THIS PRESENTATION GIVES A GLIMPSE OF CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING AND IT'S APPLICATIONS

1. CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING & APPLICATI
ONS
Presentation by
K.LOKESH
15311A0349
MECHANICAL-A
SNIST

2. Meaning of Cryogenics
 In physics, cryogenics is the study of the production
of very low temperature(below −150 °C, −238 °F or 12
3 K) and the behavior of materials at those temperatu
res .
Fluid Boiling
point (K)
Helium-3 3.19
Helium-4 4.21
Hydrogen 20.27
Neon 27.07
Nitrogen 77.36
Air 78.8
Oxygen 90.18
• The U.S. National Institute of Stan
dards and Technology has chose
n to consider the field of cryogeni
cs as that involving temperatures
below −180 °C (93.15 K;−292.0
0 °F).

3. •In 1877, oxygen was first liquified at -183°C.
In1895, temp 40k;air is liquified and separated.
In 1908 helium was liquefied (4.2 K).
In 1911, Superconductivity was discovered.
By 1920s and 1930s tempratures close to absolute zero.
By 1960, temperatures of 0.000001 K, a millionth of a degree Kelvin
above absolute zero.
HISTORY OF CRYOGENIC DEVELOP
MENT

4. CRYOGENICTEMPERATURE
prODUCTION METHODS
• Heat conduction,
• Evaporative cooling,
•
• Cooling by rapid expansion (the Joule-Thompson's effect),
• Adiabatic demagnetization.

5. FIELDS OF CRYOGENICS
• Cryobiology
• Cryosurgery
• Cryoelectronics
• Cryonics
• Cryofreezing
• CryogenicTechnology

6. APPLICATIONS
•Use in rocket engine.
•Electric power transmission in big cities.
•Frozen food.
•Blood Banking
•Infrared Sensors
•Electronics
•X-Rays
•Special effects(nitrogen+co2)

7. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy(NMR)
NMR is one of the most common methods to determine the
physical and chemical properties of atoms by detecting the
radio frequency absorbed and subsequent relaxation of
nuclei in a magnetic field. This is one of the most commonly
used characterization techniques and has applications in
numerous fields.

8. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MRI is a complex application of NMR where the geometry of
the resonances is deconvoluted and used to image object
by detecting the relaxation of protons that have been
perturbed by a radio-frequency pulse in the strong
magnetic field. This is mostly commonly used in health
applications.

9. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
•Metals frozen to lo temperature become more wear-resistant.
•Discovery evolved into a treatment which helped the industries.
•Increase the life of metals.
•Evolution became one of the applications.
•Used for chilling and freezing applications.

10. CRYO FUELS & LIQUIDS
•Another use of cryogenics is cryogenic fuels for rockets with liquid
hydrogen as the most widely used example.
•Liquid oxygen (LOX) is even more widely used but as an oxidizer, not
a fuel.
• LOX is also widely used with RP-1 kerosene, a non-cryogenic
hydrocarbon.
•Dewar flasks are named after their inventor, James Dewar, the man
who first liquefied hydrogen.
•These liquids may be stored in Dewar flasks, which are double-walle
d containers with a high vacuum between the walls to reduce heat tra
nsfer into the liquid.

11. Cryogenic technology
o Cryogenic technology involves the use of rocket propellants at
extremely low temperatures.
o The combination of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen offers the
highest energy efficiency for rocket engines that need to produc
e large amounts of thrust.
o Oxygen remains a liquid only at temperatures below minus 183 °
Celsius and hydrogen at below minus 253 ° Celsius.

12. History of Cryogenic Technology
 The United States was the first country to develop cryogenic rocket en
gines with RL-10 engines, registered its first successful flight in 1963
and is still used on the Atlas V rocket.
Then The Japanese LE-5 engine flew in 1977 ,French HM-7 in 1979 , Chi
nese YF-73 in 1984 .
 The Soviet Union, first country to put a satellite and later a human in sp
ace, successfully launched a rocket with a cryogenic engine only in 19
87.

13. ATLAS -V ROCKET ENGINE

14. JAPAN LE-5 FRENCH HM-7

15. The first operational cryogenic engine

16. Working
 It involves a complicated ‘staged combustion cycle' to increase the eng
ine efficiency.
 Hydrogen is partially burnt with a little oxygen in a gas generator. The
hot gases drive a turbo-pump and are then injected at high pressure int
o the thrust chamber where the rest of oxygen is introduced and full co
mbustion takes place.
 Before going to the gas generator, the incredibly chilly liquid hydrogen
is used to cool the thrust chamber where temperatures rise to over 3,00
00 ° Celsius when the engine is fired.

17. GSLV Mk III
GSLV Mk III is a three-stage heavy lift launch vehicle developed by
ISRO. The vehicle has two solid strap-ons, a core liquid
booster and a cryogenic upper stage.
GSLV Mk III is designed to carry 4 ton class of satellites into
Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) or about 10 tons to
Low Earth Orbit (LEO), which is about twice the capability of
GSLV Mk II.
CRYOGENICTECHNOLOGY IN INDIAN SPACE RES
EARCH

18. The two strap-on motors of GSLV Mk III ar
e located on either side of its core liquid bo
oster. Designated as ‘S200’, each carries 2
05 tons of composite solid propellant and t
heir ignition results in vehicle lift -off . S200
s function for 140 seconds. During strap-on
s functioning phase, the two clustered Vika
s liquid Engines of L110 liquid core booster
will ignite 114 sec after lift -off to further au
gment the thrust of the vehicle. These two
engines continue to function after the separ
ation of the strap-ons at about 140 second
s after lift -off.
GSLVMK III

19. Production & Manufacturing
 The Indian cryogenic engine is produced by Godrej and the Hyd
erabad-based MTAR Technologies working together as a conso
rtium.
 Instead of ISRO first mastering the technology and transferring i
t to industry, the two companies were involved from the start an
d even the early prototypes were built by them.

20. Advantages
 High Energy per unit mass:
 Clean Fuels
 Economical
 Non-polluting fuels

21. Drawbacks:
 Boil off Rate
 Highly reactive gases
 Leakage
 Hydrogen Embrittlement
 Zero Gravity conditions

22. The next generation of the Rocket Engines
 All rocket engines burn their fuel to generate thrust . If any oth
er engine can generate enough thrust, that can also be used a
s a rocket engine
 There are a lot of plans for new engines that the NASA scienti
sts are still working with. One of them is the “ Xenon ion Engin
e”. This engine accelerate ions or atomic particles to extremely
high speeds to create thrust more efficiently. NASA's Deep Sp
ace-1 spacecraft will be the first to use ion engines for propulsi
on.
 There are some alternative solutions like Nuclear thermal rock
et engines, Solar thermal rockets, the electric rocket etc.
 We are looking forward that in the near future there will be so
me good technology to take us into space.