Neurovasculature and lymphatic drainage of head and neck

The cervical plexus is formed from the ventral rami of the upper four cervical nerves. It has superficial branches that supply skin of the head and neck, and deep branches that innervate muscles in the neck. The phrenic nerve arises from cervical nerves C3-C5 and innervates the diaphragm. It passes behind the neck vessels and scalenus anterior muscle into the thorax. The ansa cervicalis is formed by the union of superior and inferior roots, and it supplies infrahyoid neck muscles.

Submandibular salivary gland

Chitransha03

The submandibular gland is located beneath the lower jaw. It is roughly the size of a walnut and weighs 10-20 grams. The submandibular gland has two parts - a larger superficial part and smaller deep part. It receives blood supply from the sublingual and submental arteries and drains into the common facial and lingual veins. The gland is innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the submandibular ganglion as well as sympathetic fibers from the cervical ganglia. Obstruction of the submandibular duct can cause sialolithiasis or salivary calculi formation leading to xerostomia.

Anatomy of the face face

Mohamed El Fiky

The document discusses the anatomy of the face, including muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes. It describes several key facial muscles like the orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, and buccinator. It outlines the nerve supply to the face from branches of the trigeminal, facial, and cervical plexus nerves. Major arteries like the facial and superficial temporal arteries are identified as blood suppliers. Lymph from the face drains to submental, submandibular, and superficial parotid lymph nodes.

Carotid sheath

The carotid sheath is located in the neck from the base of the skull to the root of the neck. It contains the internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and branches of the sympathetic trunk. The common carotid artery bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries around the level of the thyroid cartilage between vertebrae C3 and C4. The structures within the carotid sheath have important relationships that provide pathways for infection spread.

Anterior triangle of neck

Dr Laxman Khanal

1) The anterior neck contains two groups of muscles - suprahyoid and infrahyoid. The suprahyoid muscles include the geniohyoid, mylohyoid, digastric and stylohyoid, while the infrahyoid muscles attach below the hyoid bone. 2) The carotid triangle contains important structures like the common carotid artery, internal and external carotid arteries, the vagus nerve (CN X), spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), and hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). The internal jugular vein also passes through this triangle. 3) The ansa cervicalis lies anterior to the carotid sheath and supplies all the infrahyoid muscles except for the thyrohy

Anatomy of Submandibular Gland

Fuad Ridha Mahabot

The submandibular gland is a major salivary gland located in the submandibular region under the mandible. It develops from endodermal buds in the floor of the mouth and grows posteriorly lateral to the tongue. The gland has both superficial and deep parts divided by the mylohyoid muscle. It is a branched tubuloacinar gland composed of serous and mucous acini that secrete saliva. The submandibular gland duct, called Wharton's duct, emerges from the deep part of the gland and opens on the floor of the mouth. The gland is supplied by the facial artery and drains into submandibular lymph nodes.

Venous supply of head, neck and face

usha hathgain

The document summarizes the major veins of the head and neck region. It begins by classifying veins and listing the major superficial and deep veins of the neck. It then discusses key facial veins like the facial vein and maxillary vein. The document also covers veins within the brain like the dural venous sinuses and cavernous sinus. It emphasizes the clinical relevance of dural sinus thrombosis which can occur from head and neck infections or injuries.

Sibson's fascia

The suprapleural membrane, also known as Sibson's fascia, is a strong fascial layer located above the thoracic inlet. It slopes obliquely downwards and attaches anteriorly to the first rib and costal cartilage, and posteriorly to the transverse process of C7. The suprapleural membrane protects the cervical pleura and apex of the lung below it. It also resists changes in intrathoracic pressure during respiration to stabilize the structures in the thoracic inlet.

Deep cervical fascia (fascia colli)

surajitkundu

The document discusses the deep cervical fascia of the neck, which forms a collar around the neck. It has several layers and modifications, including the investing layer, pretracheal layer, prevertebral layer, carotid sheath, buccopharyngeal fascia, temporal fascia, and pharyngobasilar fascia. Each layer has specific attachments, contents, and clinical relevance. For example, the pretracheal fascia attaches the thyroid gland and allows its movement during swallowing, while the prevertebral fascia can allow spread of infection from the neck to the axilla.

