Week 8 apposition

E_ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
COURSE
WEEK 13
COORDINATION, ELLIPSIS, & APPOSITION

ISSUES
1. Coordination
+ Phrasal
+ Clausal
2. Ellipsis
+ Ellipsis in coordinated clauses
3. Apposition
+ Non-restrictive
+ Restrictive

COORDINATION
1
Coordination = the combination of two or more equal
units,
namely, phrases or clauses
E.g.: My friend and I went there together.
We went there and returned immediately.
I told him this, but he didn't believe me.

COORDINATION
1
Coordination = can be referred to by some grammarians as
syndetic
(with the presence of coordinators) and asyndetic
(with the absence of coordinators)
E.g.: Slowly and healthily, he crept towards his victim. (syndetic)
Slowly, steadily, he crept towards his victim. (asyndetic)

COORDINATION
1
Coordination
Phrasal
Clausal
= coordination of phrase of equal
status
= coordination of clause of equal
status

PHRASAL COORDINATION
1
Coordination
Phrasal
Clausal
• including:
+ coordinated NPs (in different syntactic functions)
E.g.: Peter and Tom were here.
She is afraid of snakes and cockroaches.
Old and young men were invited.
He has secretaries from Ireland and auditors from
France here.
These and those chairs are wooden.

1
Coordination
Phrasal
Clausal
• including:
+ coordinated Adverbial phrases (with dependent
clauses)
E.g.: You can wash it manually or by using a machine.
They can call this week or whenever they wish.
I want to know by whom and for whom it was
ordered.

1
Coordination
Phrasal
Clausal
• including:
+ coordinated Adjective phrases
E.g.: She is young and beautiful.
His clear and forceful delivery impressed the
audience.
These jewels were very cheap and gaudy.

1
Coordination
Phrasal
Clausal
• including:
+ coordinated Prepositional phrases
E.g.: The attacks in June and in July failed
He climbed up the wall and over the wall.
John complained to Mary and to Peter.

1
Coordination
Phrasal
Clausal
• including:
+ coordination of identical items
E.g.: He felt more and more bored.
They talked on and on and on.

1
Coordination
Phrasal
Clausal
• Order in phrasal coordination:
+ a tendency for the shorter word to come first
E.g.: big and ugly
cup and saucer
+ in virtually irreversible order
E.g.: bread and butter
law and order
knife, folk, and spoon
by hook or by crook

PRACTICE. ORDER IN COORDINATION
1. eggs, ham
2. Ink, pen
3. old, young
4. Left, right
5. Feet, hands
6. Bad, good
7. Gentlemen, ladies
8. Cap, gown
1. Eggs and ham
2. Pen and ink
3. Young and old
4. Left and right
5. Hands and feet
6. Good and bad
7. Ladies and gentlemen
8. Cap and gown

1
Coordination
Phrasal
Clausal
• can be segregatory (possibly paraphrased into 2 or
more coordinated clauses)
E.g.: John and Mary have a cold
(John has a cold and Mary has a cold.)
• can be combinatory (impossibly paraphrased into
coordinated clauses)
E.g.: John and Mary make a good couple
(no analogous paraphrase)
He painted his car black and white.
(a combined process)

CLAUSAL COORDINATION
1
Coordination
Phrasal
Clausal
• including:
+ coordinated independent clauses
E.g.: She didn't want their help, but he had to accept
it.
+ coordinated subordinate clauses
E.g.: I want to know for whom it was ordered and by
whom (it was ordered)
She desired to know where he had gone but not
why he had gone.

1
Syntactic features of Coordinators
Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position
Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed
Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction
Coordinators: link clause constituents
Coordinators: link subordinate clauses
Coordinators: link more than two clauses

1
E.g.: John plays the guitar, and his sister plays the
piano.

1
E.g.: They are living in England, or they are spending a vacation there.

1
E.g.: He was unhappy about it, and yet he did as he was
told.

1
E.g.: They love him and believe in him.
I may see you tomorrow or may phone later in the day.

1
E.g.: I wonder whether you should speak to him personally or
whether
it is better to write to him.

1
E.g.: The battery may be disconnected, or the connection may be
loose, or the bulb may be faulty.

1
Coordinators
AND
OR
BUT

1
Semantic implications of “AND”
Addition of consequence or result
Addition of chronological sequence
Contrast
2nd clause being a comment on the 1st
1st clause being a condition of the 2nd
2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st
2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st
2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st

