This document discusses replacing the refrigerant R134a with R152a in a vapor compression refrigeration system. It first provides background on vapor compression refrigeration systems and refrigerants such as R134a. It then summarizes an experiment comparing the performance of R134a and R152a. The results found that R152a had 57% higher refrigerating effect, 18.92% higher pressure ratio, and 13.23% lower power consumption than R134a. R152a also had a 3.769% higher COP than R134a. Therefore, the document concludes that R152a can be used as a drop-in replacement for R134a in vapor compression refrigeration systems as it has better environmental
“Refrigerant is the media (fluid) used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system that absorbs heat during evaporation from the region of low temperature and pressure, and releases heat during condensation at a region of higher temperature and pressure.”
What is first law of Thermodynamics?
What is a Thermodynamic cycle?
Types of Thermodynamic cycles
What is a Refrigeration Cycle?
Types of Refrigeration cycles
What is a Refrigeration System?
Principle of working of a Refrigeration System
Other Refrigeration systems
It will help to the students of Mechanical Engineering. These notes are according to HVAC Subject. Some important topics are here for your good understanding. These are written in easy language, u can understand easily.
The ppt contains detailed study of refrigerants used in refrigeration and air conditioning system with description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU.
“Refrigerant is the media (fluid) used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system that absorbs heat during evaporation from the region of low temperature and pressure, and releases heat during condensation at a region of higher temperature and pressure.”
What is first law of Thermodynamics?
What is a Thermodynamic cycle?
Types of Thermodynamic cycles
What is a Refrigeration Cycle?
Types of Refrigeration cycles
What is a Refrigeration System?
Principle of working of a Refrigeration System
Other Refrigeration systems
It will help to the students of Mechanical Engineering. These notes are according to HVAC Subject. Some important topics are here for your good understanding. These are written in easy language, u can understand easily.
The ppt contains detailed study of refrigerants used in refrigeration and air conditioning system with description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU.
Project report on vcr system with liquid suction heat exchangerSant Lal Patel
vapour compression refrigeration system with liquid suction heat exchanger is benificial for engineering students .it is a final year project of mechanical engineering.
The COP of the refrigeration increasing the performance and to get high efficiency of the refrigeration system. By using nano coating over the evaporator of the refrigeration component the objective can be achieved. The improper heat dissipation occurred in the heat exchanger components causes effect in performance. The vapour compression refrigeration system consuming the high power. Though the energy taken for the refrigeration process has increased and leads to more power consumption. In order to increase the performance, Nano coating Copper Oxide has been applied over the evaporator. By applying the Nano coating Copper Oxide over the evaporator the COP increased. In result the energy required for the refrigeration process and global warming problems has been reduced. By addition of nanoparticles to the refrigeration results in improvements in the COP of the refrigeration, thereby improving the performance of the refrigeration system. In this experiment the effect of using CuO-R134a in the vapour compression system expected COP will be increased by 5% with nano coating.
Project report on vcr system with liquid suction heat exchangerSant Lal Patel
vapour compression refrigeration system with liquid suction heat exchanger is benificial for engineering students .it is a final year project of mechanical engineering.
The COP of the refrigeration increasing the performance and to get high efficiency of the refrigeration system. By using nano coating over the evaporator of the refrigeration component the objective can be achieved. The improper heat dissipation occurred in the heat exchanger components causes effect in performance. The vapour compression refrigeration system consuming the high power. Though the energy taken for the refrigeration process has increased and leads to more power consumption. In order to increase the performance, Nano coating Copper Oxide has been applied over the evaporator. By applying the Nano coating Copper Oxide over the evaporator the COP increased. In result the energy required for the refrigeration process and global warming problems has been reduced. By addition of nanoparticles to the refrigeration results in improvements in the COP of the refrigeration, thereby improving the performance of the refrigeration system. In this experiment the effect of using CuO-R134a in the vapour compression system expected COP will be increased by 5% with nano coating.
User Navigation Pattern Prediction from Web Log Data: A SurveyIJMER
This paper proposes a survey of Web Page Prediction Techniques. Prefetching of Web page has been widely used to reduce the access latency problem of the Web users. However, if Prefetching of Web page is not accurate and Prefetched web pages are not visited by the users in their accesses, the limited bandwidth of network and services of server will not be used efficiently and may face the problem of access delay. Therefore, it is critical that we need an effective prediction method during prefetching.
