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Any Questions?
How Asking the Right Questions Can Promote
Critical Thinking
Nancy Burkhalter, PhD
Senior English Language Fellow
LIPETSK, RUSSIA
APRIL 11-12
Effect of ‘dead’ questions
• Students’ thinking turns off.
• They give up responsibility for thinking.
• No more investigation is needed.
• Questioning stops.
• Curiosity dies.
Lower Order vs. Higher Order
At what temperature does
water freeze at sea level?
What year did Mexico
obtain its independence
from Spain?
Why does water near bridges
and in cities freeze later in
the winter than water in
lakes in rural areas?
How did Mexico’s movement
for independence from
Spain affect people in
neighboring countries?
How do higher level questions
help learning?
Students learn how to
inquire, question, seek, and
examine information.
Thinking is driven by questions,
not answers.
Richard Paul
Foundation for Critical Thinking
How do I make PINK?
Which do I satisfy?
My ego
My student’s brain
Definition of Critical Thinking
Using methods that employ
analyze
evaluate
create
Six kinds of questions
• Knowledge
• Comprehension
• Application
• Analysis
• Evaluation
• Creation
Creation
Evaluation HIGH
Analysis
Application
Comprehension
Knowledge
Cognitive
Difficulty
Bloom’s Taxonomy
of Levels of Abstraction
of Questions
Goldilocks
and the
Three
Bears
• Now is the time
Remember Questions:
Facts and details
• observe and recall information
• know dates, events, places
Question Cues:
list, define, tell, describe, identify, label,
collect, examine, tabulate, quote, name
Examples of Remember Questions
1. Who was Goldilocks?
2. Where did she live?
3. What did her mother
tell her not to do?
Comprehension Questions:
Understanding
• understand information
• grasp meaning
• translate knowledge into new context
Question Cues:
summarize, describe, contrast, associate,
distinguish, differentiate, discuss, paraphrase,
explain, demonstrate
Examples of Comprehension
Questions
1. What is this story is about?
2. What is the main idea?
3. What did Goldilocks
look like?
Application Questions:
Use in new context
• use methods, concepts, theories in new
situations
• solve problems using skills or knowledge
Question Cues:
apply, demonstrate, calculate, show, solve,
examine, relate, change, classify, experiment,
assess, chart, construct
Examples of Application Questions
1.Draw a map showing Goldilock's house, the
path in the forest, the bear's house, etc.
2. Show through action how
Goldilocks sat in the chairs,
ate the porridge, etc.
3. How were the bears like real people?
Analysis Questions:
Apply to other questions or areas
• see patterns
• organize parts
• identify components
Question Cues:
analyze, order, explain, compare, infer,
discriminate, illustrate, outline, distinguish,
why
Examples of Analysis Questions
1. How did each bear
react to what Goldilocks
did?
2. How would you react?
3. Compare Goldilocks
to any of your friends.
Evaluation Questions:
Judge, measure, compare
• compare and discriminate between ideas
• assess value of theories, presentations
• predict, draw conclusions
Question Cues:
assess, decide, rank, grade, test, measure,
recommend, convince, select, justify, explain,
discriminate, support, conclude, compare
Examples of Evaluation Questions
1. Why were the bears angry with Goldilocks?
2. What do you think she
learned by going into that
house?
3. Would you have gone in the
bear's house? Why/why not?
Create Questions:
Generate new ideas or insights
• use old ideas to create new ones
• generalize from given facts
• relate knowledge from several areas
Question Cues:
combine, integrate, modify, rearrange, plan,
create, design, invent, what if?, compose,
formulate, generalize, revise, synthesize
Examples of Creation Questions
1. Do all bears act like humans?
2. Do you know any other stories
about little girls or boys who escaped
from danger?
3. Make a puppet, then
act out its part in the story.
A lesson using Bloom’s taxonomy
of questions
“The Global Child”
International adoption and parental
responsibility
Remember
list, define, tell, describe, identify, show, label, collect,
examine, tabulate, quote, name
1. What country is Raquel from?
2. What does the word indigenous
mean?
Comprehension
summarize, describe, contrast, associate, distinguish, diffe
rentiate, discuss, paraphrase, explain
1. Why did Raquel’s mother give her
up for adoption?
2. Summarize the commentator's main
idea.
Application
apply, demonstrate, calculate, show, solve, examine, relate
, change, classify, experiment, assess, chart, construct
1. What would you ask Raquel’s birth
mother about giving her daughter up for
adoption?
2. Can you relate any of Raquel’s feelings to
your own life?
Analysis
analyze, order, explain, compare, explain, infer,
discriminate, illustrate, outline, distinguish
1. Why do you think Raquel dropped
her camera?
2. Why does Raquel spend so much
time in bed when she gets home?
Evaluation
assess, decide, rank, grade, test, measure, recommend,
convince, select, judge, explain, discriminate, support,
conclude, compare
1. Do you think adopted children should visit
their country of birth? Why or why not?
2. What problems do you think they might
have as a result of being adopted?
