This document summarizes a presentation on normal tension glaucoma (NTG). It begins with an introduction defining NTG as open-angle glaucoma with characteristic optic nerve damage and visual field defects in patients with consistently low intraocular pressure (IOP) below 21 mmHg. It then describes a case presentation of a 47-year-old female patient. The remainder of the document discusses the history, examination, investigations, differential diagnosis, management, pathogenesis involving both IOP-dependent and independent factors, and epidemiology of NTG. Key points are that lowering IOP through medication or surgery can help prevent progression even in NTG, and that NTG may have an underlying vascular component involving low ocular perfusion pressure
Normal tension glaucoma, also known as low tension glaucoma, is characterized by open angle glaucoma with typical optic nerve damage but intraocular pressure that is consistently normal or only slightly elevated. It has several risk factors such as older age, female sex, East Asian ethnicity, family history of glaucoma, and thin central corneal thickness. The pathogenesis involves vascular dysfunction, autoimmune mechanisms, vascular inflammation, and genetic mutations. Diagnosis involves a detailed medical history, eye examination, visual field testing, and sometimes additional imaging or blood work. Treatment aims to lower intraocular pressure by 30% using topical eye drops, laser trabeculoplasty, or filtering surgeries along with controlling any underlying vascular problems
This document discusses target intraocular pressure (IOP) for treating glaucoma. It defines target IOP as the upper limit of IOP that prevents further glaucoma damage. Establishing an individualized target IOP is important to slow retinal ganglion cell loss and glaucoma progression over a patient's lifetime with minimal effects on quality of life. The target IOP should be based on factors like the amount of existing eye damage, maximum past IOP levels, life expectancy, and risk factors. The target is dynamic and must be reevaluated periodically, lowering it if damage progresses or raising it if side effects occur from low IOP. Clinical studies show that greater IOP reductions correlate with less glaucoma progression
This document discusses normal tension glaucoma, which is a type of open-angle glaucoma where the intraocular pressure is normal but the optic nerve is still damaged, leading to visual field loss. It is caused by chronic low blood flow to the optic nerve head, which makes the nerve susceptible to normal IOP levels. While elevated IOP is a major risk factor for glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma occurs without elevated pressure. The document covers classification of glaucoma, risk factors and clinical features of normal tension glaucoma such as optic nerve changes and visual field defects, as well as diagnostic evaluation and treatment options which aim to lower IOP as much as possible without complications.
1. Differential diagnosis of disc edema includes conditions like papilledema, optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, diabetic papillopathy, and hypertensive retinopathy.
2. Papilledema is caused by increased intracranial pressure and presents with bilateral disc swelling and normal vision, while optic neuritis typically causes unilateral vision loss and eye pain.
3. Diabetic papillopathy presents as transient unilateral or bilateral disc edema that resolves within months without vision loss, while malignant hypertension can lead to bilateral disc edema and vision changes as part of hypertensive retinopathy.
Neuroprotection is a fairly misunderstood term in glaucoma. The ppt aims at making the reader understand the basics of neuroprotection and also the various agents available to aid it.
UBM and ASOCT provide high-resolution cross-sectional images of the anterior segment including the cornea, anterior chamber, angle, and iris. ASOCT uses optical coherence tomography with a wavelength of 1310nm for improved penetration and reduced retinal damage compared to posterior segment OCT. It allows high-speed imaging of dynamic structures. ASOCT has applications in assessing corneal diseases and procedures, glaucoma (including angle anatomy and iridotomy evaluation), and intraocular lens implantation. Measurements of angle width parameters help evaluate angle closure risk. While valuable for objective angle assessment, ASOCT cannot image all anatomical structures involved in glaucoma.
This document discusses optic disc swelling (papilledema) caused by increased intracranial pressure. It presents a case of a 35-year-old woman with severe headaches and vision issues. Examination found bilateral disc edema. CT scan revealed a brain tumor causing pressure. The patient was diagnosed with papilledema from the tumor and underwent surgery. The document then discusses the causes, presentation, stages, histopathology, and treatment of papilledema, emphasizing the importance of an eye exam for patients with headaches to identify potential intracranial issues.
This document summarizes a presentation on normal tension glaucoma (NTG). It begins with an introduction defining NTG as open-angle glaucoma with characteristic optic nerve damage and visual field defects in patients with consistently low intraocular pressure (IOP) below 21 mmHg. It then describes a case presentation of a 47-year-old female patient. The remainder of the document discusses the history, examination, investigations, differential diagnosis, management, pathogenesis involving both IOP-dependent and independent factors, and epidemiology of NTG. Key points are that lowering IOP through medication or surgery can help prevent progression even in NTG, and that NTG may have an underlying vascular component involving low ocular perfusion pressure
Normal tension glaucoma, also known as low tension glaucoma, is characterized by open angle glaucoma with typical optic nerve damage but intraocular pressure that is consistently normal or only slightly elevated. It has several risk factors such as older age, female sex, East Asian ethnicity, family history of glaucoma, and thin central corneal thickness. The pathogenesis involves vascular dysfunction, autoimmune mechanisms, vascular inflammation, and genetic mutations. Diagnosis involves a detailed medical history, eye examination, visual field testing, and sometimes additional imaging or blood work. Treatment aims to lower intraocular pressure by 30% using topical eye drops, laser trabeculoplasty, or filtering surgeries along with controlling any underlying vascular problems
This document discusses target intraocular pressure (IOP) for treating glaucoma. It defines target IOP as the upper limit of IOP that prevents further glaucoma damage. Establishing an individualized target IOP is important to slow retinal ganglion cell loss and glaucoma progression over a patient's lifetime with minimal effects on quality of life. The target IOP should be based on factors like the amount of existing eye damage, maximum past IOP levels, life expectancy, and risk factors. The target is dynamic and must be reevaluated periodically, lowering it if damage progresses or raising it if side effects occur from low IOP. Clinical studies show that greater IOP reductions correlate with less glaucoma progression
This document discusses normal tension glaucoma, which is a type of open-angle glaucoma where the intraocular pressure is normal but the optic nerve is still damaged, leading to visual field loss. It is caused by chronic low blood flow to the optic nerve head, which makes the nerve susceptible to normal IOP levels. While elevated IOP is a major risk factor for glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma occurs without elevated pressure. The document covers classification of glaucoma, risk factors and clinical features of normal tension glaucoma such as optic nerve changes and visual field defects, as well as diagnostic evaluation and treatment options which aim to lower IOP as much as possible without complications.
1. Differential diagnosis of disc edema includes conditions like papilledema, optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, diabetic papillopathy, and hypertensive retinopathy.
2. Papilledema is caused by increased intracranial pressure and presents with bilateral disc swelling and normal vision, while optic neuritis typically causes unilateral vision loss and eye pain.
3. Diabetic papillopathy presents as transient unilateral or bilateral disc edema that resolves within months without vision loss, while malignant hypertension can lead to bilateral disc edema and vision changes as part of hypertensive retinopathy.
Neuroprotection is a fairly misunderstood term in glaucoma. The ppt aims at making the reader understand the basics of neuroprotection and also the various agents available to aid it.
UBM and ASOCT provide high-resolution cross-sectional images of the anterior segment including the cornea, anterior chamber, angle, and iris. ASOCT uses optical coherence tomography with a wavelength of 1310nm for improved penetration and reduced retinal damage compared to posterior segment OCT. It allows high-speed imaging of dynamic structures. ASOCT has applications in assessing corneal diseases and procedures, glaucoma (including angle anatomy and iridotomy evaluation), and intraocular lens implantation. Measurements of angle width parameters help evaluate angle closure risk. While valuable for objective angle assessment, ASOCT cannot image all anatomical structures involved in glaucoma.
This document discusses optic disc swelling (papilledema) caused by increased intracranial pressure. It presents a case of a 35-year-old woman with severe headaches and vision issues. Examination found bilateral disc edema. CT scan revealed a brain tumor causing pressure. The patient was diagnosed with papilledema from the tumor and underwent surgery. The document then discusses the causes, presentation, stages, histopathology, and treatment of papilledema, emphasizing the importance of an eye exam for patients with headaches to identify potential intracranial issues.
Pseudopapilledema refers to optic disc swelling that is not caused by increased intracranial pressure. It can be caused by conditions like optic nerve head drusen, myelinated nerve fibers, or a small hypermetropic disc. Signs include blurred disc margins and nerve fiber layer swelling. Imaging like ultrasound and FA can help distinguish pseudopapilledema from true papilledema caused by increased intracranial pressure.