The Markov models have been widely used to predict and analyze users navigational behavior. All the
activities of web users have been saved in web log files. The stored users session is used to extract
popular web navigation paths and predict current users next web page visit.
Analysis of Multicast Routing Protocols: Puma and OdmrpIJMER
ABSTRACT: In general, Wireless communication is defined as sharing of information between one or more systems
through wireless links. Wireless networks can be categorized into two different modes as infrastructure based and
infrastructure less. Infrastructure based mode is the most common use wireless mode for the end user loop. Infrastructure
fewer modes also called as the Ad hoc mode relies on wireless communications without any fixed infrastructure.
Infrastructure based networks are characterized by their use of access points (AP), or base stations. The most known
example of infrastructure based wireless network is GSM and more recently, Wi-Fi. Ad Hoc networks introduce a new way
of communication. An ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically functions as a network
without the use of any existing infrastructure and centralized administration. Mobile Ad-hoc networking (MANET), an
emerging field of wireless networking is an autonomous system of wireless mobile hosts, connected by wireless links that
dynamically create a temporary network and establish an infrastructure less network. The topology of the network may
change frequently and unpredictably. Multicast routing has been widely applied in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), to
support different group oriented applications like video conferencing, interactions with Special interest groups etc.,
efficiently. This paper presents the comparative analysis of two multicast routing protocols, PUMA and ODMRP.
Keywords: MANET, PUMA, ODMRP, AODV, WMN’s.
Punching Shear Strength of High Strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete SlabsIJMER
The experimental study of punching shear behavior of High Strength fiber reinforced
concrete slabs is carried out in the present work. Each of 24 square slabs was simply supported along
four edges and loaded to failure under a concentrated load over a square area at the center. The test
parameters were the effective span to depth aid ratio, volume fraction of 3 types of steel fibers, slab
thickness h, concrete strength fck, and size of load-bearing plate r. Test results indicate that the load
In the present paper , we introduce and study the concept of gr- Ti- space (for i =0,1,2) and
obtain the characterization of gr –regular space , gr- normal space by using the notion of gr-open
sets. Further, some of their properties and results are discussed.
To make a biogas energy from different sources & creating awareness between h...IJMER
Biogas from biomass appears as an alternative source of energy, which is potentially enriched in biomass resources. This article gives an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that biogas technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural areas. Different types of wastes are used for production of biogas .these wastes are found very easy and an every palace. This article helps to make biogas form different wastes. From this study, it can be concluded that this method not only contributed to renewable biogas production but also improved the effluent quality
Comparing Various SDLC Models On The Basis Of Available MethodologyIJMER
There are various SDLC models widely accepted and employed for developing software.
SDLC models give a theoretical guide line regarding development of the software. Employing proper
SDLC allows the managers to regulate whole development strategy of the software. Each SDLC has its
advantages and disadvantages making it suitable for use under specific condition and constraints for
specified type of software only. We need to understand which SDLC would generate most successful
result when employed for software development. For this we need some method to compare SDLC
models. Various methods have been suggested which allows comparing SDLC models. Comparing SLDC
models is a complex task as there is no mathematical theorem or physical device available. The essence
of this paper is to analyse some methodologies that could result in successful comparison of the SDLC
models. For this we have studied various available tools, techniques and methodologies and have tried
to extract most simple, easy and highly understandable method for comparing SDLC models.
Exploring the Potentials of blacksmithing for Rural Industrialization in Bau...IJMER
Nigeria like any other developing country is being faced by a number of developmental
challenges, such as social, economic and technological. The country is blessed with numerous resource
potentials one of which is the human resource, where in 1996 it was estimated to have a population of
nearly 170 million people. This abundant human resource could effectively be harnessed for the
technological advancement of the country through the utilization of indigenous technologies for the
adaptation and imitation of technologies of advanced countries. This paper presents the status of
indigenous technology and the role of blacksmithing on technological development in Bauchi State. The
paper explores the available skills of the existing blacksmiths of Bauchi State for rural
industrialization. Results show that production of agricultural tools is more prominent in the Northern
zone of the state, while the Southern zone specializes in the production of industrial tools. It is
recommended that if the enabling environment is provided this human resource potential could be
adopted for rural industrialization through the establishment of specialized small scale industries for
the production of high quality tools and products for use in various sectors of the economy. This will
provide employment opportunities for the people of the state as well as contributing to industrial
development of Nigeria.
This slide is about some new green cooling system (refrigeration system) and green refrigerant. For the Ozone layer depletion and green house effect, it is high time to find new refrigerant and refrigeration system.