Arteries of Head and Neck

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Head and neck anatomy

Buttsa

This document provides an overview of head and neck anatomy and clinical conditions. It discusses the neck triangles, lymph node distribution, blood supply, and neurology. It also covers how to examine the thyroid and parotid glands. Specific topics include the sinuses, facial nerve, skull anatomy, neck layers, and emergency airway management. Clinical pearls are provided about spread of infections, sinusitis, and evaluating lumps in the neck. Diagrams illustrate key anatomical structures like the neck triangles, carotid sheath, and lymph nodes.

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Neck dissection

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1. A neck dissection is a surgical procedure to remove lymph nodes and surrounding tissue in the neck to treat cancer that has spread from areas like the oral cavity or larynx. 2. There are different types of neck dissections classified based on the extent of lymph nodes and structures removed, including radical, modified radical, and selective neck dissections. 3. The specific type of neck dissection performed depends on factors like the location and stage of the cancer, and whether preservation of structures like the spinal accessory nerve or internal jugular vein is needed.

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This document discusses the evolution and classification of neck dissections. It begins with a brief history, describing how neck dissections evolved from the radical neck dissection described in the early 1900s to include more selective and functional approaches in the 1960s-1990s. The document then reviews the surgical anatomy of the neck important for neck dissections. It provides details on lymph node levels and classifications of neck dissections as outlined by the Committee for Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology in 1991, including radical, modified radical, and selective approaches.

Neck dissection

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This document describes the anatomy of the neck relevant to neck dissection surgery. It outlines the boundaries of the neck, key muscles and structures like the platysma, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius and vessels. It discusses the lymph node levels and types of neck dissection surgeries like radical and selective dissections. The document provides details of the surgical approach including skin incisions and dissection of structures to completely remove lymph nodes while preserving nearby nerves and vessels.

Overview Of Neck Dissections

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The document provides an overview of neck dissections, including their history, surgical anatomy of the neck, lymph node levels and staging, classifications of neck dissections, and indications for different types of neck dissections. It discusses the evolution of neck dissections from the radical neck dissection to more selective procedures. Key classifications covered are the radical, modified radical, and selective neck dissections, with the latter including supraomohyoid, lateral, and posterolateral variants. Indications and structures preserved for each type of dissection are outlined.

Neck dissection

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Lymphatic drainage of head and neck- Dr.Ayesha

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The lymphatic system drains fluid and immune cells from tissues back into the bloodstream. It includes lymph nodes, lymph vessels, the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and bone marrow. The head and neck region contains superficial and deep lymph nodes that drain the facial skin, oral cavity, nasal cavity, and surrounding areas. Lymph flows from tissues and lymph nodes into increasingly large vessels that eventually drain into the subclavian veins. Knowledge of lymphatic drainage patterns aids in determining the origin of infections or spread of cancer.

Neck dissection

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1. Neck dissection involves removing lymph nodes from different levels in the neck to stage and treat head and neck cancers. 2. The extent of neck dissection, such as radical or modified radical, depends on how many non-lymphatic structures like the spinal accessory nerve are preserved. 3. Selective neck dissections remove nodes from only certain levels, while comprehensive dissections are used to treat cancer that has spread to lymph nodes.

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Lymphatics of the head and neck

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The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance, absorb fats, and defend against microorganisms. The head and neck lymph nodes form a regional collar from below the chin to the back of the head, and a deep vertical group in the neck within the carotid sheath. These nodes drain specific areas of the head and neck and feed into deeper cervical nodes along the internal jugular vein, which ultimately drain into the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct.

LYMPHATICS HEAD AND NECK

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The lymphatic system consists of lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. It develops from lymph sacs that arise from veins. The main functions are restoration of interstitial fluid, absorption and transport of fats, and defense against pathogens. Lymph contains nutrients, waste, and immune cells. It is transported through a network of vessels and ducts and emptied into subclavian veins. Lymph nodes filter lymph and activate immune cells to fight infection. The spleen, thymus, and bone marrow also participate in immune responses.

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Head And Neck

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Neck dissections

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This document discusses the history and anatomy of neck dissections for head and neck cancer. It traces developments from the late 19th century of increasingly conservative neck dissections to preserve important structures. It describes the levels and boundaries of lymph node groups involved in the neck dissection staging system, including levels I-V. Key structures like the hypoglossal nerve and spinal accessory nerve are discussed in relation to the lymph node groups.