This document discusses the morphological changes that occur in the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer in glaucoma. It describes the various patterns of glaucomatous optic nerve damage including focal notching, concentric cupping, saucerization, and advanced cupping. Features that indicate glaucomatous damage include neuroretinal rim thinning, disc hemorrhages, and changes in the retinal vasculature around the optic disc. Evaluation of the optic nerve head is important for early detection of glaucoma before visual field loss occurs.
Gonioscopy: gonioscopic lenses, principle and clinical aspectsDr Samarth Mishra
This document discusses gonioscopy, which is used to examine the anterior chamber angle. It begins by explaining that the angle cannot be viewed directly due to total internal reflection at the cornea. Gonioscopic lenses eliminate this effect by matching the cornea's refractive index. There are two main types of lenses - indirect lenses use mirrors and direct lenses refract light. The document then describes various gonioscopic lenses and techniques like indentation gonioscopy. It outlines the clinical uses of gonioscopy and provides examples of gonioscopic findings. In summary, the document provides an in-depth overview of gonioscopy equipment, techniques, and applications.
The document discusses evaluation of the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer. It provides details on the anatomy and characteristics examined, including the intra-papillary and para-papillary regions. Glaucomatous damage results in characteristic signs in these areas like retinal nerve fiber layer defects. Newer imaging techniques like stereo-photogrammetry, scanning laser technologies, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) allow for early diagnosis by focusing on the retinal nerve fiber layer and optic disc. OCT is particularly useful for evaluating pre-perimetric glaucoma and monitoring macular changes.
1. A 41-year-old man presented with blurred disc margins and was found to have reactive syphilis serology, indicating neurosyphilis presenting as asymptomatic optic perineuritis.
2. A 9-year-old boy presented with intermittent headaches and abdominal pain and was found to have bilateral optic disc swelling and markedly elevated blood pressure, leading to the diagnosis of a pheochromocytoma.
3. In both cases, the optic disc swelling was an unusual presenting sign that led to the diagnosis of an underlying systemic condition.
Discussion of clinical approach to typical (demyelnating) and atypical optic neuritis (immune/inflammatory/infectious) optic neuritis with evidence-based review.
Target: Ophthalmologists/Neurologists
Ischemic condition affecting the eye.
The ischemia can occur secondary to systemically problem [or] particulary the eye.
Many retinal vascular disorders {like CRAO,CRVO,Diabetic retinopathy,Hypertensive Retinopathy} shows ischemic signs.
- Visual field examination tests the peripheral sensitivity of the retina and visual pathways. It is important for assessing topographic sensitivity and detecting visual field defects.
- Automated perimetry provides standardized, quantitative tests to measure threshold sensitivity across the visual field. It allows for reliable long-term monitoring to detect glaucomatous progression.
- Interpretation of visual field tests involves analyzing parameters like total deviation plots, pattern deviation plots, and global indices to identify patterns indicative of glaucoma according to established criteria. Clinical correlation with optic nerve examination is also important.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is useful for imaging both the anterior and posterior segments in glaucoma. Posterior segment OCT allows quantification of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, optic nerve head parameters, and ganglion cell layer thickness. Changes in these measurements over time can help detect glaucomatous progression. Anterior segment OCT visualizes angle anatomy and structures after glaucoma surgery. OCT provides objective data but results must be interpreted carefully while considering limitations such as variability between devices and lack of representation in normative databases.
Choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM)Md Riyaj Ali
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) involves the abnormal growth of new blood vessels from the choroid layer of the eye through Bruch's membrane. This can cause vision loss and is a common cause of wet macular degeneration. CNV occurs due to alterations in Bruch's membrane and high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. It is classified based on its location relative to the retinal pigment epithelium and fovea. Symptoms include sudden vision loss and visual distortions. CNV is diagnosed through imaging like optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography and treated with injections of anti-VEGF drugs to inhibit blood vessel growth.
This document discusses glaucoma suspects and normal pressure glaucoma. It defines ocular hypertension as an IOP above the 97.5 percentile after correcting for central corneal thickness, with no optic nerve or visual field damage. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study found that early medical treatment lowered the risk of developing glaucoma from 9.5% to 4.4% over 5 years. Glaucoma suspects have either optic nerve changes, visual field abnormalities consistent with glaucoma, or an IOP over 21 mmHg. Normal pressure glaucoma is characterized by optic nerve damage, visual field loss, and open angles with IOP under 21 mmHg. It may be caused by abnormalities in ocular blood flow.
This document discusses the optics of contact lenses. It begins with a brief history of contact lenses and an introduction to basic optics concepts for thick lenses. It then covers various optical properties of contact lenses like vertex distance correction, magnification, accommodation, convergence, and aberrations. Key advantages of contact lenses are discussed, such as producing a more natural retinal image size for myopes and hyperopes compared to spectacles. Factors affecting spectacle and contact lens magnification are also presented.
This document discusses various causes of optic disc edema. It begins by defining disc edema as swelling of the optic disc that can be caused by active or passive factors other than papilledema. Several pseudoedemas are described including drusen, myelinated fibers, tilted discs, and hypoplastic discs. True disc edemas can result from inflammation, vascular issues like CRVO, infiltrative diseases, or papilledema from increased intracranial pressure. Papilledema is usually bilateral non-inflammatory swelling caused by conditions that raise ICP like brain tumors, infections, pseudotumor cerebri, or venous sinus thrombosis. The pathogenesis and features of optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis, and papille
This document provides an overview of optic disc swelling, including the anatomy of the optic nerve, blood supply, causes of optic disc swelling like papilledema and pseudopapilledema, differential diagnosis, and treatments. Key points include the definition of papilledema as optic disc swelling due to increased intracranial pressure, distinguishing features between papilledema and pseudopapilledema, grading scales for papilledema severity, causes of increased ICP like idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and distinguishing anterior ischemic optic neuropathy from optic neuritis.
Serous choroidal detachment occurs when fluid accumulates between the choroid and sclera, lifting the choroid. It is often related to low intraocular pressure after surgery or trauma. Hemorrhagic choroidal detachment results from rupture of short posterior ciliary arteries due to trauma, surgery, or increased pressure. Ultrasound shows a smooth dome-shaped elevation and OCT may show retinal pigment epithelium thickening. Management includes cycloplegia, corticosteroids, increasing intraocular pressure, and sometimes choroidal drainage surgery. Prognosis depends on extent of detachment and hemorrhage, with limited detachments having better outcomes.
This document discusses using optical coherence tomography (OCT) to analyze the macula, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and optic nerve head in patients with glaucoma or suspected glaucoma. It describes how OCT can measure macular thickness, RNFL thickness, and optic disc parameters. Five case studies are presented showing how structural changes seen on OCT correlate with functional defects on visual field tests or clinical findings. The document concludes by mentioning Doppler OCT may help understand the role of blood flow in glaucoma and other optic neuropathies.
The document summarizes the objectives, methods, results and conclusions of 13 studies conducted by the Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group (PEDIG) on various amblyopia treatments. The studies compared treatments such as patching, atropine, Bangerter filters and optical correction alone. They found that most treatments, including shorter daily patching durations, improved visual acuity in amblyopic eyes, though residual amblyopia often remained. Combining treatments did not provide significantly better outcomes than single treatments.
Most retinal surgeons are trained to create formal retinal drawings of the fundus.
Retinal drawings are useful to document pathology, although more and more people now prefer fundus photographs.
Can be used for serial follow up of patients to document changes in the pathology.
This document discusses normal tension glaucoma, also known as low tension glaucoma. It is characterized by typical glaucomatous optic disc changes and visual field defects, with intraocular pressure consistently below 21mmHg. While the cause is unknown, it is believed to be due to chronic low vascular perfusion that makes the optic nerve more susceptible to damage from normal intraocular pressures. Treatment options include medical treatments to lower intraocular pressure by 30%, trabeculectomy surgery when there is progressive field loss despite pressures in the lower teens, and systemic calcium channel blockers for patients with confirmed peripheral vasospasm.
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is characterized by elevated intraocular pressure, glaucomatous optic nerve damage, and an open anterior chamber angle. It is the most common type of glaucoma and risk factors include older age, family history, and elevated eye pressure. The goal of treatment is to lower eye pressure through medications, laser therapy, or surgery in order to slow the progression of vision loss and prevent blindness. Regular eye exams are important for screening and monitoring the disease.
Pseudopapilledema refers to optic disc swelling that is not caused by increased intracranial pressure. It can be caused by conditions like optic nerve head drusen, myelinated nerve fibers, or a small hypermetropic disc. Signs include blurred disc margins and nerve fiber layer swelling. Imaging like ultrasound and FA can help distinguish pseudopapilledema from true papilledema caused by increased intracranial pressure.