Performance Test on Mixed Refrigerant in Domestic RefrigeratorIJERA Editor
Refrigerator is a household appliance used to preserve the foods, vegetables, beverages at low temperature. Refrigerant is the blood of the refrigerator and it changes its phase to transfer heat for giving cooling effect inside the refrigerator. Generally many refrigerator works under the vapour compression cycle and it uses only one refrigerant. Each and every refrigerant used in the refrigerator must have disadvantages, to overcome this problem we use mixed refrigerant (two different refrigerants with different properties are mixed together). In this project combination of R600a (isobutane) and R134a (1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluroethane) is selected as a mixed refrigerant. R600a have some good properties like zero ODP, zero GWP and high latent heat of vapourization and R134a is non-toxic, non-flammable, non-corrosive and zero ODP.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Removing undesirable heat from one item, substance, or area and transferring it to another is known as refrigeration, sometimes known as chilling. The temperature can be reduced by removing heat, which can be accomplished by the use of ice, snow, cooled water, or mechanical refrigeration.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One Prey
H0502 01 3747
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.2| Feb. 2015 | 37|
Experimental Performance Evaluation of R152a to replace
R134a in Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
Mr. Sandip P. Chavhan1
, Prof. S. D. Mahajan2
*(Department of Mechanical Engineering/ University of Pune, India)
** (Department of Mechanical Engineering/ University of Pune, India)
I. INTRODUCTION
The first mechanically produced cooling system was developed in England in 1834. The process later
becameknown as vapour compression. After availability of electricity automatic refrigeration system was
developed in 1897. Basically a refrigeration or air conditioning is nothing more than a heat pump whose job is
to remove heat from a lower temperature source and reject heat to high temperature sink. The Vapor
Compression Refrigeration Cycle is a process that cools an enclosed space to a temperature lower than the
surroundings. To accomplish this, heat must be removed from the enclosed space and dissipated into the
surroundings. However, heat tends to flow from an area of high temperature to that of a lower temperature.
During the cycle refrigerant circulates continuously through four stages. The first stage is called Evaporation
and it is here that the refrigerant cools the enclosed space by absorbing heat. Next, during the Compression
stage, the pressure of the refrigerant is increased, which raises the temperature above that of the surroundings.
As this hot refrigerant moves through the next stage, Condensation, the natural direction of heat flow allows
the release of energy into the surrounding air. Finally, during the Expansion phase, the refrigerant temperature
is lowered by what is called the auto refrigeration effect. This cold refrigerant then begins The Evaporation
stage again, removing more heat from the enclosed space. Each of the four stages will now be revisited in
detail, explaining the physical changes that occur in the refrigerant and the devices used to accomplish these
changes. A visual representation of the cycle is displayed below with the explanation of each stage.
1.1 Refrigeration System: Working Principle and Construction
Refrigeration system is based upon the Clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics. This
statement shows, “It is impossible to construct a device which, operating in a cycle, will produce no affect
other than the transfer of heat from a cooler to a hotter body.
ABSTRACT: The performance of heat transfer is one of the most important research areas in the field
of thermal engineering. There are a large number of refrigerants, which are used to transfer heat from
low temperature reservoir to high temperature reservoir by using vapour compression refrigeration
system. There are various obstacles faced in working of different refrigerants due to their environmental
impact (CFC, HCFC), toxicity (NH3), flammability (HC) and high pressure (CO2); which makes them
more hazardous than other working fluids according to safety and environmental issues.
Experimentation is conducted to observe the performance of Hydro-fluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants
(R134a and R152a) in vapour compression refrigeration. Value of average refrigerating effect for R152a
is about 57% more than that of R134a . Average pressure ratio for R152a was 18.92% higher than that of
R134a. In this result, R152a has emerged as the most energy efficient refrigerant among both the
investigated refrigerants being the one that exhibited the lowest power consumption per ton of
refrigeration with the average value of 13.23% less than that of R134a.The COP of R152a obtain is
higher than R134a by 3.769% .As a result, R152a could be used as a drop-in replacement for R134a in
vapour compression refrigeration system. R152a offers the best desirable environmental requirements;
zero Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP) and 120 Global Warming Potential (GWP).
Keywords: Hydro -fluorocarbon,COP, ODP, GWP, R134a, R152a
2. Experimental Performance Evaluation of R152a to replace R134a in Vapour..........
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.2| Feb. 2015 | 38|
Figure 1: p-h Diagram for the Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle.
