Cor pulmonale 1
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Cor pulmonale is right heart failure caused by chronic pulmonary hypertension. It is often caused by lung diseases like COPD and asthma, or pulmonary vascular diseases like pulmonary embolism. Symptoms include dyspnea, fatigue and syncope. Signs include elevated jugular venous pressure, heart murmurs, hepatomegaly and edema. Investigations show signs of pulmonary hypertension and right heart strain on tests like chest x-ray and ECG. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, respiratory failure with oxygen, and cardiac failure with diuretics. The prognosis is generally poor with 50% of patients dying within 5 years.
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7 cor pulmonale
Cor Pulmonale, also known as pulmonary heart disease, is caused by high blood pressure in the lungs secondary to diseases affecting the lungs, chest wall, or pulmonary vasculature. It is characterized by hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle of the heart in response to the elevated pulmonary pressures. The main symptoms include cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, fatigue, and leg swelling. Diagnosis involves assessing the patient's medical history along with tests such as chest x-rays, electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, and blood gas analysis. Treatment focuses on controlling infections, improving oxygen levels, managing heart failure, and preventing complications through patient monitoring and education.
Cor pulmonale
Cor pulmonale is a condition where the right ventricle of the heart enlarges and fails due to long-standing increased workload from diseases that affect the lungs like COPD. It is defined as hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle resulting from increased pulmonary vascular resistance. The main causes are chronic hypoxemia and pulmonary thromboembolism which lead to remodeling of the pulmonary arteries and increased pressure in the lungs. Over time, this puts strain on the right ventricle and can cause it to fail. Treatment focuses on reducing pulmonary pressures through oxygen therapy and vasodilators while managing symptoms of right heart failure.
9.Cor Pulmonale
Cor Pulmonale refers to right heart failure and hypertrophy secondary to lung disease or hypoxemia. It is usually chronic and caused by conditions like COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, or pulmonary hypertension. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, leg swelling, and palpitations. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, signs of right heart strain on chest x-ray and echocardiogram, and underlying lung disease. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying lung condition, treating heart failure and infections, providing oxygen therapy, and preventing exacerbations.
Pulmonary Oedema - Pathophysiology - Approach & Management
Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure. When the heart is not able to pump efficiently, blood can back up into the veins that take blood through the lungs. As the pressure in these blood vessels increases, fluid is pushed into the air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs.
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery in the lungs, usually originating from deep vein thrombosis. Symptoms range from sudden shortness of breath to chest pain. Diagnosis involves tests like CT scans, V/Q scans, echocardiograms and blood tests. Treatment consists of oxygen, anticoagulant drugs, and sometimes fibrinolytics for massive clots. Long term prevention focuses on continued anticoagulation and devices like IVC filters for recurrent embolisms despite treatment.
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disorder characterized by airflow obstruction that does not change markedly over time. The obstruction is caused by emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or both. Emphysema involves destruction of lung tissue, while chronic bronchitis involves inflammation of the airways accompanied by mucus hypersecretion. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is based on patient history, symptoms, and lung function tests showing airflow obstruction. Management involves reducing risk factors, treating stable disease and exacerbations, and rehabilitation.
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This document discusses pneumothorax, which is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space. A pneumothorax can occur when the negative pressure that normally exists in the pleural space is lost, allowing the lung to collapse. Symptoms include chest pain and dyspnea. Different types of pneumothorax are discussed, as well as causes, diagnostic tools, and treatment approaches which may include observation, needle aspiration, chest tube placement, or surgery depending on the size and severity in each case. Recurrent pneumothorax may warrant surgical pleurectomy or chemical pleurodesis to prevent future occurrences.
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Cor Pulmonale, also known as pulmonary heart disease, is caused by high blood pressure in the lungs secondary to diseases affecting the lungs, chest wall, or pulmonary vasculature. It is characterized by hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle of the heart in response to the elevated pulmonary pressures. The main symptoms include cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, fatigue, and leg swelling. Diagnosis involves assessing the patient's medical history along with tests such as chest x-rays, electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, and blood gas analysis. Treatment focuses on controlling infections, improving oxygen levels, managing heart failure, and preventing complications through patient monitoring and education.