Create
combine, integrate, modify, rearrange, plan, create, design, inven
t, what if?, compose, formulate, generalize, revise
1. Statistics show that Russians want Russian
orphans to be adopted by Russians. If that is
so, why are so few adopted by them?
2. Imagine you are Raquel. Write a diary entry
from her perspective on the day she went to
her old house.
Closed-ended questions…
Require short, limited-answers.
Open-ended questions…
Are about possibilities and reasons
that require explanations.
Assessment of
open-ended questions
1. Grade on
originality, completeness, organization, logic,
connection to task, etc.
2. Grade each other’s answers.
3. Write questions they have about the issue.
4. Research their questions and write an
essay/give a talk.
5. Never grade higher level questions “right or
wrong.”
To summarize
• Foster critical thinking with questions
requiring higher order skills: analyze, and
evaluate, and create.
• Empower your students. Ask them to think for
themselves.
Any questions?
References
Bartel, M. (2004). Encouraging creative thinking with
awareness and discovery questions. Retrieved Nov. 1, 2012,
from http://www.bartelart.com/arted/questions.html#tests
Bloom's taxonomy. Retrieved Oct. 24, 2012, from
http://www.coun.uvic.ca/learning/exams/blooms-taxonomy.html
Bloom’s taxonomy of six different levels. Retrieved Dec. 5, 2012,
from http://courseweb.unt.edu/gmayes/documents/Blooms_Taxonomy.html
Dalton, J. & Smith, D. (1986). Extending children’s special abilities
– Strategies for primary classrooms, pp 36-7. Retrieved Nov. 1,
2012, from http://www.aisa.or.ke/uploaded/downloads/aisa2010conference/
Judy_Wooster_Workshop_Handout_Applying_Blooms_Taxonomy.pdf
Numrich, C. (Ed.) (2010). The global child. Raise the issues (pp.
42-63). White Plains, NY: Pearson.

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Critical thinking and questions goldilocks

  • 1. Any Questions? How Asking the Right Questions Can Promote Critical Thinking Nancy Burkhalter, PhD Senior English Language Fellow LIPETSK, RUSSIA APRIL 11-12
  • 2. Effect of ‘dead’ questions • Students’ thinking turns off. • They give up responsibility for thinking. • No more investigation is needed. • Questioning stops. • Curiosity dies.
  • 3. Lower Order vs. Higher Order At what temperature does water freeze at sea level? What year did Mexico obtain its independence from Spain? Why does water near bridges and in cities freeze later in the winter than water in lakes in rural areas? How did Mexico’s movement for independence from Spain affect people in neighboring countries?
  • 4. How do higher level questions help learning? Students learn how to inquire, question, seek, and examine information.
  • 5. Thinking is driven by questions, not answers. Richard Paul Foundation for Critical Thinking
  • 6. How do I make PINK?
  • 7. Which do I satisfy? My ego My student’s brain
  • 8. Definition of Critical Thinking Using methods that employ analyze evaluate create
  • 9. Six kinds of questions • Knowledge • Comprehension • Application • Analysis • Evaluation • Creation
  • 11.
  • 13. Remember Questions: Facts and details • observe and recall information • know dates, events, places Question Cues: list, define, tell, describe, identify, label, collect, examine, tabulate, quote, name
  • 14. Examples of Remember Questions 1. Who was Goldilocks? 2. Where did she live? 3. What did her mother tell her not to do?
  • 15. Comprehension Questions: Understanding • understand information • grasp meaning • translate knowledge into new context Question Cues: summarize, describe, contrast, associate, distinguish, differentiate, discuss, paraphrase, explain, demonstrate
  • 16. Examples of Comprehension Questions 1. What is this story is about? 2. What is the main idea? 3. What did Goldilocks look like?
  • 17. Application Questions: Use in new context • use methods, concepts, theories in new situations • solve problems using skills or knowledge Question Cues: apply, demonstrate, calculate, show, solve, examine, relate, change, classify, experiment, assess, chart, construct
  • 18. Examples of Application Questions 1.Draw a map showing Goldilock's house, the path in the forest, the bear's house, etc. 2. Show through action how Goldilocks sat in the chairs, ate the porridge, etc. 3. How were the bears like real people?
  • 19. Analysis Questions: Apply to other questions or areas • see patterns • organize parts • identify components Question Cues: analyze, order, explain, compare, infer, discriminate, illustrate, outline, distinguish, why
  • 20. Examples of Analysis Questions 1. How did each bear react to what Goldilocks did? 2. How would you react? 3. Compare Goldilocks to any of your friends.
  • 21. Evaluation Questions: Judge, measure, compare • compare and discriminate between ideas • assess value of theories, presentations • predict, draw conclusions Question Cues: assess, decide, rank, grade, test, measure, recommend, convince, select, justify, explain, discriminate, support, conclude, compare
  • 22. Examples of Evaluation Questions 1. Why were the bears angry with Goldilocks? 2. What do you think she learned by going into that house? 3. Would you have gone in the bear's house? Why/why not?
