Cryogenics and its applications in space were discussed. Liquid helium and nitrogen are commonly used cryogenic liquids that are stored in Dewars. An Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator (ADR) can attain temperatures below liquid helium by using a magnetocaloric material to absorb and release heat with changing magnetic fields. The X-Ray Spectrometer instrument uses a complex cryogenic system including liquid helium, a mechanical cooler, and an ADR to cool its detectors to ultra-low temperatures needed to minimize noise.
This presentation deals with the basic knowledge and easy concept of cryogenics that can help to bring up your basic knowledge about cryogenics.
This basically contains the history and applications of cryogenic technology.
Different types of cryogenic tanks and their featuresinoxindia123
Cryogenic tank is a tank that is primarily and mostly used to store frozen biological material. Many renowned and established industries manufacture such vessels and tanks essential for storage and transportation tanks of many different gases and liquids. The industries take care of very microscopic aspects because it necessitates superior expertise, technology and stringent quality control measures. Cryogenic energy storage is the use of low temperature (cryogenic) liquids such as liquid air or liquid nitrogen as energy storage and this principle is used in the vessels/tanks manufactured in almost all the industries.
This presentation deals with the basic knowledge and easy concept of cryogenics that can help to bring up your basic knowledge about cryogenics.
This basically contains the history and applications of cryogenic technology.
Different types of cryogenic tanks and their featuresinoxindia123
Cryogenic tank is a tank that is primarily and mostly used to store frozen biological material. Many renowned and established industries manufacture such vessels and tanks essential for storage and transportation tanks of many different gases and liquids. The industries take care of very microscopic aspects because it necessitates superior expertise, technology and stringent quality control measures. Cryogenic energy storage is the use of low temperature (cryogenic) liquids such as liquid air or liquid nitrogen as energy storage and this principle is used in the vessels/tanks manufactured in almost all the industries.
design of hemispherical pressure vessel is most considerable in designing of pressure vessel. in present industry this type of vessels are widely used.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON A DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR USING LPG AS A REFRIGARANTIAEME Publication
This project is devoted to feasibility study of substitution of LPG (60% Propane and 40 % commercial Butane) as refrigerant instead of R134a in a domestic refrigerator. An experimental performance study on a VCR system
with LPG as refrigerant was conducted and compared with R134a.The VCR system was initially designed to operate with R134a.
design of hemispherical pressure vessel is most considerable in designing of pressure vessel. in present industry this type of vessels are widely used.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON A DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR USING LPG AS A REFRIGARANTIAEME Publication
This project is devoted to feasibility study of substitution of LPG (60% Propane and 40 % commercial Butane) as refrigerant instead of R134a in a domestic refrigerator. An experimental performance study on a VCR system
with LPG as refrigerant was conducted and compared with R134a.The VCR system was initially designed to operate with R134a.
Removing undesirable heat from one item, substance, or area and transferring it to another is known as refrigeration, sometimes known as chilling. The temperature can be reduced by removing heat, which can be accomplished by the use of ice, snow, cooled water, or mechanical refrigeration.
Experimental Performance Evaluation of R152a to replace R134a in Vapour Compr...IJMER
The performance of heat transfer is one of the most important research areas in the field
of thermal engineering. There are a large number of refrigerants, which are used to transfer heat from
low temperature reservoir to high temperature reservoir by using vapour compression refrigeration
system. There are various obstacles faced in working of different refrigerants due to their environmental
impact (CFC, HCFC), toxicity (NH3), flammability (HC) and high pressure (CO2); which makes them
more hazardous than other working fluids according to safety and environmental issues.
Experimentation is conducted to observe the performance of Hydro-fluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants
(R134a and R152a) in vapour compression refrigeration. Value of average refrigerating effect for R152a
is about 57% more than that of R134a . Average pressure ratio for R152a was 18.92% higher than that of
R134a. In this result, R152a has emerged as the most energy efficient refrigerant among both the
investigated refrigerants being the one that exhibited the lowest power consumption per ton of
refrigeration with the average value of 13.23% less than that of R134a.The COP of R152a obtain is
higher than R134a by 3.769% .As a result, R152a could be used as a drop-in replacement for R134a in
vapour compression refrigeration system. R152a offers the best desirable environmental requirements;
zero Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP) and 120 Global Warming Potential (GWP).