Cor pulmonale
Cor pulmonale is a condition where the right ventricle of the heart enlarges and fails due to long-standing increased workload from diseases that affect the lungs like COPD. It is defined as hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle resulting from increased pulmonary vascular resistance. The main causes are chronic hypoxemia and pulmonary thromboembolism which lead to remodeling of the pulmonary arteries and increased pressure in the lungs. Over time, this puts strain on the right ventricle and can cause it to fail. Treatment focuses on reducing pulmonary pressures through oxygen therapy and vasodilators while managing symptoms of right heart failure.
9.Cor Pulmonale
Cor Pulmonale refers to right heart failure and hypertrophy secondary to lung disease or hypoxemia. It is usually chronic and caused by conditions like COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, or pulmonary hypertension. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, leg swelling, and palpitations. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, signs of right heart strain on chest x-ray and echocardiogram, and underlying lung disease. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying lung condition, treating heart failure and infections, providing oxygen therapy, and preventing exacerbations.
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Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure. When the heart is not able to pump efficiently, blood can back up into the veins that take blood through the lungs. As the pressure in these blood vessels increases, fluid is pushed into the air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs.
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery in the lungs, usually originating from deep vein thrombosis. Symptoms range from sudden shortness of breath to chest pain. Diagnosis involves tests like CT scans, V/Q scans, echocardiograms and blood tests. Treatment consists of oxygen, anticoagulant drugs, and sometimes fibrinolytics for massive clots. Long term prevention focuses on continued anticoagulation and devices like IVC filters for recurrent embolisms despite treatment.
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disorder characterized by airflow obstruction that does not change markedly over time. The obstruction is caused by emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or both. Emphysema involves destruction of lung tissue, while chronic bronchitis involves inflammation of the airways accompanied by mucus hypersecretion. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is based on patient history, symptoms, and lung function tests showing airflow obstruction. Management involves reducing risk factors, treating stable disease and exacerbations, and rehabilitation.
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This document discusses pneumothorax, which is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space. A pneumothorax can occur when the negative pressure that normally exists in the pleural space is lost, allowing the lung to collapse. Symptoms include chest pain and dyspnea. Different types of pneumothorax are discussed, as well as causes, diagnostic tools, and treatment approaches which may include observation, needle aspiration, chest tube placement, or surgery depending on the size and severity in each case. Recurrent pneumothorax may warrant surgical pleurectomy or chemical pleurodesis to prevent future occurrences.
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Cor pulmonale, or right heart failure, is caused by high blood pressure in the pulmonary artery and right ventricle due to conditions that restrict pulmonary blood flow such as chronic lung diseases. It develops when pulmonary hypertension leads to enlargement and failure of the right ventricle. Symptoms include shortness of breath, leg swelling, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like echocardiogram and chest x-ray, and assessing pulmonary pressures. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying lung condition, giving diuretics and vasodilators, and may involve oxygen therapy or lung transplantation in severe cases.
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Cor pulmonale is right ventricular heart failure caused by lung disease that leads to pulmonary hypertension. The most common cause is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It can be acute or chronic. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying lung condition, treating pulmonary hypertension with medications, diuretics for volume overload, anticoagulation for those at high risk of clots, and oxygen therapy. Prognosis depends on the specific lung disease, with cor pulmonale due to conditions like COPD generally having a poorer long term outlook.
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- Vegetations form from platelet-fibrin deposition on damaged heart valves, allowing bacterial colonization and abscess formation.
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This document provides information on pulmonary hypertension (PH), including its definition, classification, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. It begins with defining PH as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 25 mmHg at rest based on right heart catheterization. PH is classified into 5 groups. The pathogenesis and pathology of each group is described. Diagnostic workup includes labs, imaging like CXR, echocardiogram and right heart catheterization. Treatment involves general measures, diuretics, anticoagulants, oxygen, and PAH-specific therapies like endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, prostanoids, and calcium channel blockers in some cases. Prognostic factors and goals of treatment are also discussed.
Cor pulmonale
This document provides an overview of cor pulmonale, including its objectives, definitions, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and nursing considerations. Cor pulmonale is defined as enlargement of the right ventricle due to lung disease and results in pulmonary hypertension. Common causes include COPD and pulmonary embolism. Symptoms include dyspnea and edema. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment includes oxygen, diuretics, and lung transplantation in severe cases. Nursing focuses on managing symptoms and promoting rest and nutrition.