The vapour compression refrigeration system is illustrated on 2-property diagrams. Figure 1 and 2 shows p-h
and T-s diagram for ideal vapour compression cycle.
Figure 2: T-S Diagram for the Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle
Process 1 – 2: Isentropic compression in compressor.
Process 2 –3: Constant pressure heat rejection in condenser.
Process 3 – 4: Isenthalpic expansion in expansion device.
Process 4 –1: Constant pressure heat absorption in evaporator.
A vapor compression cycle is used in most water cooler, refrigerator and deep freezers. In this cycle, a
circulating refrigerant such as R134a enters a compressor as low pressure vapor. The vapor is compressed and
exits the compressor as high-pressure superheated vapor. The superheated vapor travels under pressure
through coils or tubes comprising "the condenser", which are passively cooled by exposure to air in the room.
The condenser cools the vapor, which liquefies. As the refrigerant leaves the condenser, this liquid refrigerant
is forced through a metering or throttling device, also known as an expansion device (capillary tube) to an area
of much lower pressure. The sudden decrease in pressure results in explosive-like flash evaporation of a
portion (typically about one third) of the liquid. The latent heat absorbed by this flash evaporation is drawn
mostly from adjacent still-liquid refrigerant, a phenomenon known as "auto-refrigeration". This cold and
partially vaporized refrigerant continues through the coils or tubes of the evaporator unit. The evaporator coil
is soldered on to the walls of the storage tank of the water cooler, generally on the outside surface of the walls.
The tank may be galvanized steel or stainless steel sheets. The water level in the tank is maintained by a float
valve. In this water cooler, the machine will have to run for a long time to bring down the temperature of the
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mass of water in the storage tank. When the water is drawn from the cooler and equal amount of fresh water is
allowed in the tank, the temperature will rise up slowly and the machine starts again. As such there is always a
reservoir of cold water all the time. Refrigerant leaves the evaporator, now fully vaporized and slightly heated,
and returns to the compressor inlet to continue the cycle.[1]
1.2 Factors Affecting the Performance of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
From the literature survey it is observed that following factors affect the performance of vapour compression
refrigeration system.
i. Properties of working fluid.
ii. Mixture proportions of different refrigerants.
iii. Suction pressure.
iv. Discharge pressure.
v. Pressure ratio.
vi. Amount of charge filled.
vii. Dimensions of capillary tube
1.3 REFRIGERANTS
The working fluid used to transfer the heat from low temperature reservoir to high temperature
reservoir is called refrigerant. There are different types of refrigerant which are described as followings. CFC:
They are molecules composed of carbon, chlorine and fluorine. They are stable, allowing them to reach the
stratosphere without too many problems. It contributes to the destruction of the ozone layer. These are R11,
R12, R113, R500, R502 etc. HCFC: They are molecules composed of carbon, chlorine, fluorine and hydrogen.
They are less stable than CFCs, destroy ozone and to a lesser extent. These are R22, R123, R124, R401a etc.
HFC: They are molecules composed of carbon, fluorine and hydrogen. They do not contain chlorine and
therefore do not participate in the destruction of the ozone layer. This is known as substitution substance.
Restrictions on this family of gas are currently limited. Within the European Union, the HFC will be banned
from air conditioners for cars from 2011.These are R134a.
Figure 3: The Generation of Refrigerants
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In the process of searching for new alternative, since no single component refrigerant matches, hence
refrigerant blends as alternative was recommended, because by mixing two or more refrigerants a new working
fluid with the desired characteristic can be developed. Problem with blend of refrigerantsis that not all of the
properties can match the original refrigerant under all conditions. R12 for example will rarely match the
pressure at all point in the desired temperature range. What is more common is that the blend will match in
one region and the pressure differs elsewhere. The mixture of refrigerants could be Azeotropic, in which two or
more refrigerants with similar boiling point acts as a single fluid. The components of the mixture will not
separate under normal operating conditions and can be charged as a vapour or liquid.An example of these
blends is 50/50, which is the mixture of R32 and R134a. The near Azeotrope mixture consist of two or more
refrigerants with different boiling points, when in liquid or vapour state, act as one component. When
changing from vapour to liquid or liquid to vapour, the individual refrigerant evaporates or condenses at
different temperatures. The mixture has a temperature glide of less than 10 and should be charged in the liquid
state to assume proper mixture, and the Zoetrope which is a mixture made up of two or more refrigerants with
different boiling points, they are charged in the liquid state.
