpatient treatment with oral antibiotics and a low-fiber diet is usually adequate. For complicated diverticulitis (Stage 1b or higher), segmental resection is typically recommended 4-6 weeks after the episode to prevent recurrence. Younger patients under age 50 may not necessarily require resection after a single episode of diverticulitis. Immunocompromised individuals have a higher risk of perforation and sepsis from diverticulitis, so elective resection is often recommended after the first episode
Diverticulitis
Diverticulitis is an inflammation of pouches that form in the colon. It is most common in older adults over age 60. Symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and bloody stool. Tests like colonoscopy are used to diagnose diverticulitis. Treatment involves antibiotics and sometimes surgery to remove the infected part of the colon. Research is ongoing to find new drug treatments.
Surgical Management Of Diverticular Disease
This document summarizes the surgical management of diverticular disease based on a literature review. It describes different stages of diverticular abscesses and appropriate treatment approaches. For smaller abscesses, antibiotics or CT-guided drainage may be sufficient, while larger abscesses often require drainage followed by elective surgery. The document also discusses approaches to acute diverticulitis, obstruction, and fistulas, noting debates around conservative versus operative management.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of divertiular disease and diverticu...
This document summarizes the key radiological imaging techniques used to diagnose and monitor diverticular disease and diverticulitis of the colon. It describes the epidemiology and pathophysiology of diverticular disease. Computed tomography is outlined as the gold standard imaging method, able to detect wall thickening, inflammation, abscesses, fistulas, and complications. Ultrasound, barium enema, and magnetic resonance imaging are also discussed. The document presents various images demonstrating diverticulitis findings on the different modalities.
Imaging of Acute Diverticulitis
Describes the imaging diagnostic criteria of acute diverticulitis in barium studies , ultrasound , computed tomography and MRI .and the classification and complications of acute diverticulitis
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Clinical Outcomes Of Complicated Diverticulitis Managed Nonoperatively
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Combined 09 clinical training--pathology malignant_colorectal cancer
Combined 09 clinical training--pathology malignant_colorectal cancer
Combined 03 clinical training--pathology benign_diverticular disease
Combined 03 clinical training--pathology benign_diverticular disease
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of divertiular disease and diverticu...
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of divertiular disease and diverticu...
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GI System Lecture 3
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Colon disorder presentation
1. The patient presented with symptoms of bowel obstruction including vomiting, abdominal pain and distension, and absent bowel sounds. This suggests sigmoid volvulus, which was confirmed with x-ray and gastrografin enema showing a twisted colon.
2. Sigmoid volvulus occurs when the sigmoid colon twists around its blood supply and can lead to strangulation or perforation if not treated. It most commonly affects the sigmoid colon and risks include chronic constipation.
3. For an uncomplicated case, endoscopic detorsion can be attempted but surgery is needed for gangrenous or perforated bowel. Recurrence risk is high so elective surgery is recommended after recovery.
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This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation on diverticular disease. It recommends actively engaging students by showing blank slides on topics like aetiology and asking students what they know before providing information. The presentation should be rerun with blanks slides, questions, and answers to reinforce learning. Formatting of the presentation includes sections like introduction, relevant anatomy, aetiology, pathophysiology, and management. Management of diverticular disease depends on severity of presentation, complications present, and comorbidities. Uncomplicated cases can be treated medically while complicated cases may require surgery.
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2. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, and endoscopy to identify the specific cause. Treatment depends on the underlying condition but may include lifestyle changes, medications like PPIs, and eradication of H. pylori infection.
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This document discusses acid peptic disease and its complications including perforation. It defines acid peptic disease and lists its types and complications. Perforated peptic ulcer is described in detail, including its epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management through surgery, peritoneal lavage, and postoperative care. Conservative treatment is also discussed. Other complications like bleeding and their long term sequelae are mentioned.
