Ambiguity
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Ambiguity refers to words, phrases, or sentences that have more than one possible meaning or interpretation. There are two main types of ambiguity: structural ambiguity, which occurs when a sentence's structure allows for multiple interpretations despite clear individual words, and lexical ambiguity, where a single word can have multiple meanings depending on context. Examples of structurally ambiguous sentences include "Raimi bumped into a man with an umbrella", which could mean either Raimi or the man had the umbrella. Lexical ambiguity is exemplified by the word "young" meaning either a young age or lack of experience, and "bank" referring to the side of a river or a financial institution.
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Ambiguity
This document discusses ambiguity in language. It defines ambiguity as when a word, phrase or sentence has more than one possible meaning. There are two main types of ambiguity: lexical ambiguity, which occurs when a single word has multiple meanings, and structural ambiguity, which occurs when the structure of a phrase or sentence allows for more than one interpretation. Several examples are provided to illustrate different instances of lexical and structural ambiguity.
Ambiguity
This document defines and provides examples of different types of ambiguity:
- Lexical ambiguity occurs when a word has more than one meaning depending on context.
- Homophones and homonyms are words that sound the same but have different meanings or spellings.
- Polysemy is when a word has multiple related meanings.
- Metonymy is when one concept is used to represent another closely related concept.
- Structural ambiguity occurs when a phrase or sentence structure allows for multiple interpretations.
Pragmatics: Introduction
This document discusses pragmatics and its relationship to linguistics. It defines pragmatics as the study of meaning as it relates to speakers, addressees, context and knowledge of language use. Pragmatics focuses on utterances within a given context. Unlike grammar, pragmatics allows humans into the analysis and looks at principles rather than rules. It deals with processes rather than products. The document provides several definitions of pragmatics and outlines its distinction from semantics and syntax.
Semantics
Semantics is the study of meanings of words, phrases and sentences. It involves analyzing conceptual meanings, which are the basic components of a word's meaning, and associative meanings, which are connotations attached to a word. Semantics also examines how words fulfill roles like agent, theme, and experiencer within sentences, and lexical relations between words such as synonyms, antonyms, and polysemy.
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Discourse Analysis and Pragmatics
This document discusses discourse analysis and pragmatics. It defines Grice's Cooperative Principle of conversation and its four maxims. It also discusses implicit meaning, implicatures, ellipsis, substitution, and conjunction. The document then discusses the role of discourse analysis for language teachers and differences between written and spoken language.
Reference and sense
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This document discusses Grice's cooperative principle and maxims of conversation. It explains that according to Grice, conversations are cooperative efforts by participants to achieve mutual understanding. Grice proposed four maxims - quantity, quality, relation, and manner - that participants generally observe, such as being as informative as needed, not saying false things, being relevant, and avoiding ambiguity. The document provides examples of both following and violating the maxims. It also briefly discusses how pragmatics differs across cultures and how this affects intercultural communication.
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Ambiguity
This document discusses ambiguity in language. It defines ambiguity as when a word, phrase or sentence has more than one possible meaning. There are two main types of ambiguity: lexical ambiguity, which occurs when a single word has multiple meanings, and structural ambiguity, which occurs when the structure of a phrase or sentence allows for more than one interpretation. Several examples are provided to illustrate different instances of lexical and structural ambiguity.
Ambiguity
This document defines and provides examples of different types of ambiguity:
- Lexical ambiguity occurs when a word has more than one meaning depending on context.
- Homophones and homonyms are words that sound the same but have different meanings or spellings.
- Polysemy is when a word has multiple related meanings.
- Metonymy is when one concept is used to represent another closely related concept.
- Structural ambiguity occurs when a phrase or sentence structure allows for multiple interpretations.
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This document provides an overview of pragmatics, which it defines as the study of contextual meaning, speaker meaning, and how more is communicated than what is literally said. It discusses key concepts in pragmatics including deixis (pointing via language using deictic expressions), reference (using linguistic forms to enable identification), inference, and speech acts. Speech acts are classified as declarations, representatives, expressives, directives, or commissives depending on their communicative function. Politeness in interactions is also discussed in relation to maintaining face wants and performing face-threatening or face-saving acts.
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This document discusses various lexical problems that arise in translation, including rendering different types of meaning and translating monosemantic and polysemantic words. It addresses:
1) Three main types of meaning - referential, emotive, and stylistic - and how they are rendered differently.
2) Challenges in translating referential meaning due to divergences in vision/usage, semantic structure, and valency between languages.
3) Translation of monosemantic words like names through transcription or transliteration, with some adapted for tradition.
4) The importance of context in revealing the specific meaning of polysemantic words to translate accurately.
Semantics
This document provides an overview of semantics, the study of meaning in language. It discusses several key concepts in semantics, including:
- The meaning of words, phrases, and sentences.
- Truth conditions and how the meaning of a sentence relates to whether it is true or false.
- Compositional semantics and how the meaning of parts combine to form the meaning of the whole.
- Lexical semantics and the different types of meanings words can have, including sense, reference, and lexical relations like synonyms and antonyms.
- How semantic features reflect our knowledge about word meanings.
Deixis 131111105419-phpapp01
This document discusses deixis, which refers to the use of linguistic forms that point to contextual aspects like location, time, participants in an utterance. It defines deixis and provides examples of different types of deictic expressions, including personal pronouns, spatial/temporal adverbs, and demonstratives. The document also discusses concepts like proximal/distal deixis based on distance from the speaker, indexicals that symbolically point to states of affairs, and how deixis relies on context for interpretation of utterances. It provides examples demonstrating how deixis works and does not work without context.
meaning.ppt.pdf
This document discusses semantics, the study of meaning in language. It defines semantics as the study of meaning for words, phrases and sentences. It explains that semantics involves understanding what words refer to, whether sentences are true or false, and how the meanings of parts combine to form the meanings of larger linguistic units. The document also discusses lexical semantics, truth conditions, ambiguity, compositionality, semantic rules, lexical relations, semantic features and argument structure.
Types of context clues
Context clues are hints in the text that help readers understand unfamiliar words based on the surrounding context. There are three main types of context clues: definition clues explicitly define the word, synonym clues use a word with a similar meaning, and antonym clues use an opposite word. Authors include these context clues so readers can logically infer the meaning of new words based on surrounding context without needing a dictionary. Mastering context clues improves reading comprehension.
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Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic
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Ambiguity
- 1. Ambiguity
- 2. What is ambiguity? • Ambiguity can be defined as a word, phrase or sentence that has more than one meaning or interpretation.
- 3. Types of ambiguity • Structural ambiguity • Lexical ambiguity
- 4. Structural Ambiguity • Structural ambiguity refers to the situation in which a sentence may have different meanings because the words of a sentence are related to each other in various ways, even though each word is clear.
- 5. Example • “Raimi bumped into a man with an umbrella” Possible understanding 1. Raimi had an umbrella and he bumped into a man. 2. Raimi bumped into a man when he happened to be carrying an umbrella.
- 6. Lexical Ambiguity • If a word has more than one interpretation, that particular word may be ambiguous and unambiguous at the same time (depends on situation).
- 7. Example • “Young” can be interpreted as young (age) or inexpert (green). • “Bank” can also be interpreted as the slope side of a river or the financial instituition.