This document discusses the morphological changes that occur in the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer in glaucoma. It describes the various patterns of glaucomatous optic nerve damage including focal notching, concentric cupping, saucerization, and advanced cupping. Features that indicate glaucomatous damage include neuroretinal rim thinning, disc hemorrhages, and changes in the retinal vasculature around the optic disc. Evaluation of the optic nerve head is important for early detection of glaucoma before visual field loss occurs.
Gonioscopy: gonioscopic lenses, principle and clinical aspectsDr Samarth Mishra
This document discusses gonioscopy, which is used to examine the anterior chamber angle. It begins by explaining that the angle cannot be viewed directly due to total internal reflection at the cornea. Gonioscopic lenses eliminate this effect by matching the cornea's refractive index. There are two main types of lenses - indirect lenses use mirrors and direct lenses refract light. The document then describes various gonioscopic lenses and techniques like indentation gonioscopy. It outlines the clinical uses of gonioscopy and provides examples of gonioscopic findings. In summary, the document provides an in-depth overview of gonioscopy equipment, techniques, and applications.
The document discusses evaluation of the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer. It provides details on the anatomy and characteristics examined, including the intra-papillary and para-papillary regions. Glaucomatous damage results in characteristic signs in these areas like retinal nerve fiber layer defects. Newer imaging techniques like stereo-photogrammetry, scanning laser technologies, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) allow for early diagnosis by focusing on the retinal nerve fiber layer and optic disc. OCT is particularly useful for evaluating pre-perimetric glaucoma and monitoring macular changes.
1. A 41-year-old man presented with blurred disc margins and was found to have reactive syphilis serology, indicating neurosyphilis presenting as asymptomatic optic perineuritis.
2. A 9-year-old boy presented with intermittent headaches and abdominal pain and was found to have bilateral optic disc swelling and markedly elevated blood pressure, leading to the diagnosis of a pheochromocytoma.
3. In both cases, the optic disc swelling was an unusual presenting sign that led to the diagnosis of an underlying systemic condition.
Discussion of clinical approach to typical (demyelnating) and atypical optic neuritis (immune/inflammatory/infectious) optic neuritis with evidence-based review.
Target: Ophthalmologists/Neurologists
Ischemic condition affecting the eye.
The ischemia can occur secondary to systemically problem [or] particulary the eye.
Many retinal vascular disorders {like CRAO,CRVO,Diabetic retinopathy,Hypertensive Retinopathy} shows ischemic signs.
- Visual field examination tests the peripheral sensitivity of the retina and visual pathways. It is important for assessing topographic sensitivity and detecting visual field defects.
- Automated perimetry provides standardized, quantitative tests to measure threshold sensitivity across the visual field. It allows for reliable long-term monitoring to detect glaucomatous progression.
- Interpretation of visual field tests involves analyzing parameters like total deviation plots, pattern deviation plots, and global indices to identify patterns indicative of glaucoma according to established criteria. Clinical correlation with optic nerve examination is also important.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is useful for imaging both the anterior and posterior segments in glaucoma. Posterior segment OCT allows quantification of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, optic nerve head parameters, and ganglion cell layer thickness. Changes in these measurements over time can help detect glaucomatous progression. Anterior segment OCT visualizes angle anatomy and structures after glaucoma surgery. OCT provides objective data but results must be interpreted carefully while considering limitations such as variability between devices and lack of representation in normative databases.
Choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM)Md Riyaj Ali
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) involves the abnormal growth of new blood vessels from the choroid layer of the eye through Bruch's membrane. This can cause vision loss and is a common cause of wet macular degeneration. CNV occurs due to alterations in Bruch's membrane and high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. It is classified based on its location relative to the retinal pigment epithelium and fovea. Symptoms include sudden vision loss and visual distortions. CNV is diagnosed through imaging like optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography and treated with injections of anti-VEGF drugs to inhibit blood vessel growth.
This document discusses glaucoma suspects and normal pressure glaucoma. It defines ocular hypertension as an IOP above the 97.5 percentile after correcting for central corneal thickness, with no optic nerve or visual field damage. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study found that early medical treatment lowered the risk of developing glaucoma from 9.5% to 4.4% over 5 years. Glaucoma suspects have either optic nerve changes, visual field abnormalities consistent with glaucoma, or an IOP over 21 mmHg. Normal pressure glaucoma is characterized by optic nerve damage, visual field loss, and open angles with IOP under 21 mmHg. It may be caused by abnormalities in ocular blood flow.
This document discusses the optics of contact lenses. It begins with a brief history of contact lenses and an introduction to basic optics concepts for thick lenses. It then covers various optical properties of contact lenses like vertex distance correction, magnification, accommodation, convergence, and aberrations. Key advantages of contact lenses are discussed, such as producing a more natural retinal image size for myopes and hyperopes compared to spectacles. Factors affecting spectacle and contact lens magnification are also presented.
This document discusses various causes of optic disc edema. It begins by defining disc edema as swelling of the optic disc that can be caused by active or passive factors other than papilledema. Several pseudoedemas are described including drusen, myelinated fibers, tilted discs, and hypoplastic discs. True disc edemas can result from inflammation, vascular issues like CRVO, infiltrative diseases, or papilledema from increased intracranial pressure. Papilledema is usually bilateral non-inflammatory swelling caused by conditions that raise ICP like brain tumors, infections, pseudotumor cerebri, or venous sinus thrombosis. The pathogenesis and features of optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis, and papille
This document provides an overview of optic disc swelling, including the anatomy of the optic nerve, blood supply, causes of optic disc swelling like papilledema and pseudopapilledema, differential diagnosis, and treatments. Key points include the definition of papilledema as optic disc swelling due to increased intracranial pressure, distinguishing features between papilledema and pseudopapilledema, grading scales for papilledema severity, causes of increased ICP like idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and distinguishing anterior ischemic optic neuropathy from optic neuritis.
Serous choroidal detachment occurs when fluid accumulates between the choroid and sclera, lifting the choroid. It is often related to low intraocular pressure after surgery or trauma. Hemorrhagic choroidal detachment results from rupture of short posterior ciliary arteries due to trauma, surgery, or increased pressure. Ultrasound shows a smooth dome-shaped elevation and OCT may show retinal pigment epithelium thickening. Management includes cycloplegia, corticosteroids, increasing intraocular pressure, and sometimes choroidal drainage surgery. Prognosis depends on extent of detachment and hemorrhage, with limited detachments having better outcomes.
This document discusses using optical coherence tomography (OCT) to analyze the macula, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and optic nerve head in patients with glaucoma or suspected glaucoma. It describes how OCT can measure macular thickness, RNFL thickness, and optic disc parameters. Five case studies are presented showing how structural changes seen on OCT correlate with functional defects on visual field tests or clinical findings. The document concludes by mentioning Doppler OCT may help understand the role of blood flow in glaucoma and other optic neuropathies.
The document summarizes the objectives, methods, results and conclusions of 13 studies conducted by the Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group (PEDIG) on various amblyopia treatments. The studies compared treatments such as patching, atropine, Bangerter filters and optical correction alone. They found that most treatments, including shorter daily patching durations, improved visual acuity in amblyopic eyes, though residual amblyopia often remained. Combining treatments did not provide significantly better outcomes than single treatments.
Most retinal surgeons are trained to create formal retinal drawings of the fundus.
Retinal drawings are useful to document pathology, although more and more people now prefer fundus photographs.
Can be used for serial follow up of patients to document changes in the pathology.
This document discusses normal tension glaucoma, also known as low tension glaucoma. It is characterized by typical glaucomatous optic disc changes and visual field defects, with intraocular pressure consistently below 21mmHg. While the cause is unknown, it is believed to be due to chronic low vascular perfusion that makes the optic nerve more susceptible to damage from normal intraocular pressures. Treatment options include medical treatments to lower intraocular pressure by 30%, trabeculectomy surgery when there is progressive field loss despite pressures in the lower teens, and systemic calcium channel blockers for patients with confirmed peripheral vasospasm.
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is characterized by elevated intraocular pressure, glaucomatous optic nerve damage, and an open anterior chamber angle. It is the most common type of glaucoma and risk factors include older age, family history, and elevated eye pressure. The goal of treatment is to lower eye pressure through medications, laser therapy, or surgery in order to slow the progression of vision loss and prevent blindness. Regular eye exams are important for screening and monitoring the disease.