1. Mixture of refrigerants: They can be classified according to the type of fluorinated components they
contain. They are also distinguished by the fact that some mixtures are:
a. Zeotropic: in a state change (condensation, evaporation), the temperature varies. These are R404a,
R407a and R410a etc.
b. Azeotropes: they behave like pure, with no change in temperature during the change of state. These are
R500, R502 and R507a etc.
2. Ammonia (NH3) or R717 : Fluid inorganic thermodynamically is an excellent refrigerant for evaporation
temperatures between - 35 °C to 2 °C. But it is a fluid dangerous toxic and flammable, so it is generally used in
industrial refrigeration.
3. Hydrocarbons (HC) as R290, R600a: This is primarily propane (R290), butane (R600) and isobutene
(R600a). These fluids have good thermodynamic properties, but are dangerous because of their flammability.
The world of the cold has always been wary of these fluids, even if they have reappeared recently in
refrigerators and insulating foams. Their future use in air conditioning seems unlikely, given the cost of setting
both mechanical and electrical safety.
4. Carbon dioxide (CO2) or R744: This is inorganic, non-toxic, non flammable, but inefficient in
thermodynamics. Its use would involve high pressure and special compressors. Currently, specialists in air
conditioning and refrigeration are interested again by:
a. Its low environmental impact (ODP = 0, GWP = 1);
b. The low specific volume resulting in facilities with low volume (small leak);
c. It has the distinction of having a low critical temperature at 31 °C at a pressure of 73.6 bars.
5. HFC-152a: It is almost a straight drop-in substitute for R-134a. The molecule is similar to R-134a except
that two hydrogen atoms are substituted for two fluorine atoms. It has similar operating characteristics to R-
134a but cools even better. An environmental benefit of HFC-152a is that it has a global warming rating of
120, which is 10 times less than R-134a, but still a lot higher than CO2. That is why HFC-152a is currently
used in many aerosol products as a propellant. Its main drawback is that it is slightly flammable.
6. HFO-1234yf: Another new refrigerant that is being considered is HFO-1234yf. Developed jointly by
Honeywell and DuPont, it is being promoted as a possible drop-in replacement for R-134a in both new vehicles
and older vehicles, should that become necessary in the future. HFO-1234yf has thermal characteristics that are
very similar to R-134a, so no major modifications to the A/C system are necessary. Better yet, HFO-1234yf has
a global warming potential of only 4, compared to 1200 for R-134a, allowing it to meet the European
requirements for a GWP of less than 150.
D. Criteria For Retrofitting:
When considering a refrigeration system/air conditioning retrofit, the following factors must be considered.
i. Expected remaining life-time of existing equipment;
ii. Refrigerant leak history of equipment and the value of leak rate;
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iii. Effects and cost of retrofit with current technology;
iv. Alternative refrigerant cost;
v. Availability of alternative refrigerant in the present and future.
E. Mathematical Relations:
a. Heat rejection in condenser
Qr = mcwx Cpw x T
b. Heat abstraction in evaporator
Qa= mewx Cpw x Tew
c. Work input in compressor
Win = Energy meter reading
d. Coefficient of performance
COP = Qa / Win
LITERATURE REVIEW
R. Cabello, E. Torrella and J. Navarro-Esbri [1 ], have analyzed the performance of a vapour
compression refrigeration system using three different working fluids (R134a, R407c and R22). The operating
variables are the evaporating pressure, condensing pressure and degree of superheating at the compressor inlet.
They analyzed that the power consumption decreases when compression ratio increases with R22 than using
the other working fluids.
B.O. Bolaji et al[2] investigated experimentally the performances of three ozone friendly
Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants R12, R152a and R134a. R152a refrigerant found as a drop in
replacement for R134a in vapour compression system.
B.O. Bolaji[3] discussed the process of selecting environmental-friendly refrigerants that have zero
ozone depletion potential and low global warming potential. R23 and R32 from methane derivatives and
R152a, R143a, R134a and R125 from ethane derivatives are the emerging refrigerants that are non toxic, have
low flammability and environmental-friendly. These refrigerants need theoretical and experimental analysis to
investigate their performance in the system.
James M. Calm [4], has studied the emission and environmental impacts of R11, R123, R134a due to
leakage from centrifugal chiller system. He also investigated the total impact in form of TEWI and change in
system efficiency or performance due to charge loss. He also summarized the methods to reduce the refrigerant
losses by the system like design modifications, improvement in preventive maintenance techniques, use of
purge system for refrigerant vapour recovery, servicing and lubricant changing in system.