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CSS Elimination
- 1. DIVERTICULITIS TIFFANY NARANJO VANESSA PITTMAN MELISSA GONZALEZ NICOLE CARVER CLAUDIUS ALEXANDER
- 2. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY • Diverticula are saccular dilations or outpouchings of the mucosa that develop in the colon. Multiple noninflamed diverticula are present in diverticulosis. Diverticulitis is inflammation of the diverticula, resulting in perforation into the peritoneum. Clinically, diverticular disease covers a spectrum from asymptomatic, uncomplicated diverticulosis to diverticulitis with complications such as perforation, abscess, fistula, and bleeding. • Diverticula are common, especially in older adults, but most people never develop diverticulitis.45 Diverticula may occur anywhere in the GI tract but are most commonly found in the left (descending, sigmoid) colon. The etiology of diverticulosis of the sigmoid colon is thought to be associated with high luminal pressures from a deficiency in dietary fiber intake. The disease is more prevalent in Western, industrialized populations that consume diets low in fiber and high in refined carbohydrates. Diverticula are uncommon in vegetarians. Inadequate dietary fiber slows transit time, and more water is absorbed
- 3. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • Left lower quadrant abdominal tenderness • Low-grade fever • Palpable mass • Distressed appearance • Muscle spasms • Abdominal tympany
- 4. RISK FACTORS • Smoking • Low-fiber diet • Obesity • Sedentary lifestyle • Advancing age (more common in over age 40) • Constipation • Previous Diverticula
- 5. PICTURES
- 6. LAB AND DIAGNOSTICS • • History and physical examination • • Testing of stool for occult blood • • Barium enema • • Sigmoidoscopy • • Colonoscopy • • CBC • • Urinalysis • • Blood culture • • CT scan with oral contrast • • Abdominal x-ray • • Chest x-ray
- 7. NUTRITION • High-fiber diet • Dietary fiber supplements • Stool softeners • Clear liquid diet • Mineral oil
- 8. MEDICATIONS • Stool softeners • Anticholinergics • Clear liquid diet • Oral antibiotics • Mineral oil • Bulk laxatives Acute Care: Diverticulitis • Antibiotic therapy • NPO status • IV fluids • Bed rest • NG suction • Surgery
- 9. NURSING INTERVENTIONS • -Antibiotic therapy -NPO status -IV fluids -Bed rest -NG suction -Surgery *Possible resection of involved colon for obstruction of hemorrhage *Possible temporary colostomy
- 10. PATIENT EDUCATION • -Disorder, diagnostic testing, and treatment, including the use of antibiotics and the need for a high-fiber diet -bowel and dietary habits (in uncomplicated diverticulosis), including foods allowed and those to be avoided -use of bowel rest with acute episodes -prescribed medications, including the use of stool softeners and bulk-forming agents to promote bowel elimination; duration of antibiotic therapy, if prescribed -possible need for surgery if diverticulitis occurs, and appropriate preoperative teaching -incisional or ostomy care as necessary -The need to remain active overall but restrict activity when diverticulitis occurs -Importance of continued follow-up and adherence to treatment regimen to prevent complications.
- 11. REFERENCES • Lewis, S. (2014). Lower Gastrointestinal Problems. In Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems (9th ed., pp. 995-996). St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby. • Lippincott DocuCare (2016) Diverticular disease. Retrieved from: http://lnareference.wkhpe.com/ref/view.do?key=de009ce09223e7f7e4913af9593d0452d58a421c&nmn=ope nMonographFromGlobalId&monographId=CC.978-1-58255-511- 9.chapter123&cssUrl=http://download.lww.com/docucare/assets/lns_branding/docucare-lns.css • Lippincott Docucare (2016) Diverticulitis. Retrieved at: http://lnareference.wkhpe.com/ref/view.do?key=1b0042dcc6a797e0bf2375944f9dddb1ba26d992&nmn=ope nMonographFromGlobalId&monographId=CC.978-1-58255-511- 9.chapter123&cssUrl=http://download.lww.com/docucare/assets/lns_branding/docucare-lns.css • Lewis, S. (2014). Lower Gastrointestinal Problems. In Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems (9th ed., pp. 994-996). St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby. • Lewis, Sharon, Shannon Dirksen, Margaret Heitkemper, Linda Bucher. Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems, 9th Edition. Mosby, 2014.