This document discusses various types of glaucoma including primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), normal tension glaucoma (NTG), and ocular hypertension. It defines these conditions and describes their signs, risk factors, treatments, and etiologies. POAG is the most common type and usually presents with asymptomatic, progressively worsening vision loss and characteristic optic nerve cupping. Risk factors include older age, family history, and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). NTG is similar to POAG but occurs in patients with normal IOP. The cause is believed to involve vascular dysregulation but lowering IOP remains important for treatment and prevention of progression. Ocular hypertension refers to elevated IOP without optic nerve
Ocular hypertension is defined as an intraocular pressure (IOP) greater than 21 mmHg without evidence of optic nerve damage or visual field defects. It affects 4-10% of people over age 40 and is more common in African descendants and those with thinner central corneas. While the exact cause is unknown, genetic factors may play a role in increasing outflow resistance and IOP. Treatment aims to lower IOP by at least 20% and is recommended for those at high risk of progression to glaucoma based on factors like baseline IOP, optic nerve characteristics, and family history. Annual monitoring is sufficient for low risk patients while high risk patients may require medical treatment with eye drops.
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of corneal ulcers. It covers the treatment of various types of corneal ulcers including bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, and allergic ulcers. For bacterial ulcers, the initial treatment involves fortified topical antibiotics like cefazolin and tobramycin or vancomycin and a fluoroquinolone. Systemic antibiotics may be used for severe cases. Viral ulcers like herpes simplex are treated with topical antivirals like acyclovir. Fungal ulcers require topical and sometimes systemic antifungals. Protozoal ulcers mainly involve treatment with topical anti-amoebic agents. Allergic ul
Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a blood clot that forms within the cavernous sinus, a vein at the base of the brain. It typically results from a nearby infection spreading through tributary veins. Common symptoms include eye swelling, pain, and cranial nerve palsies affecting eye movement and sensation. Treatment involves high dose intravenous antibiotics targeting likely pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, anticoagulants to prevent clot growth, and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Draining the primary infection site is also important once the patient is stabilized. Without timely treatment, cavernous sinus thrombosis can cause permanent vision loss or be life-threatening.
Management of early glaucoma: Evidence based medicineHind Safwat
This document summarizes key findings from several clinical trials related to the management of primary open angle glaucoma. It discusses trials comparing medical vs. surgical treatment, different drug therapies, and surgical techniques. Some of the main conclusions are: 1) Early treatment of glaucoma is associated with less progression, but not all untreated patients progress; 2) Targeted IOP reduction can delay progression but rates vary individually; 3) Surgical options generally lower IOP more but with more complications versus medical management. Screening high-risk groups may help detect glaucoma earlier.
Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders characterized by progressive optic nerve damage and visual field loss associated with elevated intraocular pressure. A thorough examination of patients with suspected glaucoma includes assessing visual acuity, intraocular pressure, examining the anterior chamber angle, optic nerve, and performing visual field testing. Symptoms of glaucoma depend on the type and severity of glaucoma, and may include visual changes such as decreased vision, colored halos, eye pain, and headaches.
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma. It is characterized by an open anterior chamber angle, increased intraocular pressure (IOP), and glaucomatous optic nerve damage and visual field loss. Elevated IOP is the primary risk factor. Treatment involves medical therapy to lower IOP through various drug classes, laser trabeculoplasty to increase outflow, and surgeries like trabeculectomy or newer minimally invasive procedures if medication is insufficient. The goal is to lower IOP enough to prevent further optic nerve damage and vision loss.
This document discusses the use of lasers in the treatment of glaucoma. It begins by introducing different types of lasers used, including Nd:YAG lasers. It then covers specific laser procedures for glaucoma such as laser iridotomy to relieve pupillary block, laser iridoplasty to modify the iris, and laser trabeculoplasty to increase outflow. It compares argon laser trabeculoplasty to selective laser trabeculoplasty. The document also discusses laser techniques for angle closure glaucoma, post-operative treatment, and cyclophotocoagulation to reduce aqueous production. Throughout, it provides details on laser parameters and outcomes of these procedures.
1. El documento describe la anatomía y fisiología del ojo relacionadas con la formación y circulación del humor acuoso y el glaucoma. 2. Explica que los procesos ciliares secretan el humor acuoso a través de un doble mecanismo de secreción y ultrafiltración y que este drena a través de la malla trabecular y el conducto de Schlemm. 3. También analiza los diferentes tipos de glaucoma y sus factores de riesgo.
La degeneración macular relacionada con la edad (DMRE) es la principal causa de ceguera en personas mayores de 65 años en países occidentales. Los factores de riesgo incluyen la edad, exposición a la luz solar, tabaquismo e hipertensión. Existen cuatro etapas de la enfermedad que van desde leve a avanzada, pudiendo ser seca o húmeda esta última. El tratamiento depende del estadio y puede incluir fotocoagulación láser, terapia fotodinámica o anti
Steroid-induced glaucoma is a form of secondary open-angle glaucoma caused by the use of steroids. 5-6% of people will develop elevated eye pressure 4-6 weeks after using dexamethasone or betamethasone eye drops. Strong steroids carry a greater risk than weak steroids, and ocular administration carries a greater risk than systemic administration. Steroids may increase substances that block the outflow of aqueous humor. Treatment involves stopping steroids if possible and using glaucoma medications. If medical therapy fails, laser trabeculoplasty or trabeculectomy may be used.
1) Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune disorder associated with Graves' disease. It can affect the eye muscles, fatty tissue, and optic nerve.
2) Treatment depends on the severity and activity of TED. Mild and inactive cases may only require monitoring. Moderate to severe active TED is treated with intravenous steroids, radiation therapy, or surgery. Sight-threatening TED urgently requires treatments like steroids and orbital decompression.
3) Managing thyroid function and advising patients to stop smoking can help prevent progression of TED. Referral to a specialist TED clinic is recommended for persistent or worsening eye symptoms.
El nervio óptico comienza en la capa de células ganglionares de la retina. Los axones de las células ganglionares giran 90° en la capa de fibras nerviosas y se proyectan a la cabeza del nervio óptico, emergiendo hacia el cerebro. El nervio óptico tiene varias porciones anatómicas - intraocular, intraorbitaria, canalicular e intracraneal - y contiene diferentes tipos de células como astrocitos, oligodendrocitos y microglía.
This document discusses bacterial corneal ulcers. It begins by defining a corneal ulcer and describing the signs and symptoms which may include pain, watering, photophobia, blurred vision, redness, swelling and a well-established ulcer with an irregular yellowish-white area and overhanging margins. It then covers the etiology, noting that epithelial damage and infection can lead to ulcer formation. Common causative organisms include Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. The pathogenesis involves stages of infiltration, active ulceration, regression and cicatrization. Clinical examination may reveal inflammation, congestion and opacity.
This document provides an overview of evaluating and treating corneal opacity. It discusses classifying opacity based on etiology ("STUMPED" classification), conducting a clinical exam including visual acuity tests and slit lamp examination of location, size, depth and vascularization of opacity. Further workup may include tear film evaluation, pachymetry, ultrasound and anterior segment OCT. Treatment aims to address underlying causes and then restore vision if possible through contact lenses, refractive surgery, or keratoplasty depending on opacity depth and visual potential.
Keratoconus is a non-inflammatory thinning and protrusion of the cornea that results in impaired vision. It typically begins at puberty and progresses slowly over 10-20 years before stabilizing. Diagnosis involves examining for signs like Munson's sign, Fleischer's ring, and irregular astigmatism using tools like retinoscopy, keratometry, and corneal topography. Treatment begins with glasses or contact lenses and may progress to corneal grafting for advanced cases.
Severe life threatening infection of orbit is called as orbital cellulitis which can be due to many causes. A skill to recognize the disease early and give prompt treatment is very essential for any ophthalmologist
Bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic infections can cause keratitis, which is an inflammation of the cornea. The document discusses the normal flora of the eye and bacteria that can overcome intact epithelium. It describes the presentation of bacterial keratitis and factors that can predispose the eye to infection like contact lens wear or trauma. Diagnosis is based on clinical history, exam findings, and testing corneal scrapings, while treatment involves appropriate antibiotics.
Glaucoma is always a chronic, long term disease.
Glaucoma is always associated with some damage to the optic nerve and often a related change in the visual field.
Glaucoma is a disease where damage to the optic nerve leads to progressive and irreversible vision loss. It is often associated with increased fluid pressure in the eye. The main risk factor is high intraocular pressure, and treatment aims to lower pressure through medication, laser treatment, or surgery. Left untreated, glaucoma can cause permanent vision loss and blindness.