Samira Benhadid-Dib and Ahmed Benzaoui [5], have showed that the uses of halogenated
refrigerants are harmful for environment and the use of "natural" refrigerants become a possible solution. Here
natural refrigerants are used as an alternative solution to replace halogenated refrigerants. The solution to the
environmental impacts of refrigerant gases by a gas which contains no chlorine no fluorine and does not reject
any CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. The researchers showed that emissions have bad effects on our
environment. They also concerned by a contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gases and by the
replacement of the polluting cooling fluids (HCFC).
Eric Granryd [6], has enlisted the different hydrocarbons as working medium in refrigeration system.
He studied the different safety standards related to these refrigerants. He showed the properties of hydrocarbons
(i.e. no ODP and negligible GWP) that make them interesting refrigeratingalternatives for energy efficient and
environmentally friendly. But safety precautions due to flammability must be seriously taken into account.
Y. S. Lee and C. C. Su [7], have studied the performance of VCRS with isobutene and compare the
results with R12 and R22. They used R600a about 150 g and set the refrigeration temperature about 4 °C and -
10 °C to maintain the situation of cold storage and freezing applications. They used 0.7 mm internal diameter
and 4 to 4.5 m length of capillary tube for cold storage applications and 0.6 mm internal diameter and 4.5 to 5
m length of capillary tube for freezing applications.
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They observed that the COP lies between 1.2 and 4.5 in cold storage applications and between 0.8 and
3.5 in freezing applications. They also observed that the system with two capillary tubes in parallel performs
better in the cold storage and air conditioning applications, whereas that with a single tube is suitable in the
freezing applications.
Mao-Gang He, Tie-Chen Li, Zhi-Gang Liu and Ying Zhang [8], have analyzed that the R152a/R125
mixture in the composition of 0.85 mass fraction of R152a has a similar refrigeration performance with the
existing refrigerant R12.Experimental research on the main refrigeration performances of domestic
refrigerators was conducted, under the different proportions and charge amounts, when R152a/R125 is used to
substitute R12 as a ‗‗drop-in„„ refrigerant. The experimental results indicate that R152a/R125 can be used to
replace R12 as a new generation refrigerant of domestic refrigerators, because of its well environmentally
acceptable properties and its favorable refrigeration performances.
Ki-Jung Park, Taebeom Seo and Dongsoo Jung [9], have analyzed performances of two pure
hydrocarbons and seven mixtures composed of propylene, propane, R152a, and dimethylether were measured
to substitute for R22 in residential air-conditioners and heat pumps at the evaporation and condensation
temperatures of 7 °C and 45 °C, respectively. Test results show that the coefficient of performance of these
mixtures is up to 5.7% higher than that of R22. Whereas propane showed 11.5% reduction in capacity, most of
the fluids had a similar capacity to that of R22. For these fluids, compressor-discharge temperatures were
reduced by 11–17 °C. For all fluids tested, the amount of charge was reduced by up to 55% as compared to
R22. Overall, these fluids provide good performances with reasonable energy savings without any
environmental problem and thus can be used as long-term alternatives for residential air-conditioning and
heat-pumping applications.
A.Baskaran, and P.Koshy Mathews [10], A performance analysis on a vapour compression
refrigeration system with various eco-friendly refrigerants of HFC152a, HFC32, HC290, HC1270, HC600a and
RE170 were done and their results were compared with R134a as possible alternative replacement. The results
showed that the alternative refrigerants investigated in the analysis RE170, R152a and R600a have a slightly
higher performance coefficient (COP) than R134a for the condensation temperature of 50⁰C and evaporating
temperatures ranging between -30⁰C and 10⁰C.Refrigerant RE170 instead of R134a was found to be a
replacement refrigerant among other alternatives.
K. Mani and V. Selladurai [11], have analyzed a vapour compression refrigeration system with the
new R290/R600a refrigerant mixture as drop-in replacement was conducted and compared with R12 and
R134a. The VCRS was initially designed to operate with R12.The results showed that the refrigerant R134a
showed slightly lower COP than R12. The discharge temperature and discharge pressure of the R290/R600a
mixture was very close to R12. The R290/R600a (68/32 by wt %) mixture can be considered as a drop-in
replacement refrigerant for R12 and R134a.