  • 23. Create Questions: Generate new ideas or insights • use old ideas to create new ones • generalize from given facts • relate knowledge from several areas Question Cues: combine, integrate, modify, rearrange, plan, create, design, invent, what if?, compose, formulate, generalize, revise, synthesize
  • 24. Examples of Creation Questions 1. Do all bears act like humans? 2. Do you know any other stories about little girls or boys who escaped from danger? 3. Make a puppet, then act out its part in the story.
  • 25.
  • 26. A lesson using Bloom’s taxonomy of questions “The Global Child” International adoption and parental responsibility
  • 27. Remember list, define, tell, describe, identify, show, label, collect, examine, tabulate, quote, name 1. What country is Raquel from? 2. What does the word indigenous mean?
  • 28. Comprehension summarize, describe, contrast, associate, distinguish, diffe rentiate, discuss, paraphrase, explain 1. Why did Raquel’s mother give her up for adoption? 2. Summarize the commentator's main idea.
  • 29. Application apply, demonstrate, calculate, show, solve, examine, relate , change, classify, experiment, assess, chart, construct 1. What would you ask Raquel’s birth mother about giving her daughter up for adoption? 2. Can you relate any of Raquel’s feelings to your own life?
  • 30. Analysis analyze, order, explain, compare, explain, infer, discriminate, illustrate, outline, distinguish 1. Why do you think Raquel dropped her camera? 2. Why does Raquel spend so much time in bed when she gets home?
  • 31. Evaluation assess, decide, rank, grade, test, measure, recommend, convince, select, judge, explain, discriminate, support, conclude, compare 1. Do you think adopted children should visit their country of birth? Why or why not? 2. What problems do you think they might have as a result of being adopted?
  • 32. Create combine, integrate, modify, rearrange, plan, create, design, inven t, what if?, compose, formulate, generalize, revise 1. Statistics show that Russians want Russian orphans to be adopted by Russians. If that is so, why are so few adopted by them? 2. Imagine you are Raquel. Write a diary entry from her perspective on the day she went to her old house.
  • 34. Open-ended questions… Are about possibilities and reasons that require explanations.
  • 35. Assessment of open-ended questions 1. Grade on originality, completeness, organization, logic, connection to task, etc. 2. Grade each other’s answers. 3. Write questions they have about the issue. 4. Research their questions and write an essay/give a talk. 5. Never grade higher level questions “right or wrong.”
  • 36. To summarize • Foster critical thinking with questions requiring higher order skills: analyze, and evaluate, and create. • Empower your students. Ask them to think for themselves.
  • 38. References Bartel, M. (2004). Encouraging creative thinking with awareness and discovery questions. Retrieved Nov. 1, 2012, from http://www.bartelart.com/arted/questions.html#tests Bloom's taxonomy. Retrieved Oct. 24, 2012, from http://www.coun.uvic.ca/learning/exams/blooms-taxonomy.html Bloom’s taxonomy of six different levels. Retrieved Dec. 5, 2012, from http://courseweb.unt.edu/gmayes/documents/Blooms_Taxonomy.html Dalton, J. & Smith, D. (1986). Extending children’s special abilities – Strategies for primary classrooms, pp 36-7. Retrieved Nov. 1, 2012, from http://www.aisa.or.ke/uploaded/downloads/aisa2010conference/ Judy_Wooster_Workshop_Handout_Applying_Blooms_Taxonomy.pdf Numrich, C. (Ed.) (2010). The global child. Raise the issues (pp. 42-63). White Plains, NY: Pearson.

Editor's Notes

  1. Water freezes at 0 degrees C. and 32 degrees F.Mexico independence - 1821
  2. It may be important for students to know these facts, but simply knowing them does not ensure that they will be able to use the facts to solve problems or make important decisions
  3. Socrates 399 BC killed because he was corrupting the youth by fostering their intellectual development and encouraging them to question the status quo.
  4. Grasping (understanding) the meaning of informational materials.
  5. The War and Peace question may be a bit harder because the answer cannot really be found in the text but must be a result of thinking about the entire book.
  6. The use of previously learned information in new and concrete situations to solve problems that have single or best answers.
  7. The breaking down of informational materials into their component parts, examining (and trying to understand the organizational structure of) such information to develop divergent conclusions by identifying motives or causes, making inferences, and/or finding evidence to support generalizations.
  8. Creatively or divergently applies prior knowledge and skills to produce a new or original whole.
  9. Creatively or divergently applys prior knowledge and skills to produce a new or original whole.
  10. Grasping (understanding) the meaning of informational materialsIt is important to take an adopted child to his country of origin so the child can understand his heritage.
  11. The use of previously learned information in new and concrete situations to solve problems that have single or best answers.
  12. The breaking down of informational materials into their component parts, examining (and trying to understand the organizational structure of) such information to develop divergent conclusions by identifying motives or causes, making inferences, and/or finding evidence to support generalizations.
  13. Judging the value of material based on personal values/opinions, resulting in an end product, with a given purpose, without real right or wrong answers. Answers to questions can be judged on originality, completeness, organization, and other factors.
  14. Creatively or divergently applying prior knowledge and skills to produce a new or original whole.