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve and can result in vision loss and blindness. It is often associated with increased fluid pressure in the eye. The most common type is open-angle glaucoma which progresses slowly over time and has no early symptoms. Treatment aims to lower intraocular pressure through eye drops, laser treatment, or surgery to slow the progression and prevent further vision loss. Left untreated, glaucoma can lead to permanent vision loss and blindness.
This document provides an overview of HEENT disorders therapeutics, focusing on glaucoma. It defines glaucoma and discusses the two main types: open-angle glaucoma and closed-angle glaucoma. For each type, it covers risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment goals and approaches. Treatment typically begins with medications to lower intraocular pressure and may progress to laser therapy or surgery if medication is not effective. The document provides detailed information on evaluating and managing both chronic open-angle glaucoma and acute angle-closure glaucoma.
This document provides an overview of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, genetics, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, and management of POAG. POAG is the most common form of glaucoma and a leading cause of blindness worldwide. It is characterized by optic nerve damage and visual field loss in the presence of open iridocorneal angles and no other causative ocular conditions. Elevated intraocular pressure is a major risk factor, though some patients have normal pressures. Treatment aims to lower pressure and prevent further nerve damage through medical therapy, laser surgery, or incisional surgery if needed.
This document provides an overview of glaucoma, including its pathophysiology, types, diagnosis, and treatment. Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy characterized by optic nerve damage and visual field loss. It is traditionally associated with elevated intraocular pressure but can occur with normal pressure as well. The two main types are open-angle glaucoma, the most common, and closed-angle glaucoma, which has a sudden onset. Treatment involves medications, laser therapy, or surgery to lower intraocular pressure and prevent further nerve damage.
This document discusses ocular hypertension. It begins by defining ocular hypertension and noting that distinguishing it from early glaucoma can be difficult. It then discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, investigations, treatment, and the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS). The OHTS was a landmark study that showed topical ocular hypotensive medication can delay or prevent the onset of glaucoma in patients with ocular hypertension. It identified several risk factors for progression to glaucoma, including older age, higher eye pressure, larger optic discs, thinner corneas, and abnormal visual fields.
Posner-Schlossman syndrome is characterized by recurrent unilateral attacks of ocular hypertension accompanied by mild anterior chamber inflammation. It was first described in 1948 and affects people aged 20-50, with males and females equally impacted. The exact pathogenesis is unknown but may involve trabecular meshwork obstruction by mononuclear cells. Symptoms include blurred vision and eye discomfort. Signs include elevated IOP out of proportion to mild inflammation and open iridocorneal angles. While usually self-limiting, long-term damage from recurrent attacks can occur, so treatment focuses on IOP control and inflammation management medically or surgically if needed.
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma. It is characterized by an open anterior chamber angle, optic nerve damage indicative of glaucoma, and visual field loss in the absence of a secondary cause. The major risk factor for POAG is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) above 21 mmHg. Other risk factors include older age, African ancestry, family history of glaucoma, diabetes, and high myopia. Treatment aims to lower IOP through medications, laser therapy, or surgery to prevent further optic nerve damage and vision loss.
Clinical and dermographics profile of glaucoma patients in Hebron - Palestin...Riyad Banayot
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to describe the clinical profile of glaucoma types, treatment modalities, visual outcomes, and intraocular pressure (IOP) control for patients in Palestine.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data collection was done through the hospital record review, which included basic demographics including file number, age, sex, family history of glaucoma, history of anti-glaucoma and steroid medication, history of ocular trauma or surgery, etiology of secondary glaucoma and history of systemic illness. All the patients had a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity, intraocular pressure, vertical cup-disc ratio, and gonioscopy. Data were obtained, tabulated, and organized using Microsoft Excel, and statistical analyses were done using Wizard Version 1.9.49 by Evan Miller.RESULTS: There were 100 females with a mean age of 53 and 101 males with a mean age of 67. Primary open-angle glaucoma and its variants represented 45.3% of all patients, while secondary glaucoma represented 40.3% and primary angle closure glaucoma represented 10.4%. The prevalence of glaucoma increased with age, and the last visual acuity (VA) showed that 39.2% of eyes had Normal/near normal VA. The highest average IOP of 25 mm Hg was recorded among secondary glaucoma patients. Of all glaucoma eyes studied, 64% were on one or two medications, and the most common surgical procedures performed were peripheral iridectomy 18.2% followed by trabeculectomy 15.5%. CONCLUSION: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) was the predominant glaucoma. Glaucoma increased significantly with advancing age. Pseudoexfoliation and neovascular glaucoma comprised the majority of secondary glaucoma.
Graves' orbitopathy is an autoimmune condition affecting the eye muscles and surrounding tissues that can cause proptosis, diplopia, and sight loss. It occurs in 30-50% of patients with Graves' disease. The condition is caused by antibodies targeting the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor, which is highly expressed in the retro-orbital tissues. Graves' orbitopathy can become sight threatening in 1-2% of cases due to corneal breakdown or dysthyroid optic neuropathy, requiring urgent treatment with high dose steroids to reduce inflammation and pressure on the optic nerve. Long term management involves monitoring for disease activity and use of steroids or surgery depending on activity level.
The document discusses glaucoma, a group of eye disorders characterized by optic nerve damage and vision loss caused by increased intraocular pressure. It defines glaucoma and describes the main types: open-angle glaucoma, angle-closure glaucoma, normal-tension glaucoma, and congenital glaucoma. Risk factors, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, medical and surgical management, complications, prognosis, and nursing management are outlined. The presentation concludes with a research abstract on glaucoma and a bibliography.
This document discusses Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS), a life-threatening reaction to antipsychotic medications characterized by fever, muscle rigidity, and changes in mental status. It notes that NMS incidence is low (0.01-0.02%) but carries high mortality. Diagnosis involves assessing for symptoms after starting antipsychotics. Treatment involves stopping the medication, supportive care, and potentially benzodiazepines or dopaminergic drugs. Recovery typically occurs within 7-10 days but may be prolonged with long-acting injections.
This document discusses Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS), a life-threatening reaction that can occur due to treatment with antipsychotic medications. It defines NMS as a condition characterized by fever, severe muscle rigidity, and changes in mental status and autonomic function. The document outlines risk factors for NMS, diagnostic criteria, treatment recommendations including immediate discontinuation of the causative drug, and supportive care. Dopaminergic medications like bromocriptine may help reduce time to recovery and mortality rates.
- Studies show that lowering IOP reduces risk of glaucoma progression and maintaining a steady IOP level over time is important. IOP fluctuation is associated with progressive visual field loss and is a stronger predictor of progression than mean IOP. Higher IOP fluctuation during office hours and over 24 hours is seen in glaucoma patients compared to normal subjects.
- Educating patients about their condition and treatment through tools like perimetry, OCT/GDx imaging can help improve compliance which is important for minimizing IOP fluctuations and risk of further optic nerve damage. Compliance is better with once or twice daily dosing compared to multiple medications or more frequent dosing.
This document discusses recent research on the relationship between patent foramen ovale (PFO) and neurological diseases. It begins by describing PFO, which occurs when the foramen ovale fails to close after birth, allowing blood to pass from the right to left atrium. The document then summarizes research showing associations between PFO and conditions like stroke, migraine, sleep apnea, and decompression sickness. It reviews methods for diagnosing PFO and compares their accuracy. Epidemiological characteristics of PFO-related neurological diseases are described. Potential pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed. Prevention and treatment options for PFO-related stroke and migraine are summarized, including medication, anticoagulation, antiplatelet therapy, and
This document provides guidelines and information on glaucoma. It begins by outlining the preferred practice patterns for open angle glaucoma by the AAO and Canadian glaucoma guidelines. It then defines primary open-angle glaucoma and discusses clinical objectives such as monitoring optic nerve structure and function. Risk factors like elevated IOP, age, family history and type 2 diabetes are examined. The diagnostic process involving tests like visual fields, pachymetry and optic nerve imaging is summarized. Examination techniques like gonioscopy and optic nerve evaluation are also overviewed.
This document discusses glaucomatous optic atrophy (GOA), an irreversible end-stage condition caused by glaucoma that results in severe vision loss. GOA can be caused by uncontrolled primary or secondary glaucoma over many years. The case report describes a patient who developed GOA in one eye due to non-compliance with treatment for chronic open-angle glaucoma, resulting in advanced cupping and pallor of the optic nerve. Aggressive treatment including multiple medications and laser surgery was able to slow progression in the other eye but vision could not be restored in the affected eye. Genetic factors may also contribute to glaucoma types like normal tension glaucoma that can lead to GOA.