1
Contrast
E.g.: He heard an explosion and he (therefore) phoned the
police.

1
Contrast
E.g.: I washed the dishes and (then) I dried
them.

1
Contrast
E.g.: Robert is secretive and (in contrast) David is candid.

1
Contrast
E.g.: They disliked John - and that's not surprising.

1
Contrast
E.g.: Give me some money and (then) I'll help
escape.

1
Contrast
E.g.: A trade agreement should be no problem, and
(similarly) a cultural exchange could be
arranged.

1
Contrast
E.g.: He has long hair and (also) he often wears jeans.

1
Contrast
E.g.: She tried hard and (yet) she failed.

1
Semantic implications of “OR”
Restatement or correction of
previously - mentioned idea
Exclusive choice
Inclusive choice
Negative condition
If one of the individual
conjoins is true, then
the whole sentence is
true.

1
Exclusive choice
Inclusive choice
Negative condition
E.g.: You can go there by car or you can walk
there.

1
Exclusive choice
Inclusive choice
Negative condition
E.g.: You can boil an egg, or you can make
some
cheese sandwiches, or you can do both.

1
Exclusive choice
Inclusive choice
Negative condition
E.g.: He began his educational career, or, in other
words, he started to attend the local
kindergarten.

1
Exclusive choice
Inclusive choice
Negative condition
E.g.: Give me some money or I'll shoot.

1
Semantic implications of “BUT”
Unexpected contrast
Contrast being restatement
(negative > < affirmative)

1
Unexpected contrast
E.g.: John is poor, but he's happy.
He didn't want their help, but he had to accept
it.

1
Unexpected contrast
E.g.: John didn't waste his time in the week before
the
exam, but studied hard every evening.

1
Correlatives
both…and
either…or
neither…nor
others

1
Correlatives
both…and
either…or
neither…nor
others
• with anticipated addition
E.g.: He both has long hair and wears
jeans.

1
Correlatives
both…and
either…or
neither…nor
others
• with anticipated alternation
E.g.: He either has long hair or wears
jeans.

1
Correlatives
both…and
either…or
neither…nor
others
• with anticipated additional negation
E.g.: He neither has long hair nor wears
jeans.

1
Correlatives
both…and
either…or
neither…nor
others
• “nor/neither” - correlated with actual or
implied negative in the previous clause
E.g.: He did not want to ask them for help;
(but) nor could he do without their
help.
• “not only ... but (also)”
E.g.: They not only broke into his office and
stole his book, but they (also) tore up
his

1
Quasi-coordinators
as well as
as much as
rather than
more than
E.g.: He publishes as well as prints his books.
She was pitied rather than disliked.
• these coordinators can have a
prepositional
or subordinating role
E.g.: As well as printing his books, he
publishes them.
Rather than cause trouble, I’m going to
forget the whole affair.
John, as much as (= with) his brother,
was responsible for the loss.

1
Non-restrictive relative clauses
• semantically considered as equivalent to coordinate clauses
E.g.: John didn’t go to the show, which is a pity.
= John didn’t go to the show, and that is a pity.

ELLIPSIS
2
Ellipsis • described as “grammatical omission” of elements
which are precisely recoverable from the
linguistic or situational context
E.g.: Have you spoken to him?
(I have) Not yet (spoken to him).

ELLIPSIS
2
Ellipsis • normally occurs in coordinated clauses,
comparative
clauses, question-answer sentences, and other
context
where adjacent clauses are related in form &
meaning
E.g.: I thought they were on the seat, but they’re not (on the seat)
She looks older than her mother (does).
When’s he coming back? – (He’s coming back) Next Friday.