Cor Pulmonale
El cor pulmonale es el crecimiento del ventrículo derecho causado por alteraciones en los pulmones que aumentan la resistencia al flujo sanguíneo. Puede ser agudo, causado por una neumopatía aguda que aumenta bruscamente la resistencia vascular, o crónico debido a una neumopatía crónica que causa hipertensión arterial pulmonar a largo plazo y sobrecarga del ventrículo derecho. Los síntomas incluyen latidos cardíacos visibles, cianosis y edema. El diagnóstico se basa en los hall
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Cor pulmonale, or right heart failure, is caused by high blood pressure in the pulmonary artery and right ventricle due to conditions that restrict pulmonary blood flow such as chronic lung diseases. It develops when pulmonary hypertension leads to enlargement and failure of the right ventricle. Symptoms include shortness of breath, leg swelling, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like echocardiogram and chest x-ray, and assessing pulmonary pressures. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying lung condition, giving diuretics and vasodilators, and may involve oxygen therapy or lung transplantation in severe cases.
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Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a lung disease caused by an allergic reaction to inhaled organic dusts or chemicals. It can present acutely with fever and respiratory symptoms or chronically with fibrosis. The diagnosis is based on exposure history, symptoms improving away from exposure, and radiologic/pathologic findings. Treatment involves identifying and removing the causative agent along with corticosteroids in more severe cases. Prognosis depends on the severity and duration of exposure, with chronic forms at higher risk of permanent lung damage.
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Cor pulmonale is right ventricular heart failure caused by lung disease that leads to pulmonary hypertension. The most common cause is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It can be acute or chronic. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying lung condition, treating pulmonary hypertension with medications, diuretics for volume overload, anticoagulation for those at high risk of clots, and oxygen therapy. Prognosis depends on the specific lung disease, with cor pulmonale due to conditions like COPD generally having a poorer long term outlook.
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This document discusses respiratory failure, including its definition, types, causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, management, and complications. Respiratory failure is when the respiratory system fails to adequately oxygenate the blood or eliminate carbon dioxide. It can be classified as hypoxemic or hypercapnic. Acute respiratory failure develops rapidly over hours while chronic develops over days. Management involves treating the underlying cause, providing oxygen supplementation, monitoring vital signs, and supporting respiratory function. Complications can affect the lungs, heart, gastrointestinal system, and risk of infection.
Fulminant hepatic failure
This document discusses acute liver failure (ALF), defining it as the rapid development of severe liver injury and encephalopathy in someone who previously had a normal liver or well-compensated liver disease. It describes the development of encephalopathy within different time periods to classify ALF as hyper-acute, acute, or subacute. Common causes, clinical presentation, investigations, complications including cerebral edema, and treatment approaches are summarized.
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This document discusses hepatic failure and its causes, types, symptoms, and complications. Hepatic failure occurs when the liver loses over 80-90% of its function and can no longer perform vital metabolic and synthetic functions. It is usually the end result of either chronic liver damage over time (chronic hepatic failure) or sudden massive liver damage (acute hepatic failure). Common causes include viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and cirrhosis. Complications include hepatic encephalopathy, coagulopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome. Symptoms range from nausea and fatigue to jaundice, mental confusion, and coma.
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism refers to obstruction of the pulmonary artery or its branches by a blood clot or other material. Risk factors include prolonged immobility, surgery, cancer, and heart or lung diseases. A clot blocks blood flow and gas exchange in part of the lung. This increases pulmonary pressures and workload on the right ventricle. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, chest pain, and low oxygen levels. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and angiography. Treatment focuses on anticoagulation drugs or thrombolysis to dissolve clots as well as supporting heart and lung function. Surgery may be needed for large clots.
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Cardiac tamponade
CARDIAC TAMPONADE ( Cardiac emergency) • Cardiac Tamponade is a life threatening complication caused by excessive accumulation of fluid in the pericardium. Or • Compression of all cardiac chambers due to excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid leading to compromised cardiac out put.