This slide is about some new green cooling system (refrigeration system) and green refrigerant. For the Ozone layer depletion and green house effect, it is high time to find new refrigerant and refrigeration system.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Enhancing Performance with Globus and the Science DMZGlobus
ESnet has led the way in helping national facilities—and many other institutions in the research community—configure Science DMZs and troubleshoot network issues to maximize data transfer performance. In this talk we will present a summary of approaches and tips for getting the most out of your network infrastructure using Globus Connect Server.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Welcome to the first live UiPath Community Day Dubai! Join us for this unique occasion to meet our local and global UiPath Community and leaders. You will get a full view of the MEA region's automation landscape and the AI Powered automation technology capabilities of UiPath. Also, hosted by our local partners Marc Ellis, you will enjoy a half-day packed with industry insights and automation peers networking.
📕 Curious on our agenda? Wait no more!
10:00 Welcome note - UiPath Community in Dubai
Lovely Sinha, UiPath Community Chapter Leader, UiPath MVPx3, Hyper-automation Consultant, First Abu Dhabi Bank
10:20 A UiPath cross-region MEA overview
Ashraf El Zarka, VP and Managing Director MEA, UiPath
10:35: Customer Success Journey
Deepthi Deepak, Head of Intelligent Automation CoE, First Abu Dhabi Bank
11:15 The UiPath approach to GenAI with our three principles: improve accuracy, supercharge productivity, and automate more
Boris Krumrey, Global VP, Automation Innovation, UiPath
12:15 To discover how Marc Ellis leverages tech-driven solutions in recruitment and managed services.
Brendan Lingam, Director of Sales and Business Development, Marc Ellis
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...
Cryogenics and its space applications
1. CRYOGENICS AND ITS SPACE
APPLICATIONS
By:
SHRIKANT BASTE
PRATHAMESH BANGE
(ME THERMAL)
1
2. Introduction
Cryogenics is the study of how to attain low
temperatures and how materials behave when these low
temperatures are attained.
What cryogenics is not: It is not the study of freezing and
reviving people. This is known as Cryonics, a confusingly
similar term.
Cryogenics deals with low temperatures, from about 100
Kelvin to absolute zero.
2
3. Concept Of Absolute Zero
Absolute zero is the lowest temperature that
could ever be.
The first clue to its existence came from the
expansion and contraction of gases.
Scientists noticed that for all gases the
temperature for which they reached zero volume
was about -273 Celsius. This temperature is
known as absolute zero and is the zero for
Kelvin temperature scale.
3
4. Cryogenic Liquids
Commonly used gases, in their liquid form, are nitrogen
and helium. These are the common cryogenic liquids.
Liquid Helium and Nitrogen are usually stored in vacuum
insulated flasks called Dewars.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen condenses at -195.8 C (77.36 Kelvin) and
freezes at -209.86 C (63.17 Kelvin). Liquid nitrogen is
used in many cooling systems.
4
5. Helium
Helium boils at -268.93 C (4.2 Kelvin) and does not
freeze at atmospheric pressure
Liquid helium is used in many cryogenic systems when
temperatures below the boiling point of nitrogen are
needed.
The helium we deal with is basically of 2 types: Helium 3
and Helium 4. Both of these can be cooled to below their
boiling temperatures.
Liquid helium boils at a lower temperature when the
pressure is lower.
To attain temperatures colder than liquid helium we use
an Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator (ADR).
5
6. Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator
(ADR)
ADR’s are refrigerators used to cool space based
detectors to low temperatures to minimize the noise in
the data obtained.
An ADR contains a magneto caloric material, which can
be made to absorb or release heat with applied magnetic
fields.
It works in cycles alternating between cooling and
recycling. Cooling is done by absorbing heat isothermally
in a magneto caloric material in the presence of a
decreasing magnetic field. Recycling is done by dumping
this absorbed heat.
6
8. ADR Components
The basic ADR
components are as
shown :
Calorimeter - These are
sensors that measure
heat input eg. in XRS
instrument.