ELLIPSIS
2
Ellipsis
• occurs in 3 positions: initial, medial, and final
E.g.: He squeezed her hand out but (he) met with no excuse.
He and his mate both jumped out, he (jumped out) to go to the women, his
mate (jumped out) to stop other traffic on the bridge.
Perhaps, as the review gathers steam, this can now change. It needs to (change

2
Ellipsis in coordinated clauses
Ellipsis of subject
Ellipsis of auxiliary only
Ellipsis of predicate/predication
Ellipsis of Od/Cs only
Ellipsis of A
Ellipsis of Head-noun/Cprep
ELLIPSIS IN COORDINATED CLAUSES

2
Ellipsis of subject
Ellipsis of A
• identical subjects of coordinated clauses are ellipted
E.g.: Peter ate a cheese sandwich and (Peter/he) drank a glass of
beer.
• sometimes, ellipsis of both S and auxiliary occurs
E.g.: Mary has washed the dishes, (she has) fried them, and (she has)
put them in the cupboard.

2
Ellipsis of subject
Ellipsis of A
E.g.: John should clean the shed and Peter (should) move the lawn.
John must have been playing football and Mary (must have
been)
doing her homework.

2
Ellipsis of subject
Ellipsis of A
Ellipsis of V or lexical verb only
Ellipsis of V + Cs (and possibly of S)
Ellipsis of lexical V + Od
Ellipsis of required form of lexical V/predication

2
Ellipsis of subject
Ellipsis of A
E.g.: Yesterday John was given a railway set, and Sue (was given) a doll.
I work in a factory and my wife (works) on a farm.
Nam will work today and (he) may (work) the day after tomorrow.

2
Ellipsis of subject
Ellipsis of A
E.g.: John was the winner in 1971 and Bob (was the winner) 10 years later.
The milk turned sour not only today but (the milk turned sour) yesterday
too.

2
Ellipsis of subject
Ellipsis of A
E.g:.
E.g.: Peter plays football for his school and Paul (plays football) for his club.
Joan will cook the meals today and Barbara may (cook the meals)
tomorrow.

2
Ellipsis of subject
Ellipsis of A
E.g.: We met last year, but we haven't (met) since.
They can (pay the full fee) and (they) should pay the full fee, but (they)
won't
(pay the full fee).

2
Ellipsis of subject
Ellipsis of A
E.g.: George opened (the door), but Mary closed, the door.
Bob seemed angry, and George certainly was (angry).

2
Ellipsis of subject
Ellipsis of A
E.g.: To my surprise, they didn't appoint him, and they (to my surprise)
didn't even interview him.
Theoretically, I have no objections to his proposal and
(theoretically)
neither have any of my colleagues.

2
Ellipsis of subject
Ellipsis of A
E.g.: We wanted fried fish, but they gave us boiled (fish).
She wore the black dress, but the blue (dress) suits her
better.
Bob is bored with (music), but Peter enjoys music.

2
Ellipsis of subject
Ellipsis of A
Semantically, the effect of
ellipsis is to indicate that
there is a combined
process rather than two
separate processes
E.g.: Did Peter tell lies, and
did he hurt his friends?
(Peter's telling lies and his
hurting his friends are
regarded as two separate
processes, hence two
separate questions.)

APPOSITION
3
Apposition • resembles co-ordination in linking units
having grammatical affinity (referring to
the
same entity)
E.g.: A neighbor, Freed Smith, is on the telephone.
Mr. Campbell, the lawyer, was here last night.

3
Realization of Apposition
NPs
Non-finite clause
Finite clause
Apposition
E.g.: His novel Great Expectations is truly thrilling (NPs)
The soldiers, some of them being natives, are friendly (Non-finite cls)
His hope, to become a doctor, was realised at last (Non-finite cls)
This supports his argument that things are getting worse than before. (Finite
cls)
He didn't answer my question, why he hadn't come to the meeting. (Finite cls).
His account of what he had done that year didn’t satisfy his colleague. (Finite

APPOSITION
3
Indicators of Apposition
= that is to say, that is, i.e, namely, viz., in other words,
or, or rather, and, as follows, for example, for instance,
e.g., say, including, such, as, particularly, chiefly, mainly,
mostly, etc.
E.g.: The passenger plane of the 1980s, namely the supersonic jet, have somewhat
transformed relations between people of the world.
The President of the USA, in other words Bill Clinton, was on television last night.
I didn't meet any people, including my sister.

