The Process of Health Research and literature reviewsDr. Khaled OUANES
Identifying a study topic is often the most challengingpart of a research project.Each of the possible study topics has its own set of virtues and shortcomings.
Meta-analysis in Epidemiology is:
Useful tool for epidemiological studies which investigates the relationships between certain risk factors and disease.
Useful tool to improve animal well-being and productivity
Despite of a wealth of suitable studies it is relatively underutilized in animal and veterinary science.
Meta-analysis can provide reliable results about diseases occurrence, pattern and impact in livestock.
It is utmost essential to take benefit of this statistical tool for produce. more reliable estimates of concern effects in animal and veterinary science data.
General principles of research methodology. Terms frequently used in this chapter. It is a course subject for fourth Pharm D in The Tamilnadu Dr.MGR. Medical University, Chennai.
Title:
A Meta-Analysis of Adventure Therapy Outcomes and Moderators
Abstract:
This presentation reports on a meta-analytic review of 197 studies of adventure therapy participant outcomes (2,908 effect sizes, 206 unique samples). The short-term effect size for adventure therapy was moderate (g = .47) and larger than for alternative (.14) and no treatment (.08) comparison groups. There was little change during the lead-up (.09) and follow-up periods (.03) for adventure therapy, indicating long-term maintenance of the short-term gains. The short-term adventure therapy outcomes were significant for seven out of the eight outcome categories, with the strongest effects for clinical and self-concept measures, and the smallest effects for spirituality/morality. The only significant moderator of outcomes was a positive relationship with participant age.
References:
Bowen, D. J., & Neill, J. T. (2013). A meta-analysis of adventure therapy outcomes and moderators. The Open Psychology Journal, 6, 28-53. doi: 10.2174/1874350120130802001
Bowen, D. J., & Neill, J. T. (2013). A meta-analysis of adventure therapy outcomes and moderators: Pre-post adventure therapy age-based benchmarks for outcome categories. Retrieved from http://www.danielbowen.com.au/meta-analysis
For more information, see: http://www.danielbowen.com.au/meta-analysis
Correlation coefficient and regression are two statistical techniques used to measure the relationship between two variables. Correlation coefficient is a measure of the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables, while regression is a technique used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
The Process of Health Research and literature reviewsDr. Khaled OUANES
Identifying a study topic is often the most challengingpart of a research project.Each of the possible study topics has its own set of virtues and shortcomings.
Meta-analysis in Epidemiology is:
Useful tool for epidemiological studies which investigates the relationships between certain risk factors and disease.
Useful tool to improve animal well-being and productivity
Despite of a wealth of suitable studies it is relatively underutilized in animal and veterinary science.
Meta-analysis can provide reliable results about diseases occurrence, pattern and impact in livestock.
It is utmost essential to take benefit of this statistical tool for produce. more reliable estimates of concern effects in animal and veterinary science data.
General principles of research methodology. Terms frequently used in this chapter. It is a course subject for fourth Pharm D in The Tamilnadu Dr.MGR. Medical University, Chennai.
Title:
A Meta-Analysis of Adventure Therapy Outcomes and Moderators
Abstract:
This presentation reports on a meta-analytic review of 197 studies of adventure therapy participant outcomes (2,908 effect sizes, 206 unique samples). The short-term effect size for adventure therapy was moderate (g = .47) and larger than for alternative (.14) and no treatment (.08) comparison groups. There was little change during the lead-up (.09) and follow-up periods (.03) for adventure therapy, indicating long-term maintenance of the short-term gains. The short-term adventure therapy outcomes were significant for seven out of the eight outcome categories, with the strongest effects for clinical and self-concept measures, and the smallest effects for spirituality/morality. The only significant moderator of outcomes was a positive relationship with participant age.
References:
Bowen, D. J., & Neill, J. T. (2013). A meta-analysis of adventure therapy outcomes and moderators. The Open Psychology Journal, 6, 28-53. doi: 10.2174/1874350120130802001
Bowen, D. J., & Neill, J. T. (2013). A meta-analysis of adventure therapy outcomes and moderators: Pre-post adventure therapy age-based benchmarks for outcome categories. Retrieved from http://www.danielbowen.com.au/meta-analysis
For more information, see: http://www.danielbowen.com.au/meta-analysis
Correlation coefficient and regression are two statistical techniques used to measure the relationship between two variables. Correlation coefficient is a measure of the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables, while regression is a technique used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
Correlation and Regression analysis is one of the important concepts of statistics which could be used to understand the relationship between the variables.
Correlation and regression.
It shows different aspects of Correlation and regression.
A small comparison of these two is also listed in this presentation.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES
Meaning: Descriptive study is a fact-finding investigation with
adequate interpretation.
•It type of research.
•It is more specific than an exploratory study, as it has on
particular aspects or dimensions of the problem studied.