Heat switch – The heat
switch is used to allow
heat to be dumped
periodically to the helium
bath.
Thermal Bus – These are
copper rods that connect 8
9. Salt Pill – The salt pill is
where the cooling action
takes place. The pill
(actually a cylinder) is
made of ferric ammonium
sulfate.
Suspension – The outer
structure of the ADR
consists of metal rings
and tubes, which allow the
ADR to fit securely within
a superconducting
magnet.
Heat Switch Shell – The
shell is a cylinder made of
Vespel, a polyimide 9
material, which provides
12. Limitation of the ADR
The performance of the ADR decreases as the
“warm” heat sink is raised. Hence a mechanical
cooler cannot be used as the “warm” heat sink.
Mechanical coolers small enough for satellite
use can cool down only as far as 6 to 8 milli
Kelvin.
However it would be extremely convenient to
use a mechanical cooler instead of a liquid
helium bath. The liquid helium bath slowly
evaporates, until it is completely gone.
12
13. Advanced Adiabatic Demagnetization
Refrigerator (AADR)
The AADR is a multistage adiabatic
demagnetization refrigerator. Each stage passes
the absorbed heat to the next stage.
The AADR is not one ADR but a group of ADR’s.
Each standard ADR would have a relatively
small temperature drop across it and would
hence be able to remain cooler for a longer time.
Its purpose was to combine the high
performance of an XRS ADR with the
convenience of a mechanical cooler.
13
14. This AADR has 3 salt pills , a hot end salt pill, a cold end
salt pill and a middle salt pill.
Each salt pill has its own magnet, which controls the
temperature in that pill. Between the salt pills are heat
switches and Kevlar supports.
The upper two magnets are surrounded by magnetic
shield to prevent magnetic fields from interfering with 14
www.digitalelectronicz.com
other equipment.
15. Working
Heat is constantly leaking into the AADR from
warmer surroundings. This can be from the
physical supports, or as infrared radiations from
the sensors studying the radiation .
The cold end salt pill – The purpose of this pill is
to absorb this heat so that the sensors can stay
at their best operating temperature.
The middle salt pill – This pill is designed in such
a way that it can be cooled to a temperature
slightly colder than the cold end salt pill. This pill
is cooled by reducing the magnetic field
produced by the magnets surrounding it.
15
16. The Hot end salt pill – From the middle heat salt pill the
heat is transferred to the hot end salt pill. Before the heat
can be transferred, the middle pill should be brought to
the top and the hot end pill, to the bottom, of its
temperature range.
From the hot end salt pill to the Heat sink – Once the hot
end salt pill is hot enough the heat switch connecting this
pill to the heat sink is activated. The sink might be liquid
helium bath or a mechanical cryo-cooler.
While the middle and hot end salt pills have been
transferring out the cold end salt pill absorbs heat, ready
to start the cycle again.
16
17. Advantages of the AADR
Greater temperature range
Mechanical cooler as heat sink
Continuous cooling
Lower weight
17
18. X-Ray Spectrometer (XRS)
The XRS is an instrument designed to study x-
rays emitted by black holes and other
astronomical objects.
It shows how liquid helium cooling and an ADR
can work together as part of a satellite cooling
system.
The system included some features that were intended
to lengthen the lifetime of liquid helium.
To function properly, the x-ray sensors in the XRS
needed to be cooled to sixty thousandths of a degree
above absolute zero. For this we chose an ADR.
18
19. Working of the XRS
First the x rays must
be focused onto the
detectors.
The detectors need to
be kept extremely
cold. This requires a
complex cryogenic
system
The signals from the
detectors are
amplified and shaped 19
by a package of
20. XRS Cryogenic System
The XRS must operate at a low temperature to minimize
phonon noise and maximize the sensitivity of the
resistive thermometer.
The primary source of cooling is a 130 liter solid neon
dewar. The life of the neon is extended by use of a
mechanical cooler. The solid neon maintains a
temperature of approx. 17 K and surrounds a tank filled
with helium. The liquid helium is vented to space.
The final stage of cooling is accomplished via the use of
an ADR.
Temperature control is accomplished by adjusting the
magnetic field via a feedback loop.
20