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This document defines pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade, discusses their pathophysiology, etiology, clinical presentation, investigations, and management. Pericardial effusion is an abnormal amount of fluid in the pericardial space, while cardiac tamponade is acute heart failure caused by compression of the heart from a large or rapidly developing effusion. Clinical manifestations depend on the rate of fluid accumulation and include chest pain, lightheadedness, and decreased pulse pressure. Investigations include echocardiography, electrocardiography, and pericardiocentesis. Management involves bed rest, medications, drainage procedures, and surgery in severe cases.
Infective Endocarditis
This document discusses infective endocarditis (IE), including its changing epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications, and management. Some key points:
- The median age of IE patients has increased to over 60 years old. Rheumatic heart disease is less common while intracardiac devices and nosocomial sources have risen.
- Vegetations form from platelet-fibrin deposition on damaged heart valves, allowing bacterial colonization and abscess formation.
- Echocardiography is important for diagnosis. Findings include vegetations, abscesses, and valve dysfunction. Blood cultures help identify causative organisms.
- Complications include heart failure, embolization, and periannular
Pericardial effusion
Pericardial effusion occurs when fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity surrounding the heart. Normally up to 50 mL of fluid is present but the cavity can hold up to 2 L if the fluid builds up slowly. Fluid accumulation can negatively impact heart function. There are four main types of pericardial effusion: transudative, exudative, hemorrhagic, and malignant. The two main causes are an imbalance of fluid pressures that allows fluid to leave blood vessels, or inflammation/injury of the pericardium. Symptoms include chest pain, fever, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Fluid is collected via pericardiocentesis and tested based on
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This document provides information on pulmonary hypertension (PH), including its definition, classification, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. It begins with defining PH as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 25 mmHg at rest based on right heart catheterization. PH is classified into 5 groups. The pathogenesis and pathology of each group is described. Diagnostic workup includes labs, imaging like CXR, echocardiogram and right heart catheterization. Treatment involves general measures, diuretics, anticoagulants, oxygen, and PAH-specific therapies like endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, prostanoids, and calcium channel blockers in some cases. Prognostic factors and goals of treatment are also discussed.
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Cor pulmonale 1
- 2. • Cor pulmonale is right heart failure caused by chronic pulmonary hypertension
- 3. Causes of cor pulmonale • Lung disease Asthma (severe, chronic) COPD Bronchiectasis Pulmonary fibrosis Lung resection
- 4. • Pulmonary vascular disease Pulmonary emboli Pulmonary vasculitis Primary pulmonary hypertension ARDS Sickle-cell disease Parasite infestation
- 5. • Thoracic cage abnormality Kyphosis Scoliosis Thoracoplasty
- 6. • Neuromuscular disease Myasthenia gravis Poliomyelitis Motor neurone disease
- 7. • Hypoventilation Sleep apnoea Enlarged adenoids in children Cerebrovascular disease
- 8. Clinical features • Symptoms include dyspnoea, fatigue, or syncope. Signs: cyanosis; tachycardia; raised JVP with prominent a and v waves; RV heave; loud p2, pansystolic murmur (tricuspid regurgitation); early diastolic Graham Steell murmur; hepatomegaly and oedema.
- 9. Investigations • FBC: Hb and haematocrit ↑(secondary polycythaemia). ABG; hypoxia, with or without hypercapnia. CXR; enlarged right atrium and ventricle, prominent pulmonary arteries. ECG; P pulmonale; right axis deviation; right ventricular hypertrophy/ strain.
- 10. Management • Treat underlying cause – e.g. COPD and pulmonary infections • Treat respiratory failure – in the acute situation give 24% oxygen if PaO2 <8kPa. Monitor ABG and gradually increase oxygen concentration if Pa CO2 is stable. In COPD patients, long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) for 15h/d increases survival. Patients with chronic hypoxia when clinically stable should be assessed for LTOT.
- 11. • Treat cardiac failure with diuretics such as frusemide (=furosemide, e.g. 40-160mg/24h PO). Monitor U&E and give amiloride or potassium supplements if necessary. Alternative: spironolactone. • Consider vensection if the haematocrit is > 55%. • Consider heart-lung transplantation in young patients. Prognosis Poor 50% die within 5yrs.