•It is designed to gather descriptive information and provides
information for formulating more sophisticated studies.
•Data are collected by using one or more appropriate methods.
3. Objective: A descriptive study aims at
identifying the various characteristics of a
community or institution or problem under
study, but it does not deal with the testing of
proposition or hypothesis.
4. CORRELATION STUDIES-
INTRODUCTION: The correlation analysis refers to the techniques
used in measuring the closeness of the relationship between the
variables.
DEFINITION:
1.”Correlation analysis deals with the association between two or
more variables.”. ~Simpson and Kafka
2.”If two or more quantities vary in sympathy so that movements
in one tend to be accompanied by corresponding movements in the
others, then they are said to be correlated.”. ~L.R.Conner
5. 3.”When the relationship is of quantitative nature, the appropriate
statistical tool for discovering and measuring the relationship and
expressing it in brief formula is known as Correlation.”.
~Croxton and Cowden
4.”Correlation analysis attempts to determine the ‘degree of
relationship between the variables.”. ~Ya Lun Chow
5.”Correlation is an analysis of the covariation between two or
more variables.”. ~A.M.Tuttle
6. The problem of analysing the relation between different
series should broken into three steps:
1. Determining whether a relation exists and, if it does,
measuring it.
2. Testing whether it is significant.
3. Establishing the cause and effect relation, if any.
7. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY OF CORRELATION:
The study of Correlation is of immense use in practical life because
of the following reasons:
•Most of the variables show some kind of relationship. For example-
there is relationship between price and supply, income and
expenditure, etc. With the help of Correlation analysis we can
measure in one figure the degree of relationship existing between
the variables.
•Once we know that two variables are closely related, we can
estimate the value of one variable given the value of another.
8. •Progressive development in the methods of science and
philosophy has been characterized by increase in the knowledge of
relationship or correlations. In nature also one finds multiplicity of
interrelated forces.
•The effect of correlation is to reduce the range of uncertainty.
The prediction based on correlation analysis is likely to be more
valuable and near to reality.
9. TYPES OF CORRELATION
1. Positive or negative.
2. Simple, partial and multiple.
3. Linear and nonlinear.
10. 1.POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CORRELATION: whether correlation is
positive or negative (inverse) would depend upon the direction of
change of variables. If both the variables are varying in the same
direction. i.e.,if one variable is increasing the other, on an
average, is also increasing or, if one variable is decreasing the
other, on an average is also decreasing, Correlation is said to be
positive. If, on the other hand variables are varying in opposite
directions.i.e., as one variable is increasing the other is decreasing
or vice versa, correlation is said to be negative.
12. 2. SIMPLE, PARTIAL AND MULTIPLE CORRELATION: The distinction
between simple, partial and multiple Correlation is based upon
the number of variables studied. When only two variables are
studied it is a problem of simple correlation. When three or more
variables are studied it is a problem of multiple or partial
correlation.
● In multiple Correlation three or more variables are studied
simultaneously.
13. ● For example when we study the relationship between the
yield of rice per acre and both the amount of rainfall and the
amount of fertilizers used. It is a problem of multiple
Correlation.
● On the other hand, in partial correlation we recognise more
than two variables, but consider only two variables to be
influencing each other, the effect of other variables being
kept constant.
14. LINEAR AND NONLINEAR (CURVILINEAR) CORRELATION: The
distinction between linear and nonlinear correlation is
based upon the constancy of the ratio of change between
the variables. If the amount of change in one variable tends
to bear constant ratio to the amount of change in the other
variable then the correlation is said to be linear.
15. For example,
X: 10 20 30 40 50
Y: 70 140 210 280 350
● It is clear that the ratio of change between the two variables
is the same. If such variables are plotted on a graph paper all
the plotted points would fall on a straight line.
● In non-linear correlation the amount of change in one
variable does not bear a constant ratio to the amount of
change in other variable.
16. METHODS OF STUDYING CORRELATION
The various methods of ascertaining whether two variables are
correlated or not are:
•Scatter Diagram Method
•Graphic Method
•Karl Pearson's Coefficient of Correlation
•Concurrent Deviation Method
•Method of Least Squares..
17. MERITS:
1.This method indicates the presence or absence of correlation
between two variable and gives the exact degree of their
Correlation.
2. In this method, we can also ascertain the direction of the
correlation: positive or negative
3. This method has many algebraic properties for which the
calculation of coefficient of correlation, and other related factors,
are made easy.
18. DEMERITS:
1.It is more difficult to calculate the other methods of
calculations.
2. It is much affected by the values of the extreme items.
3. It is based on a many assumptions, such as linear
relationship, cause and effect relationship etc. Which may not
always hold good.
4. It is very likely to be misinterpreted in case of homogenous
data.