APPOSITION
3
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
Restrictive
Apposition

APPOSITION
3
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
Restrictive
Apposition
• providing the additionally descriptive information
for the entity with no function of identifying the
entity
• different information unit
• in speech: separate tone
• in writing: commas/weighty punctuation like “( )”
E.g.: The passenger plane of the 1980s, namely the supersonic jet, have somewhat
transformed relations between people of the world.
The President of the USA, in other words Bill Clinton, was on television last night.

APPOSITION
3
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
Restrictive
Apposition
Equivalence
Attribution
Inclusion

APPOSITION
3
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
Restrictive
Apposition
Equivalence
Attribution
Inclusion
Appellation
Designation
Identification
Reformulation

APPOSITION
3
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
Restrictive
Apposition
Equivalence
Attribution
Inclusion
Appellation
Designation
Intensification
Reformulation
• Indicators: that is, namely, in other words,
who/which + BE , etc.
E.g.: The company commander, (who was)
Captain Madison, assembled his men and
announced their mission.
He told them the good news: taxes are to
be
reduced.

APPOSITION
3
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
Restrictive
Apposition
Equivalence
Attribution
Inclusion
Appellation
Designation
Intensification
Reformulation
• 2nd appositive being less specific than the
1st
E.g.: Captain Madison, (that is to say) the
company commander, took the lead.

APPOSITION
3
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
Restrictive
Apposition
Equivalence
Attribution
Inclusion
Appellation
Designation
Identification
Reformulation
• 2nd appositive being more specific than the
1st
E.g.: A literary critic, Mr. Paul Jones, wrote this
article.

APPOSITION
3
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
Restrictive
Apposition
Equivalence
Attribution
Inclusion
Appellation
Designation
Intensification
Reformulation
• 2nd appositive being reworded
E.g.: He drew a pentagonal, or five-sided,
figure.
We are studying sound units of the
language, technically phonemes.

APPOSITION
3
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
Restrictive
Apposition
Equivalence
Attribution
Inclusion
• Indicators: who/which + BE
• Involving predication rather than equivalence
• The 2nd appositive: commonly an indefinite NP
E.g.: The house, an imposing building, dominated the street.
• But the NP here can be definite or non-articled
E.g.: Many soldiers, the cream of the battalion, died in the attack.
Robinson, leader of the Democratic group on the committee,
refused to answer questions.

APPOSITION
3
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
Restrictive
Apposition
Equivalence
Attribution
Inclusion
Exemplification
Particularization

APPOSITION
3
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
Restrictive
Apposition
Equivalence
Attribution
Inclusion
Exemplification
Particularization
• Indicators: for example, for instance, say, etc.
E.g.: His excuses, say the break down of his car,
never seemed plausible.

APPOSITION
3
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
Restrictive
Apposition
Equivalence
Attribution
Inclusion
Exemplification
Particularization
• Indicators: particularly, especially, etc.
E.g.: The children liked the animals, particularly the monkeys.
The soldiers, some drunk, started fighting each other.

APPOSITION
3
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
Restrictive
Apposition
• providing the information to identify the entity
• same information unit
E.g.: Which Mr. Smith do you mean?
Mr. Smith the architect or Mr. Smith the electrician?

APPOSITION
3
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
Restrictive
Apposition
• Strict restrictive apposition of NPs can take three
forms (the 1st form: the most common)
1. The 1st apposition is the more general expression
preceded by a definite determiner (and possibly
pre-modifier)
E.g.: That famous critic Paul Jones came here last night.
I haven't seen my good friend Bob for a
forthright.

APPOSITION
3
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
Restrictive
Apposition
2. The second appositive is preceded by a determiner
and is more general than the first.
E.g.: Paul Jones the critic didn't attend the last
seminar.
Bill Clinton the president of the U.S.A ended his
working visit to Japan.

APPOSITION
3
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
Restrictive
Apposition
3. This type is like (1) but with omission of the
determiner.
E.g.: Critic Paul Jones was completely against the plan.
They talked with Democratic leader Robison for
half an hour.

APPOSITION
3
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
Restrictive
Apposition
• Besides, restrictive apposition is common with such NPs
as the fact, the idea, the view, the question, etc.
E.g.: I don't agree with the view that there is no
advantage in being patient.
The questions whether to confess or not troubled
him.

Week 8 apposition

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