Anatomy of head and neck

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This document provides an overview of the anatomical structures of the neck. It discusses the layers of the neck including skin, fascia and muscles. It describes the boundaries and contents of the neck triangles, including arteries, veins, nerves and glands. Key structures like the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage are examined in detail. The document emphasizes applied anatomy concepts like the spread of neck infections.

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Surgical anatomy of Veins of Head and Neck

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This document provides an overview of the venous drainage of the head and neck region in 3 parts: 1) Veins of the head including the dural venous sinuses, diploic veins, and veins of the scalp. 2) Veins of the face and scalp including the supraorbital, supratrochlear, angular, and superficial temporal veins. 3) Veins of the neck including the internal and external jugular veins, as well as the anterior jugular vein. Key anatomical structures and clinical significance are discussed for major veins.

The Face

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The document discusses the anatomy of the face, including: - The skin of the face, which contains sweat and sebaceous glands. - The three divisions of the trigeminal nerve which provide sensory innervation to the face. - The arteries and veins that supply blood to the face, including the facial artery and vein. - The bones that make up the structures of the face, such as the frontal bone, zygomatic bone, maxilla, and mandible. - The muscles of the face involved in facial expression, such as the orbicularis oculi and occipitofrontalis.

Veins of the neck

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The document summarizes the major veins and lymph drainage of the neck. It describes the courses and tributaries of the external jugular, anterior jugular, internal jugular, and subclavian veins. It also outlines the regional cervical lymph nodes, including the occipital, retroauricular, parotid, buccal, submandibular, submental, anterior cervical, and superficial cervical nodes. Finally, it discusses the deep cervical lymph nodes located along the internal jugular vein within the carotid sheath.

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The document discusses the external carotid artery, including its branches and distributions. It begins with an overview of the common carotid arteries and then describes the branches of the external carotid artery, including the anterior branches (superior thyroid, lingual, facial), posterior branches (occipital, posterior auricular), medial branch (ascending pharyngeal), and terminal branches (maxillary, superficial temporal). It concludes with some clinical considerations regarding hematomas, maxillary sinus infections, and their management.

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The document provides an overview of the venous drainage of the head and neck. It begins with an introduction to the venous system and embryology. It then describes the major veins of the head and neck region under several sections - exterior head and neck veins, cervical veins, and cranial/intracranial veins. Key veins discussed include the facial vein, maxillary vein, retromandibular vein, external and internal jugular veins, and dural venous sinuses. Clinical applications of venous anatomy are also noted.

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blood supply nerve supply of face

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The face receives blood supply from the facial artery and its branches, as well as smaller arteries that accompany cutaneous nerves. The facial vein drains venous blood from the face. The trigeminal nerve provides sensory innervation while the facial nerve supplies motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression. Lymphatic drainage occurs to preauricular, submandibular, and submental lymph nodes depending on the region of the face.

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The document describes the major salivary glands - parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands. It details the location, structure, relations, blood supply and applied anatomy of each gland. The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland located in the preauricular region. The submandibular gland is situated in the submandibular triangle below the mandible. The sublingual gland is the smallest gland located beneath the oral mucosa.

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The nose and paranasal sinuses have complex anatomy. The nose is divided into an external cartilaginous portion and internal bony nasal cavities separated by a nasal septum. The nasal cavities contain turbinates and drain into various meatuses. Several pairs of paranasal sinuses surround the nasal cavities. The sinuses are lined with ciliated respiratory epithelium and drain into the nasal cavities. The nose has roles in breathing, warming, and filtering air as well as detecting smells. Congenital anomalies like choanal atresia can cause nasal obstruction.

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The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum into left and right cavities. Each cavity contains 4 passages formed by the nasal conchae: the sphenoethmoidal recess, superior meatus, middle meatus, and inferior meatus. The nasal cavities are lined with mucous membrane and contain paranasal sinuses. Epistaxis or nosebleeds can occur due to various causes like trauma, infections, or anatomical abnormalities. Posterior nosebleeds from Woodruff's plexus are difficult to treat due to its inaccessible location.

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