Steroid Induced Glaucoma - Dr Shylesh B DabkeShylesh Dabke
This document discusses steroid-induced glaucoma, beginning with a brief history and classifications proposed by Armaly and Becker. It describes the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical features, differential diagnosis, and management strategies. Steroid-induced glaucoma is an adverse effect of corticosteroid therapy that causes elevated intraocular pressure. Careful monitoring of patients on steroids is important, especially those with glaucoma risk factors, and treatment involves controlling pressure through cessation of steroids or use of antiglaucoma medications when needed.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
2. INTRODUCTION
Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is an optic neuropathy
associated with
Glaucomatous optic nerve head damage,
Progressive retinal nerve fiber layer thinning,
Characteristic visual field defects,
Open anterior chamber angles on gonioscopy and
Maximum intraocular pressure (IOP) below 21 mmHg.
3. In 1857, von Graefe first described a form of glaucoma manifesting optic
nerve head damage and an open anterior chamber angle, but with an
intraocular pressure (IOP) within the reference range; this is now known as
normal-tension glaucoma (NTG)
NTG is a type of open-angle glaucoma.
Nonetheless, NTG does have distinctive features compared with primary
open-angle glaucoma:IOP–independent risk factors including vascular factors,
systemic disease–associated factors, and myopia-related biomechanical
factors, and shows structural and functional clinical features distinguishing it
from POAG.
4. PREVALENCE
Glaucoma affects more than 66 million people and is the second leading cause
of visual loss worldwide.
POAG prevalence rates ranging from 0.5% to 8.8% including NTG.
White and African population studies, the POAG prevalence is between 1.1%
and 8.8%, with NTG ranging from 30.0% to 57.1%.
POAG Asian populations is between 1.0% and 3.9%, with NTG somewhere
between 46.9% and 92.3%.
5. Kim KE, MD, Park KH. Update on the Prevalence, Etiology, Diagnosis, and
Monitoring of Normal-Tension Glaucoma. Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology.
2016. 5(1):23-31.
6. To date, the highest NTG proportion reported was 92.0%, from the Tajimi
Study conducted in Japan, and the lowest was 30%, from the Italian Egna-
Neumarkt Study.
8. IOP-Dependent Mechanisms
Glaucomatous eyes exhibit conjunctival change induced by high IOP –
impression cytology and laser scanning invivo confocal microscopy.
Epithelial microcysts formed – Post Trab, POAG, OHT. [1]
NTG patients shows similar changes, indicating that hyperbaric damage
also plays a role even in eyes within the IOP reference range. [2]
NTG patients have IOP within the reference range but higher than those of
normal subject.
Protective effect of IOP-lowering treatment.
NTG pressures are not as high as POAG ones, IOP still plays an important
role in the pathogenesis of NTG.
1 Messmer EM, Zapp DM, Mackert MJ, et al. In vivo confocal microscopy of filtering blebs after
trabeculectomy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124:1095–1103.
2. Ciancaglini M, Carpineto P, Agnifili L, et al. Conjunctival modifications in ocular hypertension and
primary open angle glaucoma: an in vivo confocal microscopy study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:
3042–3048.
9. IOP-Independent Mechanisms
Structural-Biomechanical Factors
Myopia - a notable risk factor for glaucoma.
The structural thinning/stretching and inherent structural weakness from axial
elongation in myopic eyes can increase vulnerability to glaucomatous damage even
within the IOP reference range.
However, glaucoma-like structural and functional damage can occur because of
myopia alone.
Thinner laminar thickness compared with high-IOP POAG eyes.
Limited number of studies are available on the characteristics of the lamina
cribrosa in NTG.
10. Systemic and Ocular Vascular Risk Factors
Migraine and Raynaud’s phenomenon.
More common in patients with with NTG.
Vascular dysregulation – Underlying mechanism of migraine.
Patients with migraine could have poor blood flow at the optic nerve head, leading
to an increase in the susceptibility to glaucomatous damage.
Primary Vascular Dysregulation
Ability to maintain sufficient blood flow is diminished despite the absence of
causative diseases or anatomical factors.
NTG patients are reported to have decreased autoregulation capacity.
Flammer syndrome.
11. Blood Pressure
Increased or decreased blood pressure ????? Unsolved. [1]
Diastolic perfusion pressure – (diastolic blood pressure – IOP),
Normal – 50-70 mmHg.
Excessive blood pressure lowering with antihypertensive medication or nocturnal
hypotension - decreased ocular perfusion pressure - insufficient oxygen and
nutritional support to the optic nerve head and subsequent ischemic injury – NTG
1. Zhao D, Cho J, Kim MH, et al. The association of blood pressure and primary open-angle glaucoma: a
meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014; 158:615.e9–627
12. Ocular Perfusion Pressure
Defined as two-thirds of the mean blood pressure – IOP.
Decreased ocular perfusion pressure in glaucomatous eyes is important
pathomechanism, particularly in NTG eyes.
In a study by Plange et al Prolonged arteriovenous passage time, reflecting
impaired autoregulation was found in NTG. [1]
Correlating with low mean arterial blood pressure and low ocular perfusion
pressure.
Large fluctuation of ocular perfusion pressure is a risk factor for NTG
development.
1. Okumura Y, Yuki K, Tsubota K. Low diastolic blood pressure is associated with the progression of
normal-tension glaucoma. Ophthalmologica. 2012;228:36–41.
13. Baltimore Eye Survey
Lower diastolic perfusion pressure (< 50 mmHg) was associated with an increased
prevalence of POAG.
The Egna-Neumarkt Study
Reduced diastolic perfusion pressure (< 70 mmHg) is an important risk factor for
primary open-angle glaucoma.
Barbados Eye Study
Lower PP at baseline increased risk of POAG
Lower ocular perfusion pressures, doubled the risk of glaucoma.
The Rotterdam study
Low diastolic perfusion pressure (< 50 mmHg) was inversely associated with ntOAG
14. Systemic Diseases
Positive association is seen in Hypertension and DM.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) –
Mechanical factors - increased IOP at night related to the supine position,
obesity and elevated intracranial pressure.
Vascular factors - recurrent hypoxia with increased vascular resistance or
dysregulation and subsequent reperfusion injury, leading to increased
levels of oxidative stress and inflammation, decreased perfusion pressure,
and prolonged ischemia, ultimately damaging the optic nerve.
15. Translaminar Pressure Difference
Potential risk factor in glaucoma pathogenesis.
Intracranial pressure is lower in patients with NTG than in those with POAG or
normal subjects.
Low intracranial pressure in the context of normal IOP levels might in fact lead to
an abnormally large translaminar cribrosa pressure difference, thereby increasing
the probability of glaucomatous damage.
16. Autoimmunity
Increased titres of serum antibodies against retinal or optic nerve
proteins.
Indicating that RGC degeneration can be accelerated by an imbalance
of immune regulation between the proapoptotic and antiapoptotic
pathways. [1]
Patients with NTG also showed increased antiphosphatidylserine
antibodies compared with POAG patients and control subjects [2]
Other hypotheses are - release of proinflammatory and vasoactive
substances, platelet activation and aggregation, production of
reactive oxygen species, or antibodies against H. pylori cross-reacting
with RGC, thus inducing their degeneration.[3]
1. Mastropasqua R, Fasanella V, Agnifili L, et al. Advance in the pathogenesis and treatment of
normal-tension glaucoma. Prog Brain Res. 2015;221:213–232
2. Kremmer S, Kreuzfelder E, Klein R, et al. Antiphosphatidylserine antibodies are elevated in
normal tension glaucoma. Clin Exp Immunol. 2001;125:211–215.
3. Kim JM, KimSH, ParkKH, et al. Investigation of the association between Helicobacter pylori
infection and normal tension glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:665–668.
17. Genetic/Hereditary Factors
Number of genes –
Optineurin (OPTN),
Myocilin (MYOC), [1]
WD repeat-containing protein 36 (WDR36),
optic atrophy 1 (OPA), [2]
Toll-like receptor4 (TLR4) genes] [3]
Other Caueses
Hypercoagulability and increased blood viscosity
Diffuse cerebral ischemia
1. Stone EM, Fingert JH, Wallace LM, et al: Identification of a gene that causes primary open angle
glaucoma. Science 1997; 275:668–670.
2. Mabuchi F, Tang S, Kashiwagi K, Yamagata Z, Iijima H, Tsukahara S. The OPA1 gene polymorphism is
associated with normal tension and high tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(1):125–130.
3. Shibuya et al. Association of Toll-like Receptor 4 Gene Polymorphisms with Normal Tension
Glaucoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2008;49(10):4453-4457.
