This document provides an introduction to computers and their components. It discusses that a computer accepts data from input devices, processes it using its CPU and memory, and outputs processed data. The main components of a computer are the CPU (which contains the ALU and CU), memory, input devices, output devices, and secondary storage. The CPU performs calculations and logical operations. Memory is used to store programs and data. Input devices enter data, output devices display processed data. Secondary storage like hard disks store large amounts of data long-term. The document also covers software, programming languages, limitations of computers, and applications of computers.

1. LAXMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SARIGAM
INTRORUCTION
TO
COMPUTER
(CPU)

2. Laxmi Institute of Technology ,
Sarigam
Branch: Mechanical Engineering
Div.: A
Subject : CPU
Guided By : MS. MALIYA RAMA
Prepared By : Roll no. 31 - 35

3. BRANCH - MECHANICAL-A
ACADAMIC YEAR – 2014-2015
SUBJECT - CALCULAS
SEM. – 1
 31- FARUKH SHAIKH
 32- RAVINDRA YADAV
 33- AKSHAY AHIRE
 34- KRUPAL BHANDARI
 35- YASH PAWAR
 140860119105
 140860119123
 140860119004
 140860119
 140860119

4. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
Introduction :
In 21st century, we are crossing the threshold of new
information era in which we are developing tools that
permit us to amplify human intelligence and acquire the
information needed to explore new systems in area of
education, research and health care, commercial business
and manufacturing etc. This new information era is nothing
but the computer Era. Here in this chapter basic
fundamentals of computer system, software and hardware
are describe.

5. computer
 It is an electronic device which accept
data from out side world ( standard input
device ) and manipulates and process it
according to instruction given at high speed. It
has memory to store large amount of data,
can process it in accurate form with high
speed by using power full processor. Computer
is also called data processor because it can
store, process and retrieve data when ever
required.

6. A computer system is combinational of
six elements.
1. hardware
2. software
3. instruction or procedure or module
4. data/information
5. communication
6. people
computer

7. Basic block diagram and function
of computer components:
Basic block diagram of computer system
is given below. There are basic five
components which are
1. central processing unit (CPU) (ALU and
CU)
2. memory
3. input device
4. output device
5. secondary storage device

8. Central processing unit (CPU)
The central processing unit (CPU), some times referred to as
“brain” of the system, is main part of computer system that
contain electronic circuitry that actually process the data. It
also controls the flow of data through the system.
The CPU consists
1. ALU (Arithmetic logic unit)
2. CU (Control unit)

9. cpu
1. ALU:
Here actual execution instruction take place during
processing operation. It performs all arithmetic
calculations and take logical decision. It can
compare, count, shift or other logical activities.
All such calculations and comparisons are done in
this unit and return information (process data) to
memory unit if storage require. It calculate very fast.

10. Cpu
2. CU :
It manages and coordinates operations of all other
components of computer system. It also perform following
functions.
 It retrieve instruction or data from memory.
 It decode instruction
 It coordinate time sequence of instruction among various
component of system
 It determine requirement of storage and take action
according to it
 It also fetch instruction from main memory.

11. Memory unit
The storage unit of computer system store data for following
purposes.
Processing data and instructions.
Storage of temporary result (intermediate data storage)
Permanent storage for future requirement (secondary
storage)
There are two types of storage.
1. primary storage
2. secondary or auxiliary storage

12. Primary storage (user ram)
The main function of primary storage are …
Store current program or data (running program)
It also store temporary data of current program
Less space in comparison of secondary storage
Volatile (data losses on power off)
Comparatively more expensive
Fast in operation

13. Primary memory
It is classified as:-
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)
Erasable Programmable Memory (EPROM)
Electrically Erasable Programmable Memory
(EEPROM)

14. Secondary or auxiliary memory
The main function of secondary storage are …
Used to store program and data for future usage
Large capacity (GB) in comparison with primary
memory
Slower than primary memory
Retain data without power
Cheaper than primary memory

15. Secondary memory
It also called as external memory
 hard disk (HDD)
 floppy disk
 cd
 dvd
 removable hard disk
 pen drive

16. Input/output device
 Entering data or information into a
computer is called input. An input
device is a device which enters data or
information into a computer.
 Information we get from computer is
known as output. Output device return
processed data that is information back
to the user.
 An output is a peripheral that convert
machine readable information into
people readable form.

18. Limitation of computer
 computer cannot identify any input / output by itself for
solving problem
 it cannot make any decision related problem, solution
formula must be given
 it cannot make any decision on the base of experience
 it can not interpret the data store in to storage media in
different aspects as per situation
 for every solution rules or procedure or sequence needed.

19. Types of component
There are two types of component of
computer:-
1. Software
2. Hardware

20. hardware
 The stuff of computer you can actually see and touch are called
hardware.
Here are some list of hardware components:-
 1. monitor
 2. keyboard
 3. mouse
 4. C.P.U
 5. mother-board
 6. RAM & ROM
 7. PSU (power supply unit)

21. software
The stuff of computer you cannot touch but realize with the
help of hardware.
There are basically two types of software:-
1. system software :- operating system, compiler, assembler,
loader, linker, editor, translator, macro processor & interpreter.
2. application software :-
 (i) general purpose
 (ii) specific purpose software

22. Programming languages
It is classified as :-
1. machine language or low
language
2. middle level language
3. high level language
4. object oriented

23. Applications of computer
There are various area where computer can be used:-
1. reservation system (air, rail way, bus)
2. crime detection
3. production system
4. space technology
5. weather forecasting
6. research & science
7. cost analysis
8. banking system