A.S. Dalkilic and S. Wongwises [12], have studied the performance on a VCRS with refrigerant
mixtures based on R134a, R152a, R32, R290, R1270, R600 and R600a was done for various ratios and their
results are compared with R12, R22 and R134a as possible alternative replacements. The results showed that
all of the alternative refrigerants investigated in the analysis have a slightly lower COP than R12, R22, and
R134a for the condensation temperature of 50 °C and evaporating temperatures ranging between −30 °C and
10 °C. Refrigerant blends of R290/R600a (40/60 by wt. %) instead of R12 and R290/R1270 (20/80 by wt. %)
instead of R22 are found to be replacement refrigerants among other alternatives.
Vincenzo La Rocca and Giuseppe Panno [13], have analyzed and compared the performance of a
vapour compression refrigerating unit operating with R22, and with three new HFC fluids, substituting the
former according to Regulation No 2037/2000. Here the plant working efficiency was first tested with R22 and
then with three new HFC fluids: R417a,R422a and R422d. It is analyzed that the performance with the new
tested fluids did not result as efficient as when using R22.
Vincenzo La Rocca and Giuseppe Panno [14], have analyzed and compared the performance of a
vapour compression refrigerating unit operating with R22, and with three new HFC fluids, substituting the
former according to Regulation No 2037/2000. Here the plant working efficiency was first tested with R22 and
then with three new HFC fluids: R417a, R422a and R422d. It is analyzed that the performance with the new
tested fluids did not result as efficient as when using R22.
Minxia Li, Chaobin Dang and Eiji Hihara [15], have investigated that Hfo1234yf has been proposed
for mobile air-conditioners due to its low GWP and performance comparable to that of R134a. However, its
performance is inferior to that of R410a. This makes it difficult to be applied to residential air-conditioners.
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II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
The main loop of the system under study was composed of five basic components, i.e., a compressor,
an evaporator, a condenser, capillary tubes and a liquid line filter–drier, as shown in Fig. 4. A three-phase, 220
V, reciprocating compressor originally designed for R134a systems was used. The input power of the
compressor within the system varied between 230 and 300 W. The major ingredient of the compressor
lubricant was POE. A silica gel drier filter was used to absorb the moisture. Compact forced air cooled type
condenser was used for their good heat transfer performances. Capillary tubes of different internal diameters
were used to find the optimum operating points of the system. Evaporator section was made by shell and tube
type by copper tubes and stainless steel tank. For minimizing the heat loss, the evaporator tank was well
insulated by puff. The refrigerants used were R134a, R152a. Some other measuring and controlling
components were used in the system, that were, an electrical switch, an energy meter, a voltmeter, an ampere
meter, a digital thermostat for controlling the evaporator temperature, bourdon tube type low pressure gauge
and high pressure gauge, Pt 100 type thermocouples and indicator and gas flow
Figure 4: Schematic diagram of Test rig
Figure 5: Experimental setup.
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Table 1: Description of setup components
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The objective of the study is to compare the refrigeration performance of different refrigerants in
terms of COP .„Pt 100‟ type thermocouples were used to measure the temperatures and pressures were
measured using calibrated pressure gauges. The thermocouples have been located in the pockets on the surface
of the tubes and sensor is calibrated to reduce experimental uncertainties. The ranges of equipment used in the
experimental test setup are showed in Table 1. The temperatures and pressures of the refrigerant and initial
water temperatures are measured at various locations in the experimental setup as shown in Fig.4. The
compressor energy consumption is measured using an energy meter. Three manual type expansion devices are
used to regulate the mass flow rate of refrigerant and to set pressure difference. The refrigerant is charged after
the system had been evacuated. The working fluids are R134a, R152a. Drop-in experiments are carried out
without any modifications to the experimental apparatus. The experiment is started with R134a to set up the
base reference for further comparisons with the other two refrigerants. The thermal load of the system is
changed with an external electrically heated unit.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
1. Refrigerating Effect
The refrigerating effects of R134a and its potential alternative R152a at varying evaporating
temperature for condensing temperature of 510
C are shown in Graph 2. As shown in the figure, refrigerating