18. Pathogenesis
Follows a cascade of pathophysiological events that includes impaired axonal
transport, ischemia and free radical formation that leads to apoptosis
19. DIAGNOSIS
Standard diagnostic criteria for NTG consist of glaucomatous structural
changes in the optic nerve head/RNFL and functional changes on visual field,
the same as those established for POAG.
In addition, IOP measurements by GAT should consistently be 21 mm Hg or
less.
20. Characteristics of Structural Damage
Localized RNFL defect patterns closer to the fovea and wider than in high-
IOP POAG eyes - visual field defects are more localized and central than
in high-IOP POAG eyes.
NTG eyes shows larger cupping, smaller rims, and
thinner RNFL than high-IOP POAG eyes.
Disc haemorrhage, the only predictive factor.
21. Intraocular pressure in normal-tension glaucoma
The only parameter for which we currently have proven treatment.
Patients with NTG have wider diurnal fluctuations of IOP as compared to the
healthy population.
IOP spikes may occur at night, and thus IOPs measured during office hours may
miss nocturnal spikes in many patients.
Also IOP is higher in the supine than sitting position.
22. Basic work up…
Ocular history – H/O steroid use, H/O ocular trauma.
Systemic history – h/o vasospasm (Raynauds syndrome, maigraine), systemic
nocturnal hypotension, any autoimmune disorders, sleep apnea,
coagulopahthies etc.
Family history of glaucoma.
23. Clinical evaluation
General medical examination – BP, DPP, Carotid status.
Ocular Evaluation
CCT
IOP –
Perform Diurnal variation in IOP
May be assymetric, higher in left eye.
Fluctuation leads to greater VF loss in NTG
Corneal thickness compensated IOP.
24. Refractive error
Gonioscopy
r/o angle closure, angle recession, increased pigmentation,
Optic disc evaluation
Focal ischemic NTG – polar notching usually inferiorly due to thin or
absent neuro-retinal rim.
Myopic NTG – obliquely inserted disc
Large discs with large PPA.
Narrow vessels in PPA.
25. Visual fields
Focal
Closer to fixation
Deeper
Inferotemporally narrower
optic disc rims and larger
cups might be 2 of the
possible explanations for
the greater significance
of paracentral scotoma
in early NTG.
26. NTG :
When is neuro-imaging indicated
Rapidly progressing
Patient less than 50 yo
Unilateral condition
Disc palor> cupping+++
Dyschromatopsia or VA reduction
Discrepancy between disc and VF defect
27. Documentation of progress
Functional progression
Standard automated perimetry, which is still the criterion, standard for
monitoring functional change
Visual field - Before progression identify baseline
2 to 3 examinations per year.
28. Structural progression
Ophthalmoscopy
Dilated, indirect or direct
Sterio Disc photograph
Imaging of disc and RNFL: HRT, OCT, GDX
• Focal or diffuse narrowing of Neuroretinal rim.
• Increase of CDR.
• Narrowing of vessels.
• Increase f PPA.
30. Comparison Of Glaucomatous Progression Between
Untreated Patients With Normal-tension Glaucoma
And Patients With Therapeutically Reduced
Intraocular Pressures: Collaborative Normal-tension
Glaucoma Study
AUTHORS: Anderson DR, Drance SM, Schulzer M
ORIGINAL ARTICLES:
1. Ophthalmology. 1992 Sep;99(9):1468-70.
2. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998 Oct;126(4):487-97.
3. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999 Dec;128(6):776-7.
4. J Ophthalmol. 2003 Nov;136(5):820-9.
31. PURPOSE: To determine if intraocular pressure plays a part in the pathogenic
process of normal-tension glaucoma.
METHODS:
One eye of each eligible subject was randomized either to be untreated
as a control or to have intraocular pressure lowered by 30% from baseline.
Eyes were randomized if they met criteria for diagnosis of normal-tension
glaucoma and showed documented progression or high-risk field defects
that threatened fixation or the appearance of a new disk haemorrhage.
The clinical course (visual field and optic disk) of the group with IOP was
compared with the clinical course when IOP remained at its spontaneous
untreated level.
32. RESULTS:
One hundred-forty eyes of 140 patients were used in this study. Sixty-one
were in the treatment group, and 79 were untreated controls.
Twenty-eight (35%) of the control eyes and 7 (12%) of the treated eyes
reached end points (specifically defined criteria of glaucomatous optic
disk progression or visual field loss).
An overall survival analysis showed a statistically significant difference
between the two groups (P < .0001).
The mean survival time +/-SD of the treated group was 2,688 +/- 123 days
and for the control group, 1,695 +/- 143 days. Of 34 cataracts developed
during the study, 11 (14%) occurred in the control group and 23 (38%) in
the treated group (P = .0075), with the highest incidence in those whose
treatment included filtration surgery.
33. IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER:
Summary of Results over 5 year span of study:
Progression to disc change or visual field loss significantly higher in the
control vs. treated group (35% vs 12%)
Time to progression longer in the treated vs control group
Progression of visual field loss was greater in the control vs treated group
(after adjusting for effect of cataract)
65% of untreated eyes showed no progression over 5 years
Some patients continued to progress despite a 30% IOP lowering
Disc heme is a strong negative prognostic sign (faster progression)
Progression was faster in patients with migraine headaches and in females
34. Conclusions of CNGTS:
Different factors may contribute to the glaucomatous optic neuropathy in
different cases of normal tension glaucoma
• Gender, ethnic background, migraine and the presence of disc haemorrhage
adversely influence the course of the disease and may therefore account for
some of the variability in the course of the disease
IOP plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of NTG
Supports aggressive lowering of IOP in patients at high risk for progression
Given that not all patients progress, treatment ideally should be low in side
effects; decision to treat aggressively must be weighed against the individual
likelihood of progression.
35. Treatment
Indication - any patient with documented progression or with threatened
fixation.
Goal – at least 30% IOP reduction.
Target IOP –
Untreated pressures are in the high teens - 15 mmHg or less.
Untreated pressures are in the mid teens - 10–12 mmHg range
36. MEDICAL TREATMENT
Prostaglandin analogues. [1]
Current gold standard for medical glaucoma therapy.
Single most effective agent in reducing IOP with adequate diurnal control.
Latanoprost , bimatoprost and travoprost.
Reduction in 20% of mean IOP.
1. Gulati V, Fan S, Zhao M, Maslonka MA, Gangahar C, Toris CB. Diurnal and nocturnal variations
in aqueous humor dynamics of patients with ocular hypertension undergoing medical therapy.
Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130:677–84.
37. Beta blockers –
Beta blockers and adrenergic drugs (dipivefrine) should better be avoided.
Probability of nocturnal systemic hypotension and optic nerve
hypoperfusion. [1}
Betaxolol eye drops have a beneficial effect on optic nerve blood flow in
addition to IOP reduction. [2]
1. Hayreh SS, Podhajsky P, Zimmerman MB. Betablocker eyedrops and nocturnal arterial hypotension.
Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;128:301–19.
2. Kanski JJ, Bowling B, Nischal K, Pearson R. Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach. 7th ed.
Edinburgh: Elsevier Saunders; 2011. p. 346-348.
38. Alfa agonist
Brimonidine treated patients were less likely to have visual field
progression compared to timolol treated patients (9.1 and 39.2%,
respectively) despite similar reductions in IOP by both drugs. [1]
Retinal vascular autoregulation in NTG patients.
Alpha agonists, specifically brimonidine, have been shown to be
neuroprotective in animal models of optic nerve and retinal injury. [2]
1. Krupin T, Liebmann JM, Greenfield DS, Ritch R, Gardiner S. LowPressure Glaucoma Study Group. A
randomized trial of brimonidine versus timolol in preserving visual function: Results from the
LowPressure Glaucoma Treatment Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;151:671–81.
2. Saylor M, McLoon HK, Harrison AR, Lee MS. Experimental and clinical evidence for brimonidine as
an optic nerve and retinal neuroprotective agent: An evidencebased review. Arch Ophthalmol.
2009;127:402–6.
39. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Both, acetazolamide and Dorzolamide are useful as adjunctive.
May provide better diurnal IOP control than timolol
Dorzolamide-timolol fixed combination (DTFC) is a safe and effective
IOP-lowering agent in patients with NTG. [1]
1. Kim TW, Kim M, Lee EJ, Jeoung JW, Park KH. Intraocular pressure-lowering efficacy of
dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination in normal-tension glaucoma. J Glaucoma
2014;23:329-332.
40. LASERS
Because NTG patients have baseline IOPs in the statistically normal range,
it is often difficult to achieve IOPs in the single digits with medications
alone.
Argon laser trabeculoplasty
May provide better diurnal control than some of the commonly used
ocular hypotensive agents. [1]
Bulk of the evidence suggests that argon laser trabeculoplasty is of
limited benefit in normal-tension glaucoma.
Worth trying in patients who are reluctant to undergo, or are high-risk
candidates for surgical intervention. [2]
Selective laser trabaculoplasty
1. Sharpe ED, Simmons RJ: Argon laser trabeculoplasty as a means of decreasing intraocular pressure
from ‘normal’ levels in glaucomatous eyes, Am J Ophthalmol 99:704, 1985.
2. Schulzer M: The Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group: intraocular pressure reduction in normal-
tension glaucoma patients, Ophthalmology 99:1468, 1992.
41. GLAUCOMA FILTERING SURGERY
Trabaculectomy
INDICATION - No adequate control with medical therapy or laser
trabeculoplasty.
The most effective method of achieving low IOPs.
It blunts diurnal and nocturnal IOP fluctuations even in the setting of postural
changes. [1]
1. Klink T, Praetorius S, Leippi S, Klink J, Grehn FJ. Diurnal and nocturnal intraocular
pressure fluctuations after trabeculectomy. Ophthalmologica. 2012;227:160–5.
42. AQUEOUS SHUNTS
Lower failure rate and fewer complications than trabeculectomy
Trabeculectomy have a significantly higher 5 year cumulative probability of success
[1]
Trabeculectomy is likely a more suitable surgical option than glaucoma drainage
devices in NTG [2]
1. Gedde SJ, Herndon LW, Brandt JD, Budenz DL, Feuer WJ, Schiffman JC. Tube versus
Trabeculectomy Study Group. Postoperative complications in the Tube Versus Trabeculectomy
Study (TVT) during five years of followup. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153:804–14.
2. Tran DH, Souza C, Ang MJ, Loman J, Law SK, Coleman AL, et al. Comparison of longterm
surgical success of Ahmed Valve implant versus trabeculectomy in openangle glaucoma. Br J
Ophthalmol. 2009;93:1504–9.
43. NONPENETRATING GLAUCOMA SURGERY
Nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy
Less complications compared with more invasive procedures.
Lachkar et al., showed that nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy was
associated with an IOP reduction of 33.73 ± 20.9% after 6 years with few
complications. [1]
Results are comparable with trab with less complications than trab. [2]
1. Lachkar Y, Neverauskiene J, JeanteurLunel MN, Gracies H, Berkani M, Ecoffet M,
et al. Nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy: A 6year retrospective study. Eur J
Ophthalmol. 2004;14:26–36.
2. Leszczynski R, ForminskaKapuscik M, BubulaStachowicz B, MrukwaKominek E,
Filipek E, Pawlicki K. Nonpenetrating very deep sclerectomy with hyaluronic acid
implant vs trabeculectomy—A 2year followup. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol.
2012;250:1835–41.
44. Non IOP lowering treatment modalities/
Neuroprotection
GLUTAMATE ANTAGONISTS
Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS and retina.
Excitotoxic at high extracellular levels.
Glutamate excitotoxicity is associated with retinal ganglion cell death [1]
N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA), has been proposed as a potential
therapeutic target for neuroprotection in glaucoma [2]
1. Martin KR, LevkovitchVerbin H, Valenta D, Baumrind L, Pease ME, Quigley HA. Retinal glutamate
transporter changes in experimental glaucoma and after optic nerve transection in the rat. Invest
Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:2236–43.
2. Guo L, Salt TE, Maass A, Luong V, Moss SE, Fitzke FW, et al. Assessment of neuroprotective effects of
glutamate modulation on glaucomarelated retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis
Sci. 2006;47:626–33.
45. UNOPROSTONE
It is prostanoid and synthetic docosanoid.
Increases aqueous outflow via the trabecular meshwork
Approved by the US-FDA for IOP reduction in OAG and OHT.
May prolong neuronal survival independent of its ability to lower IOP,
due to improved ocular blood flow via antagonism of ET1. [1]
1. Munemasa Y, Kitaoka Y, Hayashi Y, Takeda H, Fujino H, OhtaniKaneko R, et al. Effects of
unoprostone on phosphorylated extracellular signalregulated kinase expression in endothelin
1induced retinal and optic nerve damage. Vis Neurosci. 2008;25:197–208.
46. CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS (CCBS)
Centrally acting CCBs, such as nimodipine and nifedipine, improve ocular
blood flow and color sensitivity in glaucoma patients. [1]
Lowdose nifedipine has also been shown to reverse ET1 induced ocular
hemodynamic effects. [2]
1 Luksch A, Rainer G, Koyuncu D, Ehrlich P, Maca T, Gschwandtner ME, et al. Effect of nimodipine on
ocular blood flow and colour contrast sensitivity in patients with normal tension glaucoma. Br J
Ophthalmol. 2005;89:221–5.
2. Strenn K, Matulla B, Wolzt M, Findl O, Bekes MC, Lamsfuss U, et al. Reversal of endothelin1 induced
ocular hemodynamic effects by lowdose nifedipine in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998;63:54–63.
47. 3- HYDROXYL 3-METHYL GLUTARYL COENZYME A (HMG CO-A) REDUCTASE
INHIBITORS
Possess an antiapoptotic and neuroprotective effect suggesting that
longterm use may reduce the risk of glaucoma [1]
GINKGO BILOBA
Indigenous to Korea, Japan and China.
Ginkgo extracts may have antioxidative properties. [2]
Recent study found improved peripapillary blood flow in NTG patients
consuming ginkgo biloba extract when compared to control patients. [3]
1. Owen CG, Carey IM, Shah S, de Wilde S, Wormald R, Whincup PH, et al. Hypotensive
medications, statins and the risk of glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:3524–30.
2. Ou HC, Lee WJ, Lee IT, Chiu TH, Tsai KL, Lin CY, et al. Ginkgo biloba extract attenuates
oxLDLinduced oxidative functional damages in endothelial cells. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106:1674–
85.
3. Park JW, Kwon HJ, Chung WS, Kim CY, Seong GJ. Shortterm effects of gingko biloba extract on
peripapillary retinal blood flow in normal tension glaucoma. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2011;25:323–
8.
48. Disorders such as anemia, arrhythmia, and congestive heart failure should be
treated to prevent ischemia of the optic nerve.
NTG constitutes the major proportion of POAG, which is common in Asian populations.
Autoregulation, is an intrinsic vascular ability to maintain relatively constant blood flow over a large range of pressure while fulfilling
the metabolic demand of the tissue, is the main mechanism maintaining retinal blood flow in healthy eyes
cold hands and/or feet, long sleep onset time, reduced feeling of thirst, increased sensitivity) and signs (eg, blood pressure drop at night, abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy, reduced capacity to autoregulate ocular blood flow) of primary vascular dysregulation.
with a 10–mm Hg increase in systolic blood pressure was 0.26 mm Hg
with a 5–mmHg increase in diastolic blood pressure was 0.17 mm Hg
These antibodies bind to phosphatidylserine
molecules, which are shifted from the inner to the outer leaflet of
cell membranes. This process activates the coagulation cascade
and thus can cause thrombosis. This might explain the higher frequency
of thromboembolism in NTG patients and suggests a
strong association of apoptosis or circulatory disturbances and
NTG
Monoclonal paraproteinemia, IgG, Ig A in RGC layer (Wax 1999)
Antiphospholipid Ab ( Kremmer 1999), Rhodopsine Ab in NTG (Romano 1999)
Ab to Heat Shock Protein NTG> POAG> control
interaction of genetic (hereditary) and environmental factors.
positive family history has been found to be a significant risk factor for glaucoma, genetic and/or
familial factors are considered to play important roles in glaucoma
Development.
Central – 10-2 should be performed
Slower progression
Shiedels scotoma extending from blid spot in OS
With the exception of the prostaglandin analogues, the commonly used classes of antiglaucoma
medications
depend largely on reducing aqueous production (as opposed to increasing aqueous outflow) to lower IOP.
Because aqueous production naturally decreases while asleep,[80] it is believed that aqueous suppressants
have little effect on nocturnal IOP.
Because NTG patients have baseline IOPs in the statistically normal range, it is often difficult to achieve
IOPs in the single digits with medications alone.
ocular hypotony and related complications, such as hypotony maculopathy, postoperatively.
internal wall of Schlemm's canal is excised without entering the anterior chamber.
as some studies have reported functional improvement in these patients, while others found no effect.
yet to be validated in randomized clinical trials