effect increases as the evaporating temperature increases for both refrigerants. This is due to the increase in
latent heat value of the refrigerant. A very high latent heat value is desirable since the mass flow rate per unit
of capacity is less. When the latent value is high, the efficiency and capacity of the compressor are greatly
increased. This decreases the power consumption and also reduces the compressor displacement requirements
that permit the use of smaller and more compact equipment. It is clearly shown in Figure that R152a exhibited
COMPRESSOR
EMERSON COPELAND MADE KCE444HAG,
HERMETICALLY SEALED,
RECIPROCATING TYPEEVAPORATOR INNER STAINLESS STEEL TANK INSULATED BY SUPERLON
CONDENSER 279 MM ×254 MM × 76 MM
EXPANSION DEVICE CAPILLARY TUBES OF DIAMETER 1.27 MM, 1.12 MM,0.91 MM
DRIER DANFOSS MADE POE TYPE
DISCHARGE PRESSURE GAUGE RANGE 0 TO 300 LB/IN
2
SUCTION PRESSURE GAUGE RANGE -30 TO 150 LB/IN
2
THERMOCOUPLE PT 100 (RANGE -50 ̊ C TO 1200 ̊ C)
CONDENSER FAN MOTOR 1/83 HP AC SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
GAS CHARGING LINE 6.34 MM DIAMETER LINE WITH BRASS VALVE
VOLTMETER RANGE 0-300 V
AMMETER RANGE 0-10 A
DIMMER RANGE 0-260 VOLTS
ENERGY METER ELECTRONIC, RANGE 0-20 A
MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER ANCHOR MADE 10 KA 240/415 V~50HZ
TEMPERATURE INDICATOR „PT 100‟ TYPE, RANGE 0-750°C (IRON–CONSTANTAN)
HEATER 1 KW, 240/415 V~50HZ
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higher refrigerating effect than R134a. Therefore, very low mass of refrigerant will be required for the same
capacity and compressor size. A.Baskaran and P.Koshy Mathews obtained average values of 229.76 kJ/Kg and
137.28 kJ/Kg at 500
C condenser temperature.[13] Whereas experiment performed by Bukola Olalekan Bolaji,
Zhongjie Huan and Francis Olusesi Borokinni at constant condenser temperature had highest average values of
244.7 kJ/kg and 136.1 kJ/kg for R152a and R134a respectively.[3] The refrigerating effect highest average
value of (246.24 kJ/kg) was obtained using R152a compare with (156.12 kJ/kg) of R134a at condensing
temperature of 510
C.
Graph1.Variation of Refrigerating Effect with varying Evaporator Temperature for R152a and R134a
2. Compressor Work
Graph 2 shows the variation of the compressor Work with evaporating temperature for R134a and its
alternative refrigerant R152a at condensing temperature of 510
C.
Graph 2: Variation of Refrigerating Effect with varying Evaporator Temperature for R152a and R134a.
The graph shows that the compression Work decreases as the evaporating temperature increases. This
is due to the fact that when the temperature of the evaporator increases the suction temperature also increases.
At high suction temperature, the vaporizing pressure is high and therefore the density of suction vapour
entering the compressor is high. Hence the mass of refrigerant circulated through the compressor per unit time
increases with the increases in suction temperature for a given piston displacement. The increase in the mass
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of refrigerant circulated decreases the work of compression. The R152a exhibited higher compressor Work
than R134a (Graph 2) and it is 39.46% higher than the compressor work for R134a.
3. Coefficient of Performance
The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigeration cycle reflects the cycle performance and is the
major criterion for selecting a new refrigerant as a substitute. The COPs for R134a and R152a refrigerants at
varying evaporator temperature for condensing temperature of 51 0
C are shown in Graph 3. COP increases
with increase in evaporator temperature.
Graph 3: Variation of Coefficient of Performance (COP) with varying Evaporator Temperature for R152a and
R134a.
V. CONCLUSION
In this study, an ideal vapor-compression system is used for the performance analysis of alternative
new refrigerant R152a substitute for R134a in a vapour compression refrigeration system at varying
evaporating temperature and condensing temperature of 51o
C. The following conclusions can be drawn from
the analysis and discussion of the results:
1. Out of the two refrigerants investigated, R152a offers the best desirable environmental requirements; it has
zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and 120 Global Warming Potential (GWP) which is lesser ten times
that of R134a.
2. R134a exhibited lower compressor energy input than R152a, but R152a exhibited significantly high
refrigerating effect, which is a form of compensation for its high compressor energy input.
3. R152a has the higher COP. The average COPs obtained for R152a were 3.769% higher than that of R134a.
4. R152a refrigerant has approximately the same performance with R134a, therefore, R152a is considered as a
good drop-in substitute for R134a in vapour compression refrigeration system. The best performance was
obtained from the use